\r蜜蒙花\ph227.bmp\r，生益州川谷，今蜀中州郡皆有之。木高丈余；叶似冬青叶而
浓，背白色，有细毛，
又似橘叶；花微紫色。二月、三月采花，曝干用。此木类而在草部，不知何至于此。
\r伏牛花\ph228.bmp\r，生蜀地，所在皆有，今惟益、蜀近郡有之，多生川泽中。叶
青细，似黄檗叶而不光
；茎赤有刺；花淡黄色作穗，似杏花而小。三月采，阴干。
\r大黄\ph229.bmp\r，生河西山谷及陇西，今蜀川、河东、陕西州郡皆有之，以蜀川
锦文者佳。其次秦陇来
者，谓之土蕃大黄。正月内生青叶，似蓖麻，大者如扇；根如芋，大者如碗，长一、二尺，
旁生细根如牛蒡，小者亦如芋；四月开黄花，亦有青红似荞麦花者；茎青紫色，形如竹。二
、八月采根，去黑皮，火干。江淮出者曰土大黄，二月开黄花，结细实。又鼎州出一种羊蹄
大黄，疗疥瘙甚效。初生苗叶如羊蹄，累年长大，即叶似商陆而狭尖；四月内于抽条上出穗
，五、七茎相合，花叶同色；结实如荞麦而轻小，五月熟即黄色，亦呼为金荞麦。三月采苗
，五月收实，并阴干；九月采根，破之亦有锦文。日干之，亦呼为土大黄。凡收大黄之法。
苏恭云∶作时烧石使热，横寸截着石上 之，一日微燥，乃绳穿眼之至干。今土蕃大黄，往
往作横片，曾经火 。蜀大黄乃作紧片，如牛舌形，谓之牛舌大黄。二者用之皆等。《本经
》称大黄推陈致新，其效最神，故古方下积滞多用之，张仲景治伤寒用处尤多。又有三物备
急丸，司空裴秀为散用，疗心腹诸疾卒暴百病，其方用大黄、干姜、巴豆各一两，须精新好
者，捣筛，蜜和，更捣一千杵，丸如小豆，服三丸。老小斟量之。为散不及丸也。若中恶客
忤，心腹胀满，卒痛如锥刀刺痛，气急口噤，停尸卒死者，以暖水若酒服之。若不下，捧头
起，灌令下喉，须臾瘥。未知更与三丸，腹当鸣转，即吐下便愈。若口已噤，亦须折齿灌之
，药入喉即瘥。崔知悌疗小儿无辜闪癖，瘰疠，或头干黄耸，或乍痢乍差，诸状多者，皆大
黄煎主之。大黄九两，锦文新实者，若微朽即不中用，削去苍皮，乃秤，捣筛为散，以上好
米醋三升和之，置铜碗中，于大铛中浮汤上，炭火煮之，火不用猛，又以竹木篦搅药，候任
丸，乃停。于小瓷器中贮。儿年三岁，一服七丸如梧子，日再服，常以下青赤脓为度。若不
下脓，或下脓少者，稍稍加丸。下脓若多，丸又须减。病重者，或至七、八剂方尽根本。大
人
、小儿以意量之。此药惟下脓宿结，不令儿利，须禁食毒物。食乳者，乳母亦同忌法。崔元
亮《海上方》∶治腰脚冷风气，以大黄二大两，切如棋子，和少酥炒，令酥尽入药中，切不
得令黄焦，则无力，捣筛为末，每日空腹，以水三大合，入生姜两片如钱，煎十余沸，去姜
，取大黄末两钱，别置碗子中，以姜汤调之，空腹顿服。如有余姜汤，徐徐呷之，令尽，当
下冷脓及恶物等，病即瘥止。古人用毒药攻病，必随人之虚实而处置，非一切而用也。姚僧
垣初仕梁，武帝因发热欲服大黄。僧垣曰∶大黄乃是快药。至尊年高，不可轻用。帝弗从，
几至委顿。元帝常有心腹疾。诸医咸谓宜用平药，可渐宣通。僧垣曰∶脉洪而实，此有宿妨
，非用大黄无差理，帝从而遂愈。以此言之，今医用一毒药而攻众病，其偶中病，便谓此方
之神奇；其有差误，乃不言用药之失，如此者众矣，可不戒哉？
蜜蒙花，生长在益州的川谷地带，如今蜀地各州郡都有。这种树木高一丈多；叶子像冬青叶但更厚实，背面呈白色，有细毛，又有点像橘树叶；花朵微紫色。二月、三月采集花朵，晒干后使用。这种植物属于木本却列入草部，不知道原因何在。
伏牛花，生长在蜀地，各地都有，如今只有益州、蜀地附近的郡县才有，多生长在河川沼泽中。叶子青绿色且细小，像黄檗的叶子但不光亮；茎是红色的且有刺；花朵淡黄色成穗状，像杏花但较小。三月采集，阴干备用。
大黄，生长在河西山谷及陇西地区，如今蜀川、河东、陕西各州郡都有出产，以蜀川产出的带有锦纹者为佳。其次是秦陇地区运来的，称为土蕃大黄。正月内生青色叶子，像蓖麻，大的如扇子；根部像芋头，大的如碗口，长一、二尺，旁边生出细根像牛蒡，小的也像芋头；四月开黄花，也有青红色像荞麦花的；茎呈青紫色，形状像竹子。二月、八月采集根部，去掉黑皮，用火烘干。江淮地区出产的叫土大黄，二月开黄花，结细小的果实。另外鼎州出产一种羊蹄大黄，治疗疥疮瘙痒非常有效。初生苗叶像羊蹄，多年长大后，叶子像商陆但狭长尖细；四月在抽条上抽出穗，五、七茎合在一起，花叶同色；结籽像荞麦但轻小，五月成熟时为黄色，也称金荞麦。三月采集苗，五月收取果实，都阴干；九月采集根部，剖开也有锦纹。日晒干燥，也称土大黄。凡是收放大黄的方法，苏恭说：制作时烧红石头，横着切成寸段放在石头上，一天后微微干燥，再用绳子穿眼直到完全干燥。现在的土蕃大黄，往往做成横片，曾经经过火烤。蜀地大黄则做成紧实的片，像牛舌形状，称为牛舌大黄。两者使用效果相等。《神农本草经》称大黄能推陈致新，功效最神奇，所以古方中消除积滞多用此药，张仲景治疗伤寒时用得尤其多。又有三物备急丸，司空裴秀将其制成散剂，治疗心腹各种疾病突然发作的百病，该方用大黄、干姜、巴豆各一两，必须精选新鲜优质的药材，捣碎过筛，用蜂蜜调和，再捣一千杵，制成如小豆大小的丸药，每次服三丸。老人小孩酌情减量。制成散剂不如丸剂好。如果是中恶客忤（外邪侵袭），心腹胀满，突然疼痛如锥刀刺痛，气急口噤，尸厥卒死者，用温水或酒送服。如果药不下咽，托起患者头部，灌入咽喉，片刻后痊愈。不知是否再给三丸，腹部应当鸣转，随即吐下即可痊愈。如果口已紧闭，也必须掰开牙齿灌药，药入喉即愈。崔知悌治疗小儿无辜闪癖、瘰疬，或者头干枯发黄耸立，或者时而痢疾时而好转，症状众多的，都用大黄煎剂主治。大黄九两，选用带有锦纹的新实者，如果轻微朽坏就不中用了，削去苍皮，然后称重，捣碎过筛成散剂，用上好的米醋三升调和，放入铜碗中，在大锅中的沸水上隔水加热，火候不要太猛，又用竹木篦搅拌药物，等到可以制丸时，就停止。储存在小瓷器中。三岁儿童，一次服用七粒梧桐子大小的丸药，每天两次，以下出青赤色的脓液为度。