\r白头翁\ph257.bmp\r，生嵩山山谷，今近京州郡皆有之。正月生苗，作丛，状如白
薇而柔细稍长；叶生茎
端，上有细白毛而不滑泽，近根有白茸，正似白头老翁，故名焉；根紫色，深如蔓菁；二月
、三月开紫花，黄蕊；五月、六月结实。其苗有风则静，无风而摇，与赤箭、独活同。七月
、八月采根，阴干用。今俗医用合补下药，服之大验，亦冲人。
\r 茹\ph258.bmp\r，生代郡川谷，今河阳、淄、齐州亦有之。二月生苗，叶似大戟
而花黄色；根如萝卜，
皮赤黄，肉白，初断时，汁出凝黑如漆；三月开浅红花，亦淡黄色，不着子。陶隐居谓出高
丽者，此近之也。四月、五月采根，阴干。漆头者良。又有一种草 茹，色白。采者烧铁烁
头，令黑，以当漆头，非真也。然古方有用两种者。姚僧垣治痈疽生臭恶肉，以白 茹散傅
之，看肉尽便停，但傅诸膏药。若不生肉，又傅黄 散。恶肉仍不尽者，可以漆头赤皮 茹
为散，用半钱匕，和白 茹散三钱匕，合傅之，瘥。是赤、白皆可用也。
\r羊蹄\ph259.bmp\r，秃菜也。生陈留川泽，今所在有之。生下湿地。春生苗，高三、
四尺；叶狭长，颇似
莴苣而色深；茎节间紫赤；花青白成穗，子三棱，有若茺蔚，夏中即枯；根似牛蒡而坚实。
今人生采根，醋摩涂癣速效。亦煎作丸服之。其方以新采羊蹄根，不限多少，捣研绞取汁一
大升，白蜜半斤，同熬如稠饧煎，更用防风末六两，搜和，令可丸大如梧子。用栝楼、甘草
酒下三、二十丸，日二、三次，佳，谨按《诗·小雅》∶言采其 。陆机云∶ ，今人谓之
羊蹄，似芦菔而茎赤，可 为茹，滑而美也，多啖令人下气。幽州人谓之 。字或作蓄（并
耻六切）。又有一种极相类，而叶黄味酢，名酸模。《尔雅》所谓须， （音孙）芜。郭璞云
∶芜似羊蹄，叶细味酢，可食，一名 （音修）是也。
白头翁，生长在嵩山的山谷中，如今京城附近的各州郡都有生长。正月生出苗株，成丛生长，形状像白薇但质地柔细且稍长；叶子生在茎的顶端，上面有细小的白色绒毛而不光滑润泽，靠近根部有白色的茸毛，正像白头老翁，因此得名；根呈紫色，深度如同蔓菁；二月、三月开出紫色的花，黄色的花蕊；五月、六月结出果实。它的苗株在有风时静止，无风时反而摇动，这与赤箭、独活相同。七月、八月采集根部，阴干后使用。如今俗医常将其配合补药服用，效果显著，也适合身体虚弱的人服用。
茹，生长在代郡的川谷中，如今河阳、淄州、齐州也有生长。二月生出苗株，叶子像大戟而开黄花；根像萝卜，皮呈赤黄色，肉白色，刚折断时，流出的汁液凝固变黑如漆；三月开出浅红花，也呈淡黄色，不结种子。陶隐居说出产于高丽的比较接近这种。四月、五月采集根部，阴干。头部带漆色的品质优良。又有一种草茹，颜色是白色的。采药人烧红铁块烫其头部，使其变黑，用来冒充带漆头的，这不是真的。然而古方中有同时使用两种的情况。姚僧垣治疗痈疽生出的臭恶肉，用白茹散敷贴它，看恶肉去尽就停止，只敷各种膏药。如果不生新肉，又敷黄芩散。如果恶肉仍不尽，可以用带漆头的赤皮茹研为散，取半钱匕，与白茹散三钱匕混合敷贴，病愈。这说明赤色和白色的都可以使用。
羊蹄，就是秃菜。生长在陈留的川泽中，如今各地都有生长。生长在低湿之地。春天生出苗株，高三四尺；叶子狭长，很像莴苣但颜色深；茎节间呈紫红色；花青白色成穗状，种子有三棱，像茺蔚，夏天中就枯萎；根像牛蒡但坚实。如今人们生采根部，用醋磨涂治癣疾，见效快。也可以煎煮做成丸剂服用。其方子是用新采的羊蹄根，不限多少，捣碎研磨绞取汁液一大升，白蜜半斤，一同熬制成稠糖状，再加入防风末六两，调和，使其能制成梧桐子大小的丸剂。用栝楼、甘草酒送服三二十丸，每天二三次，效果佳。谨按《诗经·小雅》中说：采摘它的“蓄”。陆机说：“蓄”，如今人叫它羊蹄，像萝卜但茎是红色的，可以煮食作为蔬菜，滑嫩美味。多吃令人下气。幽州人叫它“蓄”。字有时写作“蓄”（读音均为耻六切）。又有一种极相似的，但叶子黄味酸，名叫酸模。《尔雅》所说的“须”，即“孙”芜。郭璞说：“芜”像羊蹄，叶子细味道酸，可以吃，一名“葸”（音修）就是这样。
Bai Tou Weng (Pulsatilla Root), grows in the valleys of Mount Song, and is now found in all prefectures near the capital. Seedlings emerge in the first lunar month, growing in clumps; they resemble Bai Wei (Cynanchum atratum) but are softer, finer, and slightly longer; leaves grow at the tips of the stems, covered with fine white hairs that are not smooth or glossy, and have white down near the root, resembling an old man with white hair, hence its name; the root is purple, deep as a turnip; it blooms with purple flowers and yellow stamens in the second and third lunar months, and bears fruit in the fifth and sixth lunar months. Its seedlings remain still when there is wind but sway when there is none, similar to Chi Jian (Gastrodia Rhizome) and Du Huo (Angelicae Pubescentis Radix). The roots are harvested in the seventh and eighth lunar months and dried in the shade for use. Modern folk physicians often combine it with tonifying medicines, which yields great efficacy, and it is also suitable for frail individuals.
