（宋《开宝》附）
【释名】乌梢蛇（《纲目》）、黑花蛇（《纲目
【集解】
志曰∶乌蛇生商洛山。背有三棱，色黑如漆。性善，不噬物。江东有黑梢蛇，能缠物至
死，亦此类也。
在芦丛中吸
至枯死眼不陷如活者，称之重七钱至一两者为上，十两至一镒者为中，粗大者力弥减也。作
伪者用他蛇熏黑，亦能乱真，但眼不光耳。
宗 曰∶乌蛇脊高，世称剑脊乌梢。尾细长，能穿小铜钱一百文者佳。有身长丈余者。
其性畏鼠野狼。蛇类中惟此入药最多。
曰∶凡一切蛇，须辨雌雄、州土。蕲州乌蛇，头上有逆毛二寸一路，可长半分以来，
头尾相对，使之入药如神。只重一两以下，彼处得此多留进供。蛇腹下有白带子一条，长一
寸者，雄也，宜入药用。采得，去头及皮鳞、带子，锉断，苦酒浸一宿，漉出，柳木炭火炙
干，再以酥炙。于屋下巳地上掘坑，埋一夜，再炙干用。或以酒煮干用亦可。
时珍曰∶乌蛇有二种∶一种剑脊细尾者为上。一种长大无剑脊而尾稍粗者，名风梢蛇，
亦可治风，而力不及。
肉
【气味】甘，平，无毒。
《药性论》曰∶有小毒。
【主治】诸风顽痹，皮肤不仁，风瘙瘾疹，疥癣（《开
脱落， 疥等疮（甄权）。
【附方】旧二，新五。
大风∶《朝野佥载》云∶商州有人患大风。家人恶之，山中为起茅屋。有乌蛇堕酒罂
病患不知，饮酒渐瘥。罂底见有蛇骨，始知其由。《治例》∶治大风。用乌蛇三条蒸熟，取
焙研末，蒸饼丸米粒大，以喂乌鸡。待尽杀鸡烹熟，取肉焙研末，酒服一钱。或蒸饼丸服。
不过三、五鸡即愈。《秘韫》∶用大乌蛇一条，打死盛之。待烂，以水二碗浸七日，去皮骨，
入糙米一升，浸一日晒干。用白鸡一只，饿一日，以米饲之。待毛羽脱去，杀鸡煮熟食，以
酒下
壳
（麸炒）、羌活、牛膝、天麻各三两，熟地黄四两，白蒺藜（炒）、五加皮、防风、桂心各二
两，锉片。以绢袋盛，于无灰酒二斗中浸之，密封七日。每日三度，温服一小盏。忌鸡、鹅、
鱼肉、发物。（《圣惠》）
面疮 ∶乌蛇肉二两，烧灰，腊猪脂调敷。（《圣惠》）
婴儿撮口不能乳者∶乌蛇（酒浸，去皮骨，炙）半两，麝香一分，为末。每用半分，荆
芥煎汤调灌之。（《圣惠》）破伤中风∶项强身直，定命散主之。用白花蛇、乌蛇（并取项后
二寸，酒洗润取肉）、蜈蚣一条（全者，并酒炙）。上为末。每服三钱，温酒调服。（
膏
【主治】耳聋。绵裹豆许塞之，神效（时珍。出《普济方》）。
胆
【主治】大风疠疾，木舌胀塞（时珍）。
【附方】新二。
大风龙胆膏∶治大风疾神效。用冬瓜一个，截去五寸长，去瓤，掘地坑深三尺，令净，
安瓜于内。以乌蛇胆一个，消梨一个，置于瓜上，以土隔盖之。至三七日，看一度，瓜未甚
坏。候七七日，三物俱化为水，在瓜皮内
小可风疾，每服一匙头。（王氏《博济方
敷舌上，有涎吐去。（《圣济总录》）
皮
【主治】风毒瓦斯，眼生翳，唇紧唇疮（
【附方】新一。
小儿紧唇，脾热唇疮∶并用乌蛇皮烧灰，酥和敷之。（《圣惠》）
卵
【主治】大风癞疾 （时珍曰∶《圣济总录》治癞风，用乌蛇卵和诸药为丸服，云与蛇
肉同功）。
（宋代《开宝本草》附录）
【释名】乌梢蛇（出自《本草纲目》）、黑花蛇（出自《本草纲目》）。
【集解】
苏颂说：乌蛇产于商洛山。背部有三条棱脊，颜色黑得像漆一样。性情温顺，不咬人。江东地区有一种黑梢蛇，能缠绕物体直至其死亡，也属于这一类。这种蛇在芦苇丛中吸食露水，直到干枯而死，眼睛凹陷程度如同活蛇一样，被称为上品，重量在七钱到一两之间的为最佳，十两到一镒（古代重量单位，约等于十六两或更多，此处指较大者）的为中品，体型粗大的药效反而减弱。造假的人用其他蛇熏黑，也能以假乱真，只是眼睛不够光亮罢了。
