\r枸杞\ph329.bmp\r，生常山平泽，及丘陵 岸，今处处有之。春生苗，叶如石榴叶
而软薄堪食，俗呼为甜
菜；其茎干高三、五尺，作丛；六月、七月生小红紫花；随便结红实，形微长如枣核；其根
名地骨。春夏采叶，秋采茎实，冬采根。谨按《尔雅》云∶杞枸， 。郭璞云∶今枸杞也。
《诗·小雅四牡》云∶集于苞杞。陆机疏云∶一名苦杞，一名地骨。春生作羹茹，微苦；其
茎
似莓；子秋熟，正赤。茎、叶及子服之，轻身益气。《淮南枕中记》着西河女子服枸杞法∶
正月上寅采根，二月上卯治服之；三月上辰采茎，四月上巳治服之；五月上午采叶，六月上
未治服之；七月上申采花，八月上酉治服之；九月上戌采子，十月上亥治服之；
十一月上子采根，十二月上丑治服之。又有并花、实、根、茎、叶作煎，及单榨子汁
煎膏服之，其功并等。今人相传谓枸杞与枸棘二种相类，其实形长而枝无刺者，真枸杞也；
圆而有刺者，
枸棘也。枸棘不堪入药。而下品溲（音搜）疏条注∶
李当之云∶子似枸杞，冬月熟，色赤，味甘、苦。苏恭云∶形似空疏，木高丈许，白皮；其
子七月、八月熟，似枸杞子，味甘，而两两相并。今注云∶虽相似，然溲疏有刺，枸杞无刺
，以此为别。是三物相似，而二物又有刺。溲疏亦有巨骨之名，如枸杞谓之地骨，当亦相类
，用之宜细辨耳。或云∶溲疏以高硕为别，是不然也。今枸杞极有高硕者，其入药乃神良。
世传蓬莱县南丘村多枸杞，高者一、二丈，其根蟠结甚固。故其乡人多寿考，亦饮食其水土
之品使然耳。润州州寺大井旁生枸杞，亦岁久。故土人目为枸杞井，云饮其水甚益人。溲疏
，生熊耳川谷及田野丘墟地，四月采，古今方书鲜见用者，当亦难别耳。又按枸杞一名仙人
杖。而陈藏器《拾遗》别两种仙人杖∶一种是枯死竹竿之色黑者，一种是菜类，并此为三物
，而同一名也。陈子昂《观玉篇》云∶余从补阙乔公北征，夏四月次于张掖，河洲草木无他
异，惟有仙人杖，往往丛生。予昔尝饵之，此役也，息意滋味。戍人有荐嘉蔬者，此物存焉
。因为乔公唱言其功，时东莱王仲烈亦同旅，闻之喜，而甘心食之，旬有五日，行人有自谓
知药者，谓乔公曰∶此白棘也。仲烈遂疑曰∶吾亦怪其味甘。乔公信是言，乃讥予，予因作
《
观玉篇》。按此仙人杖作菜茹者，叶似苦苣。白棘木类，何因相似而致疑如此。或曰乔公所
谓白棘，当是枸棘，枸棘是枸杞之有针者。而《本经》无白棘之别名，又其味苦，仙人杖味
甘，设疑为枸棘，枸棘亦非甘物。乃知草木之类多而难识，使人惑疑似之言。以真为伪，失
青黄甘苦之别，而至于是宜乎？子昂论著之详也。
枸杞，生长在常山的平地和沼泽，以及丘陵岸边，现在到处都有。春天生出苗叶，叶子像石榴叶一样柔软单薄可以食用，俗称为甜菜；它的茎干高三、五尺，成丛生长；六月、七月开小红紫色的花；随时结出红色的果实，形状微长像枣核；它的根名叫地骨。春夏季节采集叶子，秋季采集茎和果实，冬季采集根。谨按《尔雅》记载：杞枸，[原文缺字]。郭璞说：就是现在的枸杞。《诗经·小雅·四牡》中说：聚集在茂盛的枸杞树上。陆机疏解说：一名苦杞，一名地骨。春天生出来可以做羹汤或蔬菜食用，味道微苦；它的茎像莓类植物；果实秋天成熟，颜色正红。茎、叶及果实服用后，能轻身益气。《淮南枕中记》记载了西河女子服用枸杞的方法：正月初一寅日采集根，二月初二卯日处理后服用；三月初三辰日采集茎，四月初四巳日处理后服用；五月初五午日采集叶，六月初六未日处理后服用；七月初七申日采集花，八月初八酉日处理后服用；九月初九戌日采集果实，十月初十亥日处理后服用；十一月初子日采集根，十二月初丑日处理后服用。又有将花、果实、根、茎、叶一起熬制成煎剂，或者单榨取果实汁液熬膏服用，功效都相等。现在人们相传认为枸杞与枸棘两种相似，其实果实形状长且枝条无刺的，是真正的枸杞；圆形且有刺的，是枸棘。枸棘不能入药。而下品溲疏（音搜）疏条注引李当之的话说：果实像枸杞，冬天成熟，颜色赤红，味道甘、苦。苏恭说：形状类似空疏（指溲疏），树木高一丈左右，白皮；其果实七月、八月成熟，像枸杞子，味道甘，而且两两并排。现在的注释说：虽然相似，但溲疏有刺，枸杞无刺，以此作为区别。这三种东西相似，其中两种有刺。溲疏也有巨骨这个名字，就像枸杞被称为地骨，应当也相类似，使用时应该仔细辨别罢了。有人说：溲疏以高大硕壮为区别，这是不对的。现在的枸杞也有非常高大的，入药效果神奇良效。世上传言蓬莱县南丘村多枸杞，高的有一、二丈，根系盘结非常牢固。所以当地人多长寿，也是饮食水土中的这些物品使然。润州州寺大井旁生长的枸杞，也是年代久远。所以当地人称之为枸杞井，说饮用那里的水非常有益于人。溲疏，生长在熊耳川谷及田野丘墟之地，四月采集，古今方书很少见到使用的，应当也难以辨别罢了。又按枸杞又名仙人杖。而陈藏器《拾遗》中另外记载两种仙人杖：一种是枯死竹竿颜色黑的，一种是菜类，加上这个共为三种，却同名。陈子昂《观玉篇》中说：我跟随补阙乔公北征，夏四月驻扎在张掖，河洲草木没有其他异常，只有仙人杖，往往丛生。我以前曾经服用过它，这次战役中，休息时品味滋味。戍边的人进献美味蔬菜，此物在其中。于是向乔公宣扬它的功效，当时东莱王仲烈也在同旅，听说后很高兴，并且甘心食用，十五天后，行人中有自称懂药的人，对乔公说：这是白棘。仲烈于是怀疑说：我也奇怪它味道甘甜。乔公信以为真，便讥笑我，我因此作《观玉篇》。按此仙人杖作为蔬菜食用的，叶子像苦苣。白棘是木类，为什么相似而导致如此疑惑？有人说乔公所指的白棘，应当是枸棘，枸棘是枸杞带刺的品种。而《本经》中没有白棘的别名，况且它味道苦，仙人杖味道甘，假设怀疑它是枸棘，枸棘也不是甘味之物。由此可知草木种类繁多难以识别，使人被似是而非的话所迷惑，把真的当作假的，失去了青黄甘苦的区别，以至于这样，大概是因为陈子昂论述得详细吧。
