\r水银\ph26.bmp\r，生符陵平土，今出秦州、商州、道州、邵武军，而秦州乃来自西
羌界。《经》云∶出
于丹砂者，乃是山石中采粗次朱砂，作炉置砂于中，下承以水，上覆以盎，器外加火 养，
则烟飞于上，水银溜于下，其色小白浊。陶隐居云∶符陵平土者，是出朱砂腹中，亦别出沙
地，皆青白色。今不闻有此。至于西羌来者，彼人亦云如此烧 。但其山中所生极多，至于
一山自折裂，人采得砂石，皆大块如升斗，碎之乃可烧 ，故西来水银，极多于南方者。谨
按《广雅》水银谓之 ，丹灶家乃名汞，盖字亦通用耳。其炉盖上灰，亦名 粉是也。又飞
炼水银为轻粉，医家下膈，最为要药。服者忌血，以其本出于丹砂故也。
\r雄黄\ph27.bmp\r，生武都山谷敦煌山之阳，今阶州山中有之。形块如丹砂，明澈不
夹石，其色如鸡冠者
为真。有青黑色而坚者名熏（音训）黄，有形色似真而气臭者名臭黄，并不入服食药，只可
疗
疮疥耳。其臭以醋洗之便可断气，足以乱真，用之尤宜细辨。又阶州接西戎界，出一种水窟
雄黄，生于山岩中有水泉流处。其石名青烟石、白鲜石。雄黄出其中，其块大者如胡桃，小
者如粟豆，上有孔窍，其色深红而微紫，体极轻虚，而功用胜于常雄黄，丹灶家尤所贵重。
或
云雄黄金之苗也，故南方近金坑冶处时或有之，但不及西来者真好耳。谨案雄黄治疮疡尚矣
。《周礼》疡医∶凡疗疡以五毒攻之。郑康成注云∶今医方有五毒之药，作之合黄 （音武）
，置石胆、丹砂、雄黄、 石、磁石其中，烧之三日三夜，其烟上着，以鸡羽扫取之，以注
创，恶肉破骨则尽出。故翰林学士杨亿常笔记直史馆杨 年少时，有疡生于颊，连齿辅车外
肿，若覆瓯，内溃出脓血不辍，吐之痛楚难忍，疗之百方，弥年不瘥。人语之，依郑法合烧
药成，注之创中，少顷朽骨连两牙溃出遂愈，后便安宁，信古方攻病之速也。黄 若今市中
所货有盖瓦合也。近世合丹药，犹用黄瓦鬲，亦名黄 ，事出于古也。
水银，产于符陵的平坦土地，现在产自秦州、商州、道州、邵武军，而秦州的水银来自西羌地区。《本草经》说：水银出自丹砂，这是指从山石中开采出粗劣的朱砂，放入炉中，下方承接水，上方覆盖盎（一种容器），在器皿外部加火煅烧，烟气升腾到上方，水银凝结流于下方，其颜色白而浑浊。陶隐居说：符陵平土出产的水银，是出自朱砂矿腹中，也有另从沙地出产的，都是青白色。如今已听不到有此产地了。至于从西羌运来的，当地人也说是这样煅烧的。只是那里的山中生长极多，有的整座山自然断裂，人们采得砂石，都是大块如升斗大小，打碎后才能煅烧，所以西来的水银，极多于南方的。谨按《广雅》，水银称为“汞”，炼丹家称之为“汞”，大概字也是通用的。炉盖上的灰，也称为“粉”。又将水银飞炼为轻粉，医家用来攻下膈间积滞，是最为重要的药物。服用者忌食血类食物，因为它本出于丹砂的缘故。
雄黄，产于武都山谷敦煌山的南面，现在阶州的山中有出产。形状块状如丹砂，明澈不夹杂石头，颜色像鸡冠的为真品。有青黑色且坚硬的称为熏黄（音训），有形色似真品但气味臭的称为臭黄，都不入内服丹药，只可治疗疮疥罢了。用醋清洗它就可以断绝臭味，足以以假乱真，使用时尤其应当仔细辨别。又阶州接西戎边界，出产一种水窟雄黄，生于山岩中有泉水流淌的地方。那种石头名为青烟石、白鲜石。雄黄出产其中，大的块如胡桃，小的如粟豆，上面有孔窍，颜色深红而微紫，质地极轻虚，而功效胜过普通的雄黄，炼丹家尤其看重它。有人说雄黄是金的苗裔，所以南方靠近金矿冶炼处有时也有出产，但不如西来的那么好。谨考雄黄治疗疮疡历史悠久。《周礼》记载疡医：凡是治疗疮疡用五毒之药攻治。郑康成注解说：如今医方中有五毒之药，制作时合入黄丹（音武），放入石胆、丹砂、雄黄、慈石、磁石其中，烧三日三夜，烟气附着在上面，用鸡羽扫取它，涂抹在创口上，恶肉和坏骨就会全部排出。所以翰林学士杨亿常笔记直史馆杨之子年少时，面部生疮疡，连及牙齿和颊车外肿胀，像倒扣的瓯，内部溃烂流出脓血不止，吐出来痛楚难忍，用各种方法治疗，一年不好。有人告诉他，依郑玄之法合烧药成，注入创口中，一会儿朽骨连着两颗牙溃出便痊愈了，后来便安宁，相信古方攻病之迅速啊。黄丹若今市中售卖的有盖瓦形状的。近世配制丹药，还用黄瓦鬲，也名黄丹，事情出于古代。
Mercury (Shuiyin), produced in the flat lands of Fuling, is now sourced from Qinzhou, Shangzhou, Daozhou, and Shaowu Jun. The mercury from Qinzhou originates from the Western Qiang border region. The *Classic* states: "Mercury comes from cinnabar." This refers to mining coarse cinnabar from mountain rocks, placing it in a furnace, positioning water below, covering with an ang (a type of vessel), and applying heat externally. The fumes rise to the top, while mercury condenses and flows downward; its color is white and turbid. Tao Hongjing stated: "The mercury from Fuling's flat lands comes from within the cinnabar veins, or alternatively from sandy grounds, all being greenish-white." Such sources are no longer heard of today. As for that coming from the Western Qiang, locals also claim it is smelted in this manner. However, the mountains there produce it abundantly; some entire mountains naturally fracture, yielding large chunks of stone and sand the size of sheng or dou vessels, which must be crushed before smelting. Thus, mercury from the west is far more abundant than that from the south. According to the *Guangya*, mercury is called "gong" (mercury). Alchemists name it "gong"; the characters are generally interchangeable. The ash on the furnace lid is also called "fen" (calomel/mercurous chloride). Furthermore, mercury is sublimated to form calomel (Qingfen), which physicians use to purge stagnation in the diaphragm area and is considered a crucial medicine. Those who take it must avoid blood products because it originates from cinnabar.
