\r牛扁\ph260.bmp\r，出桂阳川谷，今潞州、宁州亦有之。叶似三堇、石龙芮等。根
如秦艽而细，多生平泽
下湿地。二月、八月采根，日干。今亦稀用。按《本经》云∶杀牛虱小虫。苏恭注云∶太常
贮名扁特。今潞州只一种名便特。六月有花，八月结实，采其根。捣末，油调，杀虮虱。根
、苗主疗，大都相似。疑此即是牛扁。但扁便不同，岂声近而字讹乎？今以附之。
\r陆英\ph261.bmp\r，生熊耳川谷及冤句。蒴 不载所出州土，但云生田野，今所在
有之。春抽苗，茎有节
，
节间生枝；叶大似水芹及接骨，春夏采叶，秋冬采根茎。或云即陆英也。《本经》别立一条
。陶隐居亦以为一物。苏恭云∶《药对》及古方无蒴 ，惟言陆英，明非别物。今注以性味
不同，疑非一种，谓其类耳，然亦不能细别，再详陆英条，不言所用。蒴 条云用叶、根、
茎，盖一物而所用别，故性味不同，何以明之？苏恭云此叶似芹及接骨花，亦一类，故芹名
水英，此名陆英，接骨名木英，此三英花、叶并相似。又按《尔雅》云∶华 （音敷）也，
华
荣也。木谓之华，草谓之荣，不荣而实者为之秀，荣而不实者谓之英。然则此物既有英名
，当是其花耳。故《本经》云∶陆英立秋采。立秋正是其花时也。又葛氏方有用蒴 者，有
用蒴 根者，有用叶者，三用各别，正与经载三时所采者相会，谓陆英为花无疑也。
牛扁，出产于桂阳的山谷中，如今在潞州、宁州也有生长。它的叶子形状像三堇、石龙芮等植物。根部像秦艽但较细，大多生长在平野沼泽下的潮湿低地。二月和八月采集根部，晒干后使用。现在也很少使用了。据《神农本草经》记载：能杀死牛身上的虱子和微小虫子。苏恭注释说：太常寺（古代掌管礼乐祭祀的机构）储藏的名称叫“扁特”。如今潞州只有一种名叫“便特”的植物。六月开花，八月结果实，采集其根部。捣成粉末，用油调和，可杀灭虮子和虱子。根部和苗叶的主治功效，大体上相似。怀疑这就是牛扁。只是“扁”和“便”字不同，难道是读音相近而字形讹误吗？现在将其附记于此。
陆英，生长在熊耳山山谷及冤句县。蒴藋（一种植物名）未记载其所出的州郡土地，只说生长在田野中，如今各地都有生长。春天抽出苗茎，茎有节，节间生出枝条；叶子大得像水芹及接骨草，春夏季节采集叶子，秋冬季节采集根茎。有人说蒴藋就是陆英。《神农本草经》将二者分别列为一条。陶弘景也认为它们是同一种物。苏恭说：《药对》及古方中没有提到蒴藋，只提到陆英，明确说明它们不是不同的物品。现在的注解因为性味不同，怀疑不是同一种，只是说它们类似罢了，然而也不能仔细区分。再详细查看陆英条目，没有说明所用部位。蒴藋条目说使用叶、根、茎，大概是一种物品但使用的部位不同，所以性味不同，这如何证明呢？苏恭说这种植物的叶子像芹菜和接骨草的花，也是一类，所以芹菜名叫水英，此物名叫陆英，接骨草名叫木英，这三种英的花、叶都相似。又查考《尔雅》说：华（音敷），即花的意思；荣，即茂盛。树木开的花叫华，草本开的花叫荣，不茂盛而结实的叫秀，茂盛而不结实的叫英。既然此物既有“英”的名字，应当是指它的花吧。所以《神农本草经》说：陆英在立秋时采集。立秋正是它开花的时候。另外葛洪的方剂中有使用蒴藋的，有用蒴藋根的，有用叶子的，三种用法各不相同，正好与经典记载的三个时节采集的情况相吻合，可以确定陆英指的就是花。
Niu Bian (Phytolaccae Radix), originating from the valleys of Guiyang, is also found today in Luzhou and Ningzhou. Its leaves resemble those of Sanjin (Trifolium repens) and Shilongrui (Ranunculus japonicus). The root resembles Qinjiao (Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix) but is thinner, mostly growing in the damp lowlands of plains and marshes. The roots are harvested in February and August and dried in the sun. It is rarely used nowadays. According to the *Shennong Bencao Jing* (Divine Farmer's Materia Medica), it kills lice on cattle and small insects. Su Gong's annotation states: "The Taichang Temple (Institution for Ritual Music and Sacrifices) stored a name 'Biantu'." Today, Luzhou only has one variety named "Biante". It flowers in June and bears fruit in August; its roots are harvested. Crushed into powder and mixed with oil, it kills nits and lice. The therapeutic effects of the root and the seedling/leaves are largely similar. One suspects this is indeed Niu Bian. However, the characters 'Bian' and 'Bi' differ; could this be an error due to similar pronunciation? It is now appended here.
Lu Ying (Phytolaccae Herba), grows in the valleys of Xiong'er Mountain and Yuanju County. Shuo Di (Phytolaccae Radix et Caulis) does not record the specific provinces or lands where it originates, stating only that it grows in fields, and is now available everywhere. In spring, shoots emerge; the stem has nodes, with branches growing between the nodes. The leaves are large, resembling water celery (Oenanthe javanica) and Jiegucao (Sarcandra glabra). Leaves are harvested in spring and summer, while roots and stems are harvested in autumn and winter. Some claim that Shuo Di is Lu Ying. The *Shennong Bencao Jing* lists them as separate entries. Tao Hongjing also considered them to be the same substance. Su Gong stated: "Neither the *Yaodui* nor ancient prescriptions mention Shuo Di, only Lu Ying, clearly indicating they are not different substances." Current annotations, noting differences in nature and flavor, suspect they are not the same species, merely suggesting similarity, yet failing to distinguish them carefully. Re-examining the Lu Ying entry, it does not specify the parts used. The Shuo Di entry states that leaves, roots, and stems are used. Presumably, it is one substance but different parts are used, leading to different natures and flavors; how can this be clarified? Su Gong said the leaves resemble those of celery and the flowers of Jiegucao, belonging to the same category. Thus, celery is called Shui Ying (Water Ying), this plant is called Lu Ying (Land Ying), and Jiegucao is called Mu Ying (Wood Ying); the flowers and leaves of these three 'Yings' are similar. Furthermore, consulting the *Erya*, it states: "Hua" (pronounced fu) means flower; "Rong" means flourishing. Flowers on trees are called Hua, flowers on herbs are called Rong. Those that flourish but do not bear fruit are called Xiu, and those that flourish without bearing fruit are called Ying. Since this plant bears the name "Ying," it likely refers to its flower. Therefore, the *Shennong Bencao Jing* states: "Harvest Lu Ying at Start of Autumn." The Start of Autumn coincides precisely with its flowering time. Additionally, Ge Hong's prescriptions include the use of Shuo Di, Shuo Di root, and leaves separately. These three distinct usages correspond exactly with the harvesting times recorded in the classic texts, confirming beyond doubt that Lu Ying refers to the flower.