（本经上品）
太阳独为上下内外主。
【气味】苦寒，无毒。
【主治】主热气，目痛 伤泣出，明目，肠癖腹痛，下痢，妇人阴中肿痛。久服令人不
忘。
【核】曰∶汉取蜀产，唐取澧州，今取雅州、眉州者为良。苗似茶丛生，高尺许，一茎
三叶，花黄色，凌冬不凋。有二种，一种根粗无毛，有连珠，形如鹰爪，质坚实，色深黄；
一种无珠多毛，中虚，色淡黄，各有所宜也。凡使以布拭去肉及毛，浆水中浸二伏时，漉出，
柳火
先人云∶苦寒凌冬，寒水之象。有节色黄，中土之制，判为心之用药也。又云∶热气上
炎，
【 】曰∶黄取其色，连象其形，凌冬不凋，气寒味苦，合得太阳寒水化气。假此黄土，
以为堤防不特默化其侮，反侮其侮以为用神。方随机应变，绝无内顾之虞。炎上作苦，苦性
走下，匹休太阳上及九天，下彻九泉，外弥肤腠，内达五中，故连可上治头目，下及阴中，
外疗疮疡，内主肠胃。久服则远于热烦，而安于宁谧。故令人不忘，皆以火热为本气，火热
为标见，火热为化气者也。
（本经上品）
非不返顾其根，足征卫足之知矣。
【气味】甘寒滑，无毒。
【主治】主五脏六腑，寒热羸瘦，五癃，利小便。久服坚骨，长肌肉，轻身延年。
【核】曰∶生少室山中，今郊野园圃，不拘肥瘠地都有。四时可以子种，宿根亦再发。
秋深布子，覆养经冬者，曰冬葵，入药最良。内经云∶脾之菜也。尔雅翼云∶秋菜未生，种
此以相接也。又云∶葵为百菜主，味尤甘滑，故为马践，漆室女知忧及国，公仪休相鲁，愠
而拔之，不欲夺园夫之利也。其子虽经年不 ，微炒令 炸，散着湿地，遍踏之，朝种暮生，
远不过宿。实如指顶，皮薄而扁，实内子轻虚如榆荚仁。埤雅云∶冬种者有雪，弗令从风飞
去，言体轻也。每雪辄一劳之，令地保泽，叶不受虫，掐必待露解，收必待霜降，晚则黄烂
，早则黑涩。其茎挺生，茎疏叶密，倾向太阳而卫足。孔子曰∶禾生垂穗向根，不忘本也。
又云∶鲍庄子知不如葵，葵犹能卫其足，盖禾之向根仁也，葵之卫足知也。仁以守之，知以
揆之。故葵，揆也。其萼翠，其花艳。花具五色间色，单瓣千瓣。王祯农书云∶本丰耐
旱，可防荒俭，以作菹腊，枯 可以榜族，根子又能疗疾，咸无遗弃。诚蔬茹之要品，民生
之资益也。种类亦多，有露葵、兔葵、黄葵、锦葵、蜀葵，入药者只宜蜀葵。今市肆一种，
充冬葵者，气味浊恶，色深褐，质沉重，形如橘核，服之令人肠滑。别录指此为冬葵，又出
蜀葵一条，似与尔雅不相符合。当判蜀葵子，即本经葵子，用之颇验。每用市肆伪充冬葵子，
不
先人云∶寒热欲通而不藏，致肌肉羸瘦；五癃欲藏而不通，致水道闭塞。葵性滑养窍，
能使藏者通，返顾卫根，能使通者藏。盖滑为水骨，故可坚骨；骨坚则肌肉长，形全则轻身
延年矣。又云∶葵具五色，有多种，冬茂者曰冬葵。犹芥之有冬芥、春芥。为脾之菜，肾之
药也。字从癸，从冬，皆属于肾。其子易生，用治胎产，自然入神。功主助精益水，输水溺
道，非不返顾其根也。察通关格之专藏，止消中之多溺，可想见矣。若病属久藏而发者，如
淋，如带，如痘疹，如死胎，如丹石毒，如消渴，如痈肿没头，如肠痈胃疽，如肉锥怪证，
皆有奇征。第有风疾宿病，天行病后，曾被犬伤者忌之。世人但知能发宿疾，不知不许人有
久藏
【 】曰∶葵归也，揆也。揆度生气之归，揆度生机之出也。味甘气寒，体滑易生，遂
含土劣水势，抽为草木，以孕发陈之兆。故主腑脏宁谧之地，为寒热所侵，以致羸瘦。州都
之所，为五邪所薄，以致五癃。此不当于归，所当揆度以出者也。骨坚便利，通淋之征，肌
长身轻，主羸之验也。
（揆度生气之归，即能使通者藏；揆度生机之出，即能使藏者通。但之归之出，属气机；
欲
（《神农本草经》上品）
太阳经独自作为上下内外的主宰。
【气味】味苦，性寒，无毒。
【主治】主要治疗热气上炎引起的目痛、流泪，具有明目的功效；治疗肠癖腹痛、下痢，以及妇女阴部肿痛。长期服用能使人记忆力增强，不忘事情。
【考证】曰：汉代选用四川产的黄连，唐代选用澧州产的，现在选用雅州、眉州产的质量最好。黄连的苗像茶树一样丛生，高约一尺左右，一根茎上有三片叶子，开黄花，冬天也不凋谢。有两种类型，一种根粗大无毛，有连珠状结节，形状像鹰爪，质地坚实，颜色深黄；另一种无珠节且多毛，中间空心，颜色淡黄，各自有不同的适宜用途。凡使用黄连时，需用布擦拭去除肉质部分及绒毛，在浆水中浸泡两个“伏”日的时间，捞出后，用柳木火焙干。
前人评论说：黄连味苦性寒，经历冬天而不凋，这是寒水的象意。它有节且色黄，符合中土的制约特性，因此被判定为心脏的用药。又说：热气上炎，
【按语】曰：“黄”取其颜色，“连”象征其形状，经历冬天不凋，气寒味苦，综合起来符合太阳寒水化气的特性。借助这黄土之色，作为堤防，不仅默默地化解相克之害，反而利用这种克制关系来发挥神妙作用。方剂运用随机应变，完全没有后顾之忧。火性炎上而味苦，苦味药性趋向下行，匹敌太阳经，上达九天，下彻九泉，外遍皮肤腠理，内达五脏之中，所以黄连可以上治头目，下治阴部，外疗疮疡，内主肠胃疾病。长期服用则远离热烦，安于宁静谧室。因此能使人不忘，这都是因为以火热为本气，火热为标象，火热为化气的缘故。
（《神农本草经》上品）
并非不回头顾念它的根部，足以证明它懂得护卫自身根基的智慧了。
【气味】味甘，性寒滑，无毒。
【主治】主要治疗五脏六腑因寒热交替导致的身体消瘦虚弱，五种淋证（小便不通），通利小便。长期服用能坚固骨骼，生长肌肉，使身体轻便，延年益寿。