Calomel (Shuiyinfen): See details under the entry for Mercury.
Realgar (Xionghuang), originally produced in the valleys of Wudu and on the southern slopes of Dunhuang Mountain, is now found in the mountains of Jiezhou. It occurs in lumps resembling cinnabar, clear and free of stone impurities; those with a color like a rooster's comb are genuine. Those that are dark green-black and hard are called Xunhuang (Smoked Realgar, pronunciation: xùn); those that resemble the genuine form in appearance but have a foul odor are called Chouhuang (Foul-smelling Realgar). Neither is used for internal administration; they are only suitable for treating sores and scabies. Washing them with vinegar eliminates the odor, allowing them to deceive the eye, so careful distinction is required when using them. Additionally, near the Western Rong border in Jiezhou, a type of "water-cave realgar" is produced, growing in rock crevices where springs flow. The host stones are named Qingyan Shi (Green Smoke Stone) and Baixian Shi (White Fresh Stone). Realgar emerges from these; the largest pieces are walnut-sized, the smallest millet-sized, with pores on the surface, deep red in color with a slight purple tint, extremely light and porous in texture, and more potent than ordinary realgar, making it highly valued by alchemists. Some say realgar is the "sprout" of gold; thus, it occasionally appears in the south near gold mines, though not as fine as that from the west. Records indicate realgar has been used to treat sores since ancient times. The *Rites of Zhou* records that surgeons treated sores using "five-poison medicines." Zheng Xuan's commentary notes: "Current medical formulas use five-poison drugs, prepared by mixing Huangdan (Red Lead, pronunciation: wǔ), Shidan (Cinnabar), Xionghuang (Realgar), Cishi (Magnetite), and Ci Shi (Magnetite), firing for three days and nights. The smoke deposits on the upper part, which is collected with a chicken feather and applied to the wound, causing necrotic flesh and broken bone to exit completely." Hanlin Academician Yang Yi often recorded that Yang, a young official at the Directorate of Historical Records, suffered from a facial sore that extended to the teeth and jaw, swelling like an inverted bowl, with continuous pus and blood discharge. The pain upon touching was unbearable, and despite various treatments over a year, it did not heal. Someone advised him to prepare medicine according to Zheng's method. After application, the necrotic bone and two teeth were expelled, and he healed immediately, thereafter remaining well. This confirms the rapid efficacy of ancient formulas. Huangdan (Red Lead) resembles the roof-tile-shaped cakes sold in markets today. In recent times, red lead tiles (Huangwa Ge) are still used in preparing alchemical pills, a practice derived from antiquity.