（四十种 附四种）
忆旧游诗话∶巴里坤雪山中有之，医家取作性命根源之药，军中人争买之，一枚价至数
十金
，且不易得也。 朱退谷曾于吴门见之，云遍身有金线纹，其形绝似虾蟆。
性大热，补命门，益丹田，能回已绝之阳，功兼参、附，火盛者不可服。
内造伏虎丹 秘方集腋∶兴阳种子，强肾助神，用真川贝每四两，须四制∶第一次用大
附子
一个，童便一汤碗蒸，切细，干，烧酒三汤碗，韭菜汁三汤碗，同入砂锅，将贝母煮干，去
附子不用；第二次用雪虾蟆一两，无则以大蛤蚧一对代之，用石敲碎，亦用烧酒、韭汁各三
碗，同贝母煮干，去蛤蚧不用；第三次用吴茱萸一两，亦用酒、韭汁各三碗，用贝母煮干，
去茱萸不用；第四次用公丁香五钱，亦用酒、韭汁各三碗，同贝母煮干，去丁香不用，制完
，其贝母烂如泥，置石臼中舂，再入真阿芙蓉一钱，乳制蟾酥三钱，麝香五分，拌匀作条，
焙干收贮，用时唾津磨搽。
雪里虾蟆性热微辛，壮阳却冷，痿弱能兴（药性考）。
闽小记云∶闽中海参色独白，类撑以竹签，大如掌，与胶州辽海所出异，味亦淡劣。入
药以
产辽海者良，红旗街出者更胜于绿旗街。有刺者名刺参，无刺者名光参，入药用大而有刺者
佳。一名海男子，有粳、糯二种，而黑腻者尤佳。人以肾为海，此种生北海咸水中，色又黑
，以滋肾水，求其类也。 百草镜云∶南海泥涂亦产海参，色黄而大，无刺，肉亦硬，不中
食品，土人名曰海瓜皮，言其如瓜皮之粗韧也。以其充庖 猪肉食，可健脾。入滋补阴分药
，必须用辽东产者，亦可熬膏作胶用。 药鉴∶海参出盛京奉天等处者第一，色黑肉糯多刺
，名辽参刺参；出广海者名广参，色黄；出福建者皮白肉粳，糙浓无刺，名肥皂参；光参出
浙江宁波者，大而软无刺，名瓜皮参，品更劣矣。 关东韩子雅言∶海参生东海中，大小不
一，体滑如蜒蝣，能伸缩，群居海底，游行迅疾。取参者用海狗油水，海水乃清见底，见有
海参，即入水取之。此物沾人气便不动，先以两手探握，置颈两傍，再取置肋下，次及两腿
胯下膝，皆可夹取，此物一沾人气即不动，然后出水，以刀刳去肠胃，锻石腌去腥涎，令体
肉紧密，干之乃缩至寸许，其实生者大如瓜，长尺许也。若干者寸外，生时体更大可知。
蓬莱李金什言∶海参亦出登州海中，与辽东接壤，所产海参亦佳。彼土人言海参多伏海
中大
石上，水深不可见，取参者必用海狗油滴入水中，则有一晕散开，清澈见底，然后入水取之
。每每遭鲨鱼毒害，故其价亦不廉。其体生者身多滑涎，去肠胃以灰腌去腥涎，干之出售，
每多灰咸气也。 福山陈良翰云∶海参生北海者佳，为天下；其参潜伏海底，至二、三
月东风解冻时，多浮出水面，在海涂浅沙中孳乳，入水易取；然腹中出子后，惟有空皮，皮
薄体松，味不甚美，价亦廉，识者贱之，名曰春皮。四五月则入大海深水抱石而处，取之稍
难，体略肥浓；至伏月则潜伏海中极深处石底，或泥穴中，不易取，其质肥浓，皮刺光泽，
味最美，此为第一，名曰伏皮，价颇昂，入药以此种为上。若秋冬时，则又蛰入海底不可得
矣。 五杂俎∶海参辽东海滨有之，一名海男子，其状如男子势然，淡菜之对也，其性温补
，足敌人参，故名曰海参。 药性考∶海参辽产者佳，吴、浙、闽、粤者肥大无味。虚火燥
结，同木耳切烂，入猪大肠煮食。歌云∶海参咸寒，降火滋肾，通肠润燥，除劳怯症。辽产
小佳，刺密脆硬，南产浓大，肉味稍逊。
甘温。食物宜忌∶味甘咸，补肾经，益精髓，消痰涎，摄小便，壮阳疗痿，杀疮虫。
生百脉血 临安儒医盛天然语予云∶曾往青山里视一妇人病，眼、鼻、口、耳、发根皆出血
，下部亦然，其人已昏不知人。询其夫得症之由，数日前受惊而起。时天酷暑大旱，又中燥
烈之气，致血溢奔腾，上下散出，即不救矣，诸医皆敛手无策。盛有叔曾于都中得一方，专
治此症，幸尚记忆。逐急唤人取山泉一桶，烧酒一斤，挟妇起坐，裸其小腿，先以烧酒淋之
，俾酒从踝下即滴入水桶内；淋讫，然后将腿置水中一饭顷，其上下血即止，妇亦苏，面色
