白菀，文具紫菀条下。
\r白鲜\ph174.bmp\r，生上谷、川谷及冤句，今河中、江宁府、滁州、润州亦有之。
苗高尺余，茎青，叶稍
白，如槐，亦似茱萸；四月开花淡紫色，似小蜀葵；根似蔓菁，皮黄白而心实。四月、五月
采根，阴干用。又云∶宜二月采，差晚则虚恶也。其气息都似羊膻，故俗呼为白羊鲜，又名
地羊膻，又名金爵儿椒。其苗，山人以为菜茹。葛洪治鼠 已有口，脓血出者，白鲜皮煮汁
服一升，当吐鼠子乃愈。李《兵部手集方》疗肺嗽，有白鲜皮汤方，甚妙。
\r白薇\ph175.bmp\r，生平原川谷，今陕西诸郡及滁、舒、润、辽州亦有之。茎叶俱
青，颇类柳叶；六、七
月开红花；八月结实；根黄白色，类牛膝而短小；三月三日采根，阴干用。今云八月采。
\r 耳\ph176.bmp\r，生安陆川谷及六安田野，今处处有之。谨按诗人谓之卷耳。《尔
雅》谓之苓耳。《广
雅》谓之 耳，皆以实得名也。陆机疏云∶叶青白，似胡荽，白华，细茎，蔓生，可煮为茹
，滑而少味。四月中生子，正如妇人耳 ，今或谓之耳 草。郑康成谓是白胡荽，幽州人呼
为爵耳。郭璞云∶形似鼠耳，丛生如盘。今之所有，皆类此，但不作蔓生耳。或曰此物本生
蜀中，其实多刺，因羊过之，毛中粘缀，遂至中国，故名羊负来。俗呼为道人头。实熟时采
之。古今方书多单用，治丁肿困甚者。生捣根叶，和小儿溺，绞取汁，令服一升，日三。又
烧作灰，和腊月猪脂，封上，须臾拔出根，愈。
白菀，其详细记载见紫菀条目之下。
白鲜，生长在上谷、川谷以及冤句等地，如今在河中、江宁府、滁州、润州等地也有出产。植株高约一尺多，茎呈青色，叶片略带白色，形状像槐树叶，也类似茱萸；四月开出淡紫色的花，形似小型蜀葵；根部像芜菁（蔓菁），外皮黄白色，内部实心。四月、五月采集根部，阴干后使用。又有说法称：适宜在二月采集，采集过晚则药效虚劣恶劣。它的气味完全像羊膻味，所以俗称白羊鲜，又名地羊膻，又名金爵儿椒。它的嫩苗，山中人当作蔬菜食用。葛洪治疗老鼠疮（鼠瘘）已有溃口，流出脓血的情况，用白鲜皮煮汁服用一升，吐出鼠子后即可痊愈。李绛《兵部手集方》中治疗肺咳嗽的白鲜皮汤方，非常奇妙。
白薇，生长在平原川谷，如今陕西各郡以及滁州、舒州、润州、辽州等地也有出产。茎和叶都是青色的，颇像柳叶；六、七月开红花；八月结籽实；根呈黄白色，形状像牛膝但短小；三月三日采集根部，阴干后使用。如今的说法是八月采集。
耳（苍耳），生长在安陆川谷及六安田野，如今到处都有。谨查考诗人称之为卷耳。《尔雅》称之为苓耳。《广雅》称之为耳，都是以果实得名。陆机疏解说：叶子青白色，像胡荽（香菜），开白花，茎细，蔓生，可以煮食，口感滑爽而味道淡。四月中长出子实，正像妇人的耳朵，现在有人称之为耳草。郑康成认为这是白胡荽，幽州人称之为爵耳。郭璞说：形状像鼠耳，丛生如盘状。如今所有的苍耳，都与此相似，只是不蔓生罢了。有人说此物原本生长在蜀中，其实多刺，因为羊经过时，毛上粘附着种子，于是传播到中国，所以名叫羊负来。俗称为道人头。果实成熟时采集。古今方书中多单独使用，治疗严重的痈疽肿毒。将根叶生捣碎，与小儿尿液混合，绞取汁液，让患者服用一升，每日三次。又将其烧成灰，与腊月猪脂混合，敷贴患处，须臾之间即可拔出病根，痊愈。
Baiwan (Asteris Radix), detailed records are found under the entry for Ziwan (Asteris Radix).
Baixian (Dictamni Cortex), grows in Shanggu, Chuangu, and Yuanju. It is now also produced in Hezhong, Jiangning Prefecture, Chuzhou, and Runzhou. The seedling is over a chi high, with green stems and slightly white leaves, resembling Sophora leaves or also similar to Cornus officinalis fruit; it blooms pale purple flowers in April, resembling small Hibiscus mutabilis; the root resembles Brassica rapa var. rapa (turnip), with yellowish-white skin and solid heart. Roots are harvested in April and May and dried in shade for use. Another view states: it is best harvested in February; harvesting too late results in inferior efficacy. Its odor strongly resembles that of mutton fat, hence commonly called Baiyangxian (White Sheep Fresh), also known as Diyangshan (Earth Mutton Fat), and Jinjue'erjiao (Golden Sparrow Pepper). Its seedlings are used by mountain dwellers as vegetables. Ge Hong treated rat sores (scrofula) that had ulcerated and discharged pus and blood by having the patient drink one sheng of decoction made from boiling Baixianpi (Dictamni Cortex); recovery occurred after expelling the "rat offspring." Li Jiang's *Military Department Hand-collected Prescriptions* contains a prescription for lung cough using Baixianpi Tang (Dictamni Decoction), which is very effective.
Baiwei (Cynanchi Atrati Radix), grows in plains and river valleys. It is now also found in various commanderies of Shaanxi, as well as Chuzhou, Shuzhou, Runzhou, and Liaozhou. Both stems and leaves are green, somewhat resembling willow leaves; it blooms red flowers in June and July; fruits mature in August; roots are yellowish-white, resembling Achyranthes bidentata (Niuxi) but shorter and smaller; roots are harvested on the third day of the third lunar month and dried in shade for use. Current practice suggests harvesting in August.
Er (Xanthii Fructus / Cocklebur Fruit), grows in river valleys of Anlu and fields of Lu'an. It is now ubiquitous. Careful examination shows poets call it Juan'er (Curled Ear). *Erya* calls it Ling'er. *Guangya* calls it Er, all named after its fruit. Lu Ji's commentary states: Leaves are greenish-white, resembling Coriandrum sativum (cilantro/coriander), with white flowers, thin stems, growing as vines, edible when boiled, slippery texture and mild taste. Seeds develop in mid-April, resembling a woman's ear, hence sometimes called Ercao (Ear Grass). Zheng Kangcheng considered it to be white coriander; people in Youzhou called it Jue'er. Guo Pu stated: Shape resembles mouse ears, growing in clusters like a plate. All current specimens resemble this, except they do not grow as vines. Some say this plant originally grew in Shu, possessing many thorns; because sheep passed through, seeds stuck to their wool, spreading to China, thus named Yangfulai (Sheep Carries Come). Commonly called Daorentou (Daoist Head). Harvested when fruits are ripe. Ancient and modern medical texts often use it alone to treat severe carbuncles and swellings. Raw roots and leaves are crushed, mixed with infant urine, juice extracted, and one sheng administered orally, three times daily. Alternatively, burned to ash, mixed with lard from the twelfth lunar month, applied topically; within moments, the root of the lesion can be extracted, leading to cure.