Lycii Cortex (Gouqi), grows in the plains and marshes of Changshan, as well as on hillsides and banks; it is now found everywhere. In spring, shoots emerge; the leaves resemble those of the pomegranate, are soft and thin, and edible, commonly known as "sweet vegetable" (Tiancai); its stems are three to five chi high, growing in clumps; in June and July, small red-purple flowers appear; red fruits form at any time, slightly elongated like jujube pits; its root is named Digut (Dogwood Root). Leaves are harvested in spring and summer, stems and fruits in autumn, and roots in winter. According to *Erya*: Qi Gou [text missing]. Guo Pu states: this is Lycium barbarum. The *Shi Jing* (Classic of Poetry) · Xiao Ya · Si Mu says: "Gathering on lush Lycium." Lu Ji's commentary states: also called Kuqi (Bitter Lycium) or Digut. When young in spring, it can be made into soup or vegetables, with a slightly bitter taste; its stems resemble berries; fruits ripen in autumn, being bright red. Consuming the stems, leaves, and fruits lightens the body and benefits qi. The *Huainan Zhenzhong Ji* records the method of West River Lady for consuming Lycium: On the first Yin day of the first lunar month, harvest roots and process them for consumption; on the second Mao day of the second month, process and consume; on the third Chen day of the third month, harvest stems and process them; on the fourth Si day of the fourth month, process and consume; on the fifth Wu day of the fifth month, harvest leaves and process them; on the sixth Wei day of the sixth month, process and consume; on the seventh Shen day of the seventh month, harvest flowers and process them; on the eighth You day of the eighth month, process and consume; on the ninth Xu day of the ninth month, harvest fruits and process them; on the tenth Hai day of the tenth month, process and consume; on the Zi day of the eleventh month, harvest roots and process them; on the Chou day of the twelfth month, process and consume. Alternatively, decocting the flowers, fruits, roots, stems, and leaves together, or extracting juice from the fruits alone to make a paste, yields equal efficacy. It is currently believed that Lycium (Gouqi) and Lycium spinosum (Gouji) are similar; however, the true Lycium has elongated fruits and thornless branches, while the round ones with thorns are Lycium spinosum (Gouji), which is unsuitable for medicinal use. The lower grade entry for Deutzia scandens (Soushu) notes Li Dangzhi's statement: fruits resemble Lycium, ripen in winter, are red, and taste sweet and bitter. Su Gong states: resembling Deutzia scandens, trees are over one zhang high with white bark; fruits ripen in July and August, resembling Lycium fruits, tasting sweet, and