如粉；急叫人觅壮年乳妇，以乳哺之；再用海参半斤，切片焙为末，每次调服三钱，日三服
。盖海参能生百脉之血，若失血过多，必须以此补之，其生血之功，捷于于归芍也。
治休息痢 宋春晖云∶余姚有孝子某，其父患休息痢，经年垂危，孝子日走神庙，祈求
医药
，如是月余。一日，途遇老人，教以用海参，每日煎汤服，不数日，全愈。
治溃疡生蛆 慈溪杨静山云∶曾有人患痈破烂，内生虫蛆，累累千百计，治以杀虫药无
效。
一老医以海参片焙末敷之，蛆皆化黄水，然后以生肌膏贴之，愈。据言，凡一切金创及疽毒
破烂，交暑内溃生蛆，惟海参末可疗。不药良方∶夏月溃疡生蛆，系阴湿所化，海参为末掺
之，或皂矾飞过为末掺之，皆化为水。
（共四十种，附四种）
回忆旧游诗话记载：巴里坤雪山中有这种生物，医家将其作为性命根源的药物，军中人士争相购买，一枚价格高达数十金，而且难以得到。朱退谷曾在苏州见过它，说它全身有金色线条纹路，形状极像蛤蟆。
性味大热，补益命门，增益丹田，能使已经断绝的阳气回复，功效兼具人参、附子，但火气旺盛者不可服用。
《秘方集腋》记载制作伏虎丹的方法：用于兴阳助精，强肾提神。取真川贝母四两，需经过四次炮制：第一次用一个大附子，一碗童便蒸熟，切细晒干，再用三碗烧酒、三碗韭菜汁，一同放入砂锅中，将贝母煮干，去掉附子不用；第二次用一两雪虾蟆，如果没有则用一对大蛤蚧代替，用石头敲碎，也用烧酒、韭汁各三碗，同贝母一起煮干，去掉蛤蚧不用；第三次用一两吴茱萸，也用酒、韭汁各三碗，用贝母煮干，去掉茱萸不用；第四次用五钱公丁香，也用酒、韭汁各三碗，同贝母煮干，去掉丁香不用。炮制完成后，贝母烂如泥状，放在石臼中捣烂，再加入一钱真阿芙蓉、三钱乳制蟾酥、五分麝香，拌匀做成条状，焙干后收存，用时用唾液磨开涂抹。
雪里虾蟆性热微辛，壮阳驱寒，阳痿虚弱者可使其勃起（出自《药性考》）。
《闽小记》记载：福建产的海参颜色特别白，类似用竹签撑开的样子，大小如手掌，与胶州、辽海出产的不同，味道也较淡且劣。入药以辽海出产的为良，红旗街出产的比绿旗街出产的更好。有刺的叫刺参，无刺的叫光参，入药以大而有刺者为佳。一名“海男子”，有粳米质和糯米质两种，其中黑而腻滑的尤其好。人们认为肾为海，此种海参生于北海咸水中，颜色又黑，用以滋补肾水，是取其同类相生的道理。
《百草镜》记载：南海泥涂中也出产海参，颜色黄且大，无刺，肉质硬，不适合食用，当地人叫它“海瓜皮”，意思是像瓜皮一样粗糙坚韧。用它来填充猪肉烹饪，可以健脾。入滋补阴分的药物，必须使用辽东产的，也可以熬膏做胶使用。
《药鉴》记载：海参出盛京奉天等地的第一，色黑肉糯多刺，名叫辽参刺参；出广海的叫广参，色黄；出福建的皮白肉粳，粗糙浓密无刺，名叫肥皂参；光参出浙江宁波的，大而软无刺，名叫瓜皮参，品质更差。
关东韩子雅言：海参生于东海中，大小不一，身体滑溜如蜒蝣，能伸缩，群居海底，游行迅疾。取参的人用海狗油滴入水中，海水变得清澈见底，看到有海参，就下水去取。此物沾上人气就不动了，先用两手探握，放在脖子两旁，再取放肋下，接着到两腿胯下膝部，都可以夹取，此物一沾人气即不动，然后出水，用刀挖去肠胃，用锻石腌制去腥涎，使体肉紧密，晒干后缩至一寸左右，其实生时大如瓜，长一尺左右。如果干的一寸外，生时体更大可知。
蓬莱李金什说：海参也出产于登州海中，与辽东接壤，所产海参也很好。当地人说海参多潜伏在海中大石上，水深看不见，取参的人必用海狗油滴入水中，就会有一圈晕散开，清澈见底，然后下水去取。常常遭遇鲨鱼毒害，所以价格也不便宜。其体生时身上多滑涎，去掉肠胃后用灰腌制去腥涎，晒干出售，多有灰咸气味。