【考证】曰：生长在少室山中，现在郊野园圃中，不论土地肥沃或贫瘠都有生长。四季都可以用种子播种，宿根也能再次发芽。深秋播种，覆盖养护经过冬天的，称为冬葵，入药质量最好。《内经》说：它是脾的蔬菜。《尔雅翼》说：秋季其他蔬菜未生时，种植此菜以接续食用。又说：葵是百菜之主，味道尤其甘滑，所以即使被马践踏，漆室女也知道忧虑国家大事，公仪休做鲁国宰相时，生气地拔掉它，是不想夺取种园人的利益。它的种子即使经过一年不腐烂，微炒使其炸裂，散播在湿地上，全面踩踏，早晨种植晚上就生长，远不过过夜。果实像手指顶端大小，皮薄而扁，内部种子轻虚像榆荚仁。《埤雅》说：冬季种植的要有雪覆盖，不让它随风飞走，是说它体质轻。每次下雪都要劳烦整理一下，让土地保持湿润，叶子不受虫害，掐取一定要等露水干了之后，收获一定要等霜降之后，晚了就会黄烂，早了就会黑涩。它的茎挺拔生长，茎疏叶密，倾向太阳并护卫根部。孔子说：禾苗生成下垂的穗子朝向根部，是不忘记根本。又说：鲍庄子自知不如葵，葵还能护卫它的足，大概禾苗朝向根部是“仁”，葵护卫根部是“知”。用“仁”来坚守，用“知”来衡量。所以葵，就是揆度的意思。它的花萼翠绿，花朵艳丽。花朵具备五色间色，有单瓣千瓣之分。王祯《农书》说：本丰耐旱，可以防备荒年饥馑，用来制作腌菜腊肉，枯叶可以用来涂抹墙壁，根和种子又能治疗疾病，都没有被遗弃。确实是蔬菜中的重要品种，是百姓生活的资益。种类也很多，有露葵、兔葵、黄葵、锦葵、蜀葵，入药的只宜用蜀葵。现在市场上有一种，冒充冬葵的，气味浊恶，颜色深褐，质地沉重，形状像橘核，服用后让人肠滑。《别录》指这个为冬葵，又单独列出蜀葵一条，似乎与《尔雅》不相符合。应当判定蜀葵子，就是《本经》中的葵子，使用颇为灵验。每当使用市场上伪充的冬葵子，不能……
前人评论说：寒热想要通畅而不闭藏，导致肌肉消瘦虚弱；五癃想要闭藏而不通畅，导致水道闭塞。葵的性质滑润能滋养窍道，能使该闭藏的通畅，回头顾念护卫根部，能使该通畅的闭藏。大概滑润属水骨，所以可以坚固骨骼；骨骼坚固则肌肉生长，形体完整则身体轻便延年。又说：葵具备五色，有多种类，冬天茂盛的叫冬葵。就像芥菜有冬芥、春芥一样。它是脾的蔬菜，肾的药。字从“癸”，从“冬”，都归属于肾。它的种子容易生长，用于治疗胎产，自然入神。功效主要辅助精益水，输送水液到溺道，并非不回头顾念它的根部。考察通关格病的专门闭藏，止住消渴病的多尿，可以想象得到了。如果病症属于长久闭藏而发作的，如淋证，如带下，如痘疹，如死胎，如丹石毒，如消渴，如痈肿没头，如肠痈胃疽，如肉锥怪证，都有奇特的征象。只是如果有风疾宿病，天行病后，曾被狗咬伤者忌用。世人只知道它能引发宿疾，不知道不允许人有久藏……
【按语】曰：葵归也，揆度也。揆度生气的回归，揆度生机的发出。味甘气寒，体质滑润易生，于是蕴含土劣水势，抽发为草木，以孕育发陈的征兆。所以主治脏腑安宁之地，被寒热所侵犯，以致消瘦。州都之所，被五邪所侵逼，以致五癃。这不应当归于闭藏，应当揆度以发出的情况。骨骼坚固便利，是通淋的征象，肌肉生长身体轻便，是主治消瘦的验证。
(Shennong Bencao Jing, Upper Grade)
The Taiyang (Greater Yang) meridian alone serves as the master of the upper and lower, interior and exterior.
[Flavor and Nature] Bitter, Cold, Non-toxic.
[Indications] Primarily treats heat qi rising, causing eye pain and tearing, with the effect of brightening the eyes; treats intestinal dysentery with abdominal pain, diarrhea, and swelling and pain in the female genitalia. Long-term consumption enhances memory and prevents forgetfulness.
[Verification] It is said: In the Han Dynasty, Sichuan-produced Coptidis Rhizoma (Huanglian, 黄连) was selected; in the Tang Dynasty, Lzhou-produced was used; currently, Ya Zhou and Mei Zhou productions are considered superior. The seedling resembles tea, growing in clusters, about one chi high, with three leaves per stem, yellow flowers, and does not wither in winter. There are two types: one