growing in pairs. Current annotations state: although similar, Deutzia scandens has thorns, whereas Lycium does not, distinguishing them. These three substances are similar, with two having thorns. Deutzia scandens is also known as Jugu (Giant Bone), similar to how Lycium is called Digut (Earth Bone); they should be carefully distinguished when used. Some claim Deutzia scandens is distinguished by being tall and robust, which is incorrect; current Lycium can also be very tall and effective medicinally. Legend has it that Nanqiu Village in Penglai County has much Lycium, some reaching one or two zhang high, with firmly knotted roots. Hence, locals live long, attributed to their diet and local water/soil products. Near a large well in Runzhou temple, old Lycium grows, hence called "Lycium Well," said to be beneficial to drink. Deutzia scandens (Soushu) grows in valleys of Xiong'er River and field mounds, harvested in April; rarely used in ancient and modern formularies, making it hard to distinguish. Also, Lycium is another name for Xianrenzhang (Immortal Staff). Chen Cangqi's *Shiyi* records two other types of Xianrenzhang: one is black dead bamboo stalks, the other is a vegetable type; thus three things share the same name. Chen Zi'ang's *Guan Yu Pian* states: accompanying Official Qiao on a northern expedition, stationed at Zhangye in the fourth lunar month, no other plants were unusual except Xianrenzhang, growing in clusters. I had previously consumed it. During this campaign, resting and tasting, border guards offered fine vegetables including this item. I praised its merits to Official Qiao. Donglai Wang Zhonglie, traveling with us, heard this, was pleased, and willingly ate it. After fifteen days, a traveler claiming knowledge of herbs told Official Qiao: "This is Baiji (White Thorn)." Zhonglie doubted, saying he also found it sweet. Official Qiao believed this and mocked me, prompting my writing of *Guan Yu Pian*. Regarding Xianrenzhang eaten as vegetables, leaves resemble Lactuca serriola (Kuju). Baiji is woody; why similarity caused such doubt? Some say Official Qiao's Baiji refers to Gouji (Lycium spinosum), the thorny version of Lycium. However, *Ben Jing* lists no alias Baiji, and its taste is bitter, whereas Xianrenzhang is sweet. If suspected as Gouji, Gouji is not sweet either. Thus, knowing many plants are hard to identify, people are confused by ambiguous statements, mistaking true for false, losing distinctions of color and taste, leading to such errors. This detail is elaborated by Zi'ang.