福山陈良翰说：产于北海的海参最好，为天下之冠；其参潜伏海底，到了二、三月东风解冻时，多浮出水面，在海涂浅沙中繁殖，入水容易取；但是腹中产出幼参后，只剩空皮，皮薄体松，味道不美，价格也廉，懂行的人看轻它，名叫“春皮”。四五月则进入大海深水抱石而处，取之稍难，体略肥浓；到了伏天则潜伏在海中极深处石底，或泥穴中，不易取，其质肥浓，皮刺光泽，味道最美，这是第一等的，名叫“伏皮”，价格颇昂，入药以此种为上品。若秋冬时节，则又蛰伏海底不可得矣。
《五杂俎》记载：海参在辽东海滨有，一名“海男子”，形状像男性生殖器，是淡菜的对应物，其性温补，足以抵得上人参，所以名叫海参。
《药性考》记载：海参辽地产的最好，吴、浙、闽、粤产的肥大无味。虚火燥结，同木耳切碎，入猪大肠煮食。歌诀云：海参咸寒，降火滋肾，通肠润燥，除劳怯症。辽产的小而佳，刺密脆硬，南产的浓大，肉味稍逊。
甘温。食物宜忌：味甘咸，补肾经，益精髓，消痰涎，摄小便，壮阳疗痿，杀疮虫。
《生百脉血》临安儒医盛天然告诉我：曾去青山里探望一位患病妇人，眼、鼻、口、耳、发根都出血，下部亦然，其人已经昏迷不知人事。询问其丈夫得病的原因，数日前受惊而起。当时天气酷暑大旱，又中了燥烈之气，导致血溢奔腾，上下散出，即无法救治了，众医皆束手无策。盛某有一位叔祖父曾在京城得到一个方子，专治此症，幸好还记得。急忙叫人取山泉一桶，烧酒一斤，扶起妇人坐定，裸露其小腿，先用烧酒淋之，让酒从踝下即滴入水桶内；淋完后，然后将腿置水中一顿饭工夫，其上下血即止，妇人也苏醒，面色如粉；急忙叫人寻找壮年乳妇，用乳汁哺喂她；再用海参半斤，切片焙干研末，每次调服三钱，每日三次服用。因为海参能生百脉之血，若失血过多，必须以此补之，其生血之功，快于当归、芍药。
《治休息痢》宋春晖说：余姚有位孝子，其父患休息痢，经年垂危，孝子每天走神庙，祈求医药，如此月余。一日，途中遇老人，教他用海参，每日煎汤服，不数日，全愈。
《治溃疡生蛆》慈溪杨静山说：曾有人患痈破烂，内生虫蛆，累累千百计，用杀虫药治疗无效。一位老医用海参片焙干研末敷之，蛆皆化为黄水，然后用生肌膏贴之，痊愈。据他说，凡一切金创及疽毒破烂，交暑内溃生蛆，只有海参末可疗。《不药良方》记载：夏月溃疡生蛆，系阴湿所化，海参为末掺之，或皂矾飞过为末掺之，皆化为水。
(40 species, with 4 appended)
*Yi Jiuyou Shihua* records: It is found in the snow mountains of Balikun. Physicians use it as a medicine for the root of life and vitality. Military personnel compete to buy it; one piece costs dozens of taels of gold, and it is not easy to obtain. Zhu Tegu once saw it in Wumen (Suzhou), stating that its entire body has golden line patterns, and its shape resembles a toad.
Its nature is greatly hot. It tonifies the Mingmen (Gate of Vitality), benefits the Dantian (Elixir Field), can restore yang qi that has already ceased, and its efficacy combines that of Renshen (Ginseng) and Fuzi (Aconite Root). However, those with excessive fire should not take it.