Ru (Rhubarb), grows in the river valleys of Dai Commandery, and is now also found in Heyang, Zizhou, and Qizhou. Seedlings emerge in the second lunar month; the leaves resemble Da Ji (Euphorbia pekinensis) and bear yellow flowers; the root resembles a radish, with reddish-yellow skin and white flesh; when freshly broken, the exuded juice coagulates into a black substance like lacquer; it blooms with pale red flowers, also faintly yellow, and does not set seed. Tao Hongjing stated that those from Goguryeo are closest to this variety. The roots are harvested in the fourth and fifth lunar months and dried in the shade. Those with a lacquer-like head are of superior quality. There is another type of grass Ru with white coloration. Harvesters sometimes scorch the head with a hot iron to blacken it, passing it off as lacquer-headed Ru, which is not genuine. However, ancient prescriptions utilized both types. Yao Sengyuan treated foul, malignant flesh arising from carbuncles and ulcers by applying Bai Ru San (White Ru Powder); once the foul flesh was removed, treatment ceased, and only various plasters were applied. If new flesh did not grow, Huang Qin San (Scutellaria Powder) was applied. If the foul flesh persisted, Chi Pi Ru with a lacquer head was ground into powder; half a qian bi dose was mixed with three qian bi doses of Bai Ru San and applied together, resulting in recovery. This indicates that both red and white varieties are usable.
Yang Ti (Rumex crispus), also known as Tu Cai (Bald Vegetable), grows in the marshes of Chenliu and is now found everywhere. It thrives in damp, low-lying areas. Seedlings emerge in spring, reaching three to four chi in height; the leaves are narrow and long, resembling Wo Ju (Lactuca sativa) but darker in color; the stem joints are purplish-red; the flowers are pale blue-white arranged in spikes, and the seeds are three-angled, resembling Chong Wei (Leonurus japonicus), withering in midsummer; the root resembles Niu Bang (Arctii Fructus) but is solid and firm. Nowadays, people harvest fresh roots, grind them with vinegar, and apply the paste to tinea for rapid effect. They can also be decocted into pills. The prescription uses newly harvested Yang Ti roots, in any quantity, pounded, ground, and pressed to obtain one da sheng of juice; half a jin of white honey is added, and the mixture is boiled until thick like syrup. Then, six liang of Fang Feng (Saposhnikoviae Radix) powder is added and kneaded to form pills the size of wu zi (mulberry seeds). These are taken with wine infused with Gua Lou (Trichosanthis Radix) and Gan Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix), three to twenty pills per dose, two to three times daily, which is optimal. According to the "Xiao Ya" section of the *Book of Songs*: "Gathering its Xu." Lu Ji stated: "Xu," now called Yang Ti by people, resembles Lu Bo (Radish) but has a red stem; it can be cooked as a vegetable, being slippery and delicious. Excessive consumption causes qi to descend. People in Youzhou call it "Xu." The character is sometimes written as "Xu" (pronounced chi liu qie). Another variety is extremely similar but has yellow leaves and a sour taste, named Suan Mo (Rumex acetosa). The *Erya* refers to "Xu," i.e., "Sun" Wu. Guo Pu stated: "Wu" resembles Yang Ti, with fine leaves and a sour taste, edible, also known as "Xi" (pronounced xiu).