has thick roots without hairs, with bead-like nodes, shaped like an eagle's claw, solid texture, and deep yellow color; the other lacks nodes, has many hairs, is hollow inside, and has a pale yellow color, each suitable for different purposes. When using Coptidis Rhizoma, wipe off the fleshy parts and hairs with cloth, soak in sour water for two "Fu" periods, drain, and dry over willow wood fire.
Ancients commented: Bitter and cold, enduring winter without withering, it embodies the image of Cold Water. It has nodes and yellow color, conforming to the regulation of Central Earth, thus judged as a medicine for the Heart. Furthermore: Heat qi flares upward...
[Commentary] "Yellow" refers to its color, "Lian" (connected) symbolizes its shape, enduring winter without withering, with cold nature and bitter flavor, collectively aligning with the transforming qi of Taiyang Cold Water. Utilizing this earthy hue as a dike, it not only silently resolves mutual overcoming but also utilizes this overcoming relationship to exert divine function. Formulas adapt flexibly, without internal concerns. Fire nature flares up while bitter flavor moves downward, matching the Taiyang meridian, reaching up to the highest heavens and down to the deepest springs, covering the skin and interstices externally, and penetrating the five zang organs internally. Thus, Coptidis Rhizoma can treat head and eyes above, genitalia below, sores and ulcers externally, and gastrointestinal diseases internally. Long-term use distances one from heat and irritability, leading to tranquility. Hence, it prevents forgetfulness, all because Fire-Heat is its fundamental qi, manifest qi, and transforming qi.
(Shennong Bencao Jing, Upper Grade)
It is not that it does not look back at its roots; this fully demonstrates its wisdom in protecting its own foundation.
[Flavor and Nature] Sweet, Cold and Slippery, Non-toxic.
[Indications] Primarily treats emaciation and weakness caused by alternating cold and heat in the five zang and six fu organs, five types of strangury (difficulty in urination), and promotes urination. Long-term consumption strengthens bones, builds muscle, lightens the body, and prolongs life.