*Mifang Jiyi* records the secret recipe for making Fuhu Dan (Tiger-Taming Pill): Used to stimulate yang, seed offspring, strengthen the kidneys, and assist spirit. Take Zhen Chuanbei (True Fritillaria Bulb) four liang. It requires four processing steps:
First step: Use one large Fuzi (Aconite Lateral Root), steam with one bowl of Tongbian (Child's Urine), cut into fine pieces, dry, then add three bowls of Shaojiu (Brewed Wine) and three bowls of Jiuzhi (Chive Juice). Put together in a clay pot, boil the Beimu (Fritillaria) until dry, remove the Fuzi and discard.
Second step: Use one liang of Xue Xama (Snow Toad). If unavailable, replace with one pair of Da Gejie (Large Gecko). Crush with stone, also add three bowls each of Shaojiu and Jiuzhi, boil together with Beimu until dry, remove the Gejie and discard.
Third step: Use one liang of Wu Zhuyu (Evodia Fruit), also add three bowls each of wine and chive juice, boil with Beimu until dry, remove the Zhuyu and discard.
Fourth step: Use five qian of Gong Dingxiang (Male Clove Bud), also add three bowls each of wine and chive juice, boil with Beimu until dry, remove the Dingxiang and discard. After processing, the Beimu becomes mushy like mud. Place in a stone mortar and pound. Then add one qian of Zhen Afuwu (True Opium), three qian of Ru Zhi Chansu (Milk-processed Toad Venom), and five fen of Shexiang (Musk). Mix evenly, form into strips, bake dry, and store. When used, grind with saliva and apply externally.
Xueli Xama (Snow Toad) is hot and slightly pungent in nature. It strengthens yang and dispels cold. It can treat impotence and weakness (*Yaoxing Kao*).
*Min Xiaoji* records: Sea cucumbers from Fujian are uniquely white, often stuffed with bamboo sticks, palm-sized, differing from those produced in Jiaozhou and Liaohai. Their taste is also lighter and inferior. For medicinal use, those from Liaohai are good; those from Hongqi Street are better than those from Lüqi Street. Those with spines are called Cishen (Spiny Sea Cucumber); those without spines are called Guangshen (Smooth Sea Cucumber). Large ones with spines are best for medicine. Also known as "Hai Nanzi" (Sea Man). There are two types: Jing (starchy/firm) and Nuo (glutinous/soft), among which the black and greasy ones are especially good. People consider the Kidney as the sea. This kind lives in the salty waters of the North Sea, and its black color corresponds to nourishing Kidney Water, seeking similarity in kind.
*Bai Cao Jing* records: Sea cucumbers are also produced in the mudflats of the South Sea. They are yellow, large, spineless, and have hard flesh, making them unsuitable for food. Locals call them "Haiguapi" (Sea Melon Skin), meaning they are as coarse and tough as melon skin. Stuffed into pork for cooking, they can strengthen the Spleen. For medicines tonifying Yin, only those from Liaodong must be used. They can also be boiled down to make paste or glue.
*Yaojian* records: Sea cucumbers from Fengtian in Shengjing are the first grade. Black meat, glutinous texture, many spines, named Liaoshen Cishen (Liaoning Spiny Sea Cucumber). Those from Guanghai are named Guangshen, yellow in color. Those from Fujian have white skin, starchy flesh, rough and dense, spineless, named Feizao Shen (Soap Sea Cucumber). Guangshen from Ningbo, Zhejiang, are large, soft, and spineless, named Guapicai Shen (Melon Skin Sea Cucumber), of even lower quality.
Han Zi's elegant words from Guandong: Sea cucumbers live in the East China Sea, varying in size. Their bodies are slippery like leeches, capable of extension and contraction. They live in groups on the seabed and swim rapidly. Collectors drip Haigouyou (Seal Oil) into the water, making the seawater clear to the bottom. Seeing a sea cucumber, they enter the water to catch it. This creature stops moving upon contact with human scent. First, grasp it with both hands, place it by the neck, then by the ribs, then between the legs and under the knees. Once it touches human scent, it becomes immobile. Then bring it out, cut open to remove intestines, pickle with Duan Shi (Forged Stone/Salt) to remove fishy slime, making the flesh tight. Dried, it shrinks to about one cun. Actually, fresh ones are as big as a melon, about one chi long. If dried ones are over one cun, fresh ones were undoubtedly larger.
Li Jinshi from Penglai says: Sea cucumbers are also produced in the seas of Dengzhou, bordering Liaodong. The local produce is also excellent. Locals say sea cucumbers often hide under large stones in the sea. The water is deep and invisible. Collectors must drip Haigouyou into the water, creating a spreading halo that clears the water to the bottom, then enter to catch them. They often suffer poison attacks from sharks, so their price is not cheap. Fresh bodies have much slippery slime. Intestines are removed, pickled with ash to remove fishy slime, dried for sale. They often retain an ash-salty smell.