如果不下脓，或下脓少者，稍微增加丸药数量。下脓如果过多，丸药又要减少。病情重的，或许用到七八剂才能除尽病根。大人、小孩凭心意斟酌剂量。此药只下脓宿结，不让小儿腹泻，必须禁止食用毒物。吃母乳的，乳母也需同样忌口。崔元亮《海上方》：治疗腰脚冷风气，用大黄二大两，切成棋子大小，和少许酥油炒制，让酥油完全渗入药中，切记不能炒得焦黄，否则无力，捣碎过筛成末，每天空腹，用水三大合，放入两片如铜钱大小的生姜，煎煮十余沸，去掉姜，取大黄末两钱，另置碗中，用姜汤调匀，空腹顿服。如果有剩余的姜汤，慢慢喝下，令其喝完，应当排出冷脓及恶物等，病即痊愈停止。古人使用毒药攻治病邪，必定根据人的虚实情况来处理，不是一概而论使用的。姚僧垣初入仕梁朝，武帝因发热想服用大黄。僧垣说：大黄乃是峻烈之药。至尊年事已高，不可轻易使用。武帝不听，几乎导致身体衰败。元帝常有心腹疾病。众医都说宜用平和的药物，可以逐渐宣通。僧垣说：脉象洪大而实，这是有宿食停滞，不用大黄没有治愈的道理，元帝听从后于是痊愈。由此说来，现在医生用一种毒药攻击多种疾病，偶尔碰中病症，便说此方神奇；如果出现差错，却不说是用药失误，这样的人很多了，怎能不警惕呢？
Milenghua (Buddlejae Flos), grows in the river valleys of Yizhou, and is now found in all prefectures and commanderies within Shu. The tree exceeds one zhang in height; its leaves resemble those of Ilex aquifolium (Dongqing) but are thicker, white on the underside, covered with fine hairs, and somewhat similar to Citrus reticulata (Juzi) leaves; the flowers are slightly purple. Flowers are harvested in February and March, dried in the sun for use. This plant is woody yet classified in the herbal section, the reason for which is unknown.
Funiuhua (Viburnum macrocephalum Ferox Group Flower), grows in Shu regions and is widespread, though currently only found in prefectures near Yizhou and Shu, mostly growing in river marshes. Leaves are green and slender, resembling Phellodendron amurense (Huangbai) leaves but not glossy; stems are red and thorny; flowers are pale yellow, spike-like, smaller than Prunus armeniaca (Xinghua). Harvested in March, dried in the shade.
Rhubarb (Da Huang), grows in the valleys of Hexi and Longxi, and is now produced in Sichuan, Hedong, and Shaanxi prefectures, with those from Sichuan exhibiting a "brocade pattern" being superior. Those from Qin and Longxi are called Tubo Da Huang (Tibetan Rhubarb). In January, green leaves emerge, resembling Ricinus communis (Bima), with large ones as big as fans; roots resemble Colocasia esculenta (Yutou), with large ones bowl-sized, one to two chi long, producing fine side roots like Arctium lappa (Niubang), while smaller ones resemble taro; yellow flowers bloom in April, some greenish-red resembling Fagopyrum esculentum (Qiaomai); stems are greenish-purple, bamboo-shaped. Roots are harvested in February and August, black skin removed, and dried over fire. Those from Jianghuai are called Tu Da Huang (Local Rhubarb), blooming yellow in February with small seeds. Additionally, Dingzhou produces a type of Rumex (Yangti) Da Huang, highly effective for treating