[Verification] It grows in Mount Shaoshi; now it is found in suburbs and gardens, regardless of fertile or barren soil. It can be sown by seed in all four seasons, and old roots can sprout again. Sown in late autumn and covered for winter care, it is called Winter Okra (Dongkui, 冬葵), which is best for medicinal use. *Neijing* states: It is the vegetable of the Spleen. *Erya Yi* states: When autumn vegetables have not yet grown, this is planted to bridge the gap. It is also said: Okra is the master of hundred vegetables, with a particularly sweet and slippery taste. Thus, even if trampled by horses, the maiden painting the room knew to worry about state affairs; when Gongyi Xiu served as Chancellor of Lu, he angrily pulled them out, unwilling to deprive the gardeners of their profit. Its seeds, even after a year without rotting, should be lightly stir-fried until they pop, scattered on wet ground, and tamped down thoroughly. Planted in the morning, they grow by evening, not exceeding overnight. The fruit is finger-tip sized, thin-skinned and flat, with light and hollow inner seeds resembling elm samaras. *Piya* states: Winter-sown varieties need snow cover to prevent wind dispersal, indicating their lightness. Each snowfall requires attention to keep the soil moist, preventing insect damage to leaves. Picking must wait for dew to evaporate; harvesting must wait for frost descent. Late harvest leads to yellowing and rotting; early harvest leads to blackness and astringency. The stems grow upright, sparse stems with dense leaves, leaning towards the sun and guarding the roots. Confucius said: Grain ears droop towards the roots, forgetting not the origin. It is also said: Bao Zhuangzi knew he was inferior to okra, for okra could still guard its feet. Perhaps grain facing roots represents Benevolence (Ren), while okra guarding roots represents Wisdom (Zhi). Benevolence guards it, Wisdom measures it. Thus, Okra (Kui) means measurement. Its calyx is emerald green, flowers are vibrant. Flowers possess mixed colors of the five hues, single or thousand petals. Wang Zhen's *Agricultural Book* states: Robust and drought-resistant, it can prevent famine, used for pickles and cured meats, dried leaves for plastering walls, roots and seeds for treating diseases, nothing wasted. Indeed, it is a vital vegetable, benefiting people's livelihood. There are many varieties: Dew Okra, Rabbit Okra, Yellow Okra, Mallow, Hollyhock. For medicinal use, only Hollyhock (Shukui, 蜀葵) is appropriate. Currently, the market has a type冒充 Winter Okra, with turbid and foul odor, dark brown color, heavy texture, shaped like orange seeds, causing intestinal slipperiness when taken. *Benluo* identifies this as Winter Okra, listing Hollyhock separately, seemingly inconsistent with *Erya*. It should be judged that Hollyhock Seed is indeed the Okra Seed of *Benjing*, proving quite effective. Whenever market substitutes for Winter Okra Seed are used, they cannot...
Ancients commented: Cold and heat desire unobstructed flow but fail to store, leading to emaciated muscles; the five stranguries desire storage but fail to flow, leading to blocked water passages. Okra's slippery nature nourishes orifices, enabling stored things to flow, and looking back to guard roots enables flowing things to store. Generally, slipperiness belongs to Water and Bone, thus strengthening bones; strong bones lead to muscle growth, complete form leads to light body and longevity. It is also said: Okra possesses five colors and multiple varieties; those lush in winter are called Winter Okra, just as Mustard has Winter Mustard and Spring Mustard. It is the vegetable of the Spleen and medicine of the Kidney. The character derives from "Gui" (10th Heavenly Stem) and "Dong" (Winter), both belonging to the Kidney. Its seeds are easy to generate, used for treating pregnancy and childbirth, naturally entering the spirit. Its functions mainly assist essence and nourish water, transporting water to the urinary pathway, not failing to look back at its roots. Examining the specific storage of Guan Ge (blockage) disease, stopping excessive urination in Xiao Ke (wasting-thirst), one can imagine this. If the disease belongs to long-term storage and sudden onset, such as strangury, leukorrhea, smallpox/rubella, retained fetus, Dan Shi toxicity, wasting-thirst, hidden abscesses, intestinal abscesses/stomach ulcers, flesh cone anomalies, there are unique signs. However, contraindicated for those with chronic wind diseases, post-epidemic conditions, or dog bites. People only know it can trigger latent diseases, not knowing it is forbidden for those with long-term storage...
[Commentary] Okra means return and measurement. Measuring the return of Sheng Qi (Vital Qi), measuring the emergence of Sheng Ji (Vital Mechanism). Sweet flavor and cold nature, slippery and easy to grow, it contains the inferiority of Earth and the momentum of Water, sprouting into herbs and trees, bearing the omen of nurturing and renewing. Thus, it primarily treats the peaceful abode of zang and fu organs invaded by cold and heat, leading to emaciation. The place of Zhou Du (bladder/urinary reservoir) besieged by five evils, leading to five stranguries. This should not be returned to storage, but measured for emergence. Strong bones and free urination are signs of resolving strangury; muscle growth and light body are validations of treating emaciation.