Chen Lianghan from Fushan says: Those from the North Sea are the best, ranking first in the world. These海参 hide on the seabed. When the east wind thaws ice in February or March, they float to the surface, breeding in the shallow sand of tidal flats, making them easy to catch. However, after spawning, only empty skins remain. The skin is thin and loose, the taste is not very good, and the price is low. Experts despise them, naming them "Chunpi" (Spring Skin). In April and May, they move to deep sea waters holding onto rocks, making them slightly harder to catch, and their bodies are somewhat plump. By the Dog Days (Fu Month), they hide in the deepest parts of the sea under stones or in mud holes, difficult to catch. Their quality is plump, skin and spines glossy, taste most delicious. This is the first grade, named "Fupi" (Summer Skin), and the price is quite high. For medicine, this type is superior. In autumn and winter, they hibernate in the seabed and cannot be obtained.
*Wuzuazu* records: Sea cucumbers are found on the coast of Liaodong. Also named "Hai Nanzi" (Sea Man). Their shape resembles male genitalia, corresponding to dried mussels. Their nature is warm and tonifying, sufficient to rival Renshen (Ginseng), hence the name Haishen (Sea Cucumber).
*Yaoxing Kao* records: Those from Liaodong are the best. Those from Wu, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangdong are plump but flavorless. For deficiency-fire and dry constipation, chop together with Mu'er (Wood Ear Mushroom), cook in pig large intestine. Song verse: Haishen is salty and cold, descends fire and nourishes the kidney, unblocks the intestines and moistens dryness, eliminates consumptive diseases. Liaodong small ones are good, with dense, brittle, hard spines. Southern ones are thick and large, but meat taste is slightly inferior.
Sweet and warm. Food compatibility and taboos: Sweet and salty in taste. Enters the Kidney meridian, benefits essence and marrow, resolves phlegm and saliva, controls urination, strengthens yang and treats impotence, kills parasites and sores.
*Sheng Baimai Xue* (Generating Blood of All Vessels): Sheng Tianran, a Confucian physician from Lin'an, told me: I once visited a sick woman in Qingshanli. Her eyes, nose, mouth, ears, and hair roots were all bleeding, as was her lower body. She was unconscious. Asking her husband about the cause, he said she had been frightened a few days prior. At that time, the weather was extremely hot and drought-stricken, and she had absorbed dry and acrid qi, causing blood to overflow and surge, scattering up and down. It was incurable, and all physicians hung up their hands in despair. Sheng's great-uncle had obtained a prescription in the capital specifically for this condition, fortunately still remembered. Urgently, someone was sent to fetch a bucket of mountain spring water and one jin of Shaojiu (Brewed Wine). The woman was helped to sit up, her calves exposed. First, Shaojiu was poured over them, allowing the wine to drip from the ankles into the bucket. After pouring, the legs were placed in the water for the duration of a meal. The bleeding above and below stopped, the woman revived, and her complexion became pink like powder. Urgently, a young lactating woman was sought to breastfeed her. Then, half a jin of Haishen (Sea Cucumber) was sliced, baked, and ground into powder. Three qian were taken each time mixed with liquid, three times a day. Because Haishen can generate blood in all vessels, if there is excessive blood loss, it must be supplemented with this. Its blood-generating merit is faster than Danggui (Angelica Sinensis) and Shaoyao (Peony Root).
*Zhi Xiuxi Li* (Treating Intermittent Dysentery): Song Chunhui said: In Yuyao, there was a filial son whose father suffered from intermittent dysentery, critically ill for a year. The son walked to the temple daily, praying for medicine, for over a month. One day, he met an old man on the road who taught him to use Haishen (Sea Cucumber), decocted in soup daily. Within a few days, he was completely cured.
*Zhi Kuiyang Sheng Ju* (Treating Ulcers with Maggots): Yang Jingshan from Cixi said: Someone once suffered from a ruptured abscess with maggots growing inside, numbering in the hundreds. Treatment with insect-killing medicines was ineffective. An old doctor applied baked and powdered Haishen slices to the wound. The maggots turned into yellow fluid, then a flesh-regenerating ointment was applied, resulting in a cure. He stated that for all metallic wounds and carbuncles/sores that ulcerate internally due to summer heat and produce maggots, only Haishen powder can treat them. *Bu Yao Liangfang* (Good Prescription Without Medicine) records: In summer, ulcers producing maggots are transformed by yin dampness. Sprinkling Haishen powder, or sprinkling powder of processed Zaofan (Alum), will turn them into water.