scabies and pruritus. Young shoots resemble Rumex, and after years of growth, leaves become narrow and pointed like Phytolacca acinosa (Shanglu); in April, spikes emerge on new shoots, five to seven stems clustered together, flowers and leaves same color; seeds resemble buckwheat but are lighter and smaller, turning yellow in May when ripe, also called Jin Qiaomai (Golden Buckwheat). Seedlings harvested in March, fruits in May, both dried in shade; roots harvested in September, cut open revealing brocade patterns, sun-dried, also called Tu Da Huang. Regarding the processing of Rhubarb, Su Gong stated: Heat stones until hot, slice horizontally into inch-thick pieces, place on stone, dry slightly for one day, then thread through holes until completely dry. Current Tubo Da Huang is often made into cross-sections that have been heat-treated. Sichuan Da Huang is made into tight slices resembling ox tongues, called Niusheda Huang (Ox Tongue Rhubarb). Both are equally effective. *Shennong Bencao Jing* states Rhubarb eliminates stale matter and generates newness, its efficacy most miraculous, thus ancient formulas frequently used it to purge stagnation, especially Zhang Zhongjing in treating Shanghan (Cold Damage). There is also Sanwu Beiji Wan (Three-Ingredient Emergency Pill), where Sikong Pei Xiu prepared it as a powder to treat sudden abdominal disorders and acute diseases. The formula uses Da Huang (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma), Ganjiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma), and Badou (Crotonis Fructus), each one liang, requiring fresh, high-quality ingredients, pounded and sifted, mixed with honey, pounded another thousand times, formed into pills the size of small beans, three pills per dose. Dosage adjusted for elderly and children. Powder form is inferior to pill form. For cases of Zhong E Ke Wu (sudden invasion by evil pathogens) causing abdominal distension, sudden pain like needle or knife stabs, dyspnea, trismus, or sudden death (Shiren), administer with warm water or wine. If unable to swallow, prop up head and pour down throat; recovery follows shortly. If no effect, consider administering three more pills; abdominal borborygmi should occur, followed by vomiting or purging for cure. If trismus prevents opening mouth, forcibly pry teeth and instill medicine; recovery occurs upon entry into throat. Cui Zhiti treated pediatric Wugu Shanpi (innocent flash accumulation), Luoli (scrofula), or dry yellow protruding scalp, intermittent dysentery, and various symptoms using Da Huang Jian (Rhubarb Decoction). Nine liang of Da Huang with brocade pattern, fresh and solid (rotten ones unusable), peeled, weighed, pounded and sifted into powder, mixed with three sheng of premium rice vinegar, placed in copper bowl, simmered over boiling water in a large pot with gentle charcoal fire, stirred with bamboo spatula until pill-consistency achieved, stored in small porcelain jar. For three-year-old child, seven pills the size of Sophora japonica seeds per dose, twice daily, until green-red pus is discharged. If no pus or little pus, slightly increase dosage; if excessive pus, reduce dosage. Severe cases may require seven to eight doses to eradicate root cause. Dosage for adults and children adjusted according to judgment. This medicine discharges pus and old accumulations without causing diarrhea in children; toxic foods must be avoided. For breastfed infants, nursing mothers must observe same dietary restrictions. Cui Yuanliang's *Haishang Fang*: Treats cold wind qi in waist and legs using two da liang of Da Huang, cut into chess-piece sizes, stir-fried with small amount of butter until butter fully absorbed, careful not to burn yellow or lose potency, pounded and sifted to powder. Daily, on empty stomach, mix two qian of Da Huang powder with three he of water and two slices of ginger (coin-sized), boil ten times, remove ginger, take Da Huang powder, mix with ginger decoction, drink at once on empty stomach. Drink remaining ginger decoction slowly to finish, expecting discharge of cold pus and foul matter, disease ceases. Ancients used toxic medicines to attack disease based on patient's deficiency or excess, not indiscriminately. Yao Sengyuan, early in Liang dynasty service, Emperor Wu desired to take Da Huang due to fever. Sengyuan said: Da Huang is a drastic medicine. Your Majesty is advanced in age, cannot use lightly. Emperor did not listen, nearly became prostrate. Emperor Yuan often had abdominal disorders. Physicians suggested mild medicines for gradual unblocking. Sengyuan said: Pulse is surging and full, indicating retained food stagnation, only Da Huang can cure. Emperor complied and recovered. Thus, modern physicians use one toxic medicine for multiple diseases; if occasionally effective, claim miracle; if error occurs, blame nothing. Such practices abound, how can one not be vigilant?