寇宗奭说：乌蛇脊背高耸，世人称为“剑脊乌梢”。尾巴细长，能穿过一百文铜钱的小孔的为佳品。有的身长有一丈多。它的天性害怕老鼠和野狼。在所有蛇类中，只有这种蛇入药最多。
雷斅说：凡是所有蛇，必须辨别雌雄、产地。蕲州产的乌蛇，头上有两寸长的一路逆毛，长度可达半分左右，头尾相对，用它入药效果如神。只有一两以下的重量的才珍贵，当地得到此蛇大多留存进贡。蛇腹部有一条白带子，长度一寸的，是雄性，适宜入药。采得后，去掉头部及皮鳞、白带子，切碎，用苦酒（醋）浸泡一夜，捞出，用柳木炭火烤干，再用酥油炙烤。在屋檐下的巳地（东南方）挖坑，埋藏一夜，再烤干使用。或者用酒煮干使用也可以。
李时珍说：乌蛇有两种：一种脊背像剑脊、尾巴细长的为上品。一种体型长大、没有剑脊且尾巴稍粗的，名叫风梢蛇，也可以治疗风病，但药效不如前者。
【气味】味甘，性平，无毒。
《药性论》说：有小毒。
【主治】各种风邪引起的顽固性痹症，皮肤麻木不仁，风疹瘙痒，疥癣（出自《开宝本草》），皮肤脱落，疥疮等皮肤病（甄权）。
【附方】旧方二首，新方五首。
大风病（麻风病）：《朝野佥载》记载：商州有人患大风病。家人厌恶他，在山中为他搭建茅屋居住。有一只乌蛇掉进酒坛里，病人不知情，喝酒后病情逐渐好转。后来在坛底发现蛇骨，才知道其中的缘由。《治例》记载：治疗大风病。用三条乌蛇蒸熟，取出焙干研成粉末，用蒸饼做成如米粒大小的丸药，用来喂乌鸡。等到鸡全部吃完，将鸡煮熟，取肉焙干研成粉末，用酒送服一钱。或者做成蒸饼丸服用。不过吃三、五只鸡就能痊愈。《秘韫》记载：用一条大乌蛇，打死存放。等到腐烂，用两碗水浸泡七天，去掉皮和骨头，加入糙米一升，浸泡一天后晒干。用一只白鸡，饿它一天，用晒干的米喂它。等到鸡毛羽毛脱落后，杀鸡煮熟食用，用酒送下。
[注：原文此处有缺漏，根据上下文补全逻辑] 组成药物包括：防风（麸炒）、羌活、牛膝、天麻各三两，熟地黄四两，白蒺藜（炒）、五加皮、防风、桂心各二两，切成片。用绢袋装好，在无灰酒二斗中浸泡，密封七天。每天三次，温服一小盏。忌食鸡、鹅、鱼肉及发物。（出自《圣惠方》）
面疮：乌蛇肉二两，烧成灰，用腊月猪脂调和敷贴。（出自《圣惠方》）
婴儿撮口不能吸乳者：乌蛇（酒浸，去皮骨，炙）半两，麝香一分，研成粉末。每次用半分，用荆芥煎汤调匀灌服。（出自《圣惠方》）
破伤中风：项强身体挺直，由定命散主治。用白花蛇、乌蛇（都取颈部后方二寸处，酒洗润后取肉）、蜈蚣一条（完整的，酒炙）。以上研成粉末。每次服用三钱，用温酒调服。（出处略）
膏
【主治】耳聋。用绵裹住如豆粒大小塞入耳中，效果神奇（李时珍引自《普济方》）。
【附方】新方二首。
大风龙胆膏：治疗大风病效果神奇。用一个冬瓜，截去五寸长的一段，去掉瓤，挖一个三尺深的土坑，弄干净，把瓜放在里面。把一个乌蛇胆和一个消梨（雪梨）放在瓜上，用土隔绝盖好。每隔三天查看一次，看瓜是否未严重腐烂。等到七七四十九天，三样东西都化为水，存在于瓜皮内。小量风疾，每次服一匙头。（出自王氏《博济方》）敷在舌上，有涎液吐出则去除。（出自《圣济总录》）
【附方】新方一首。
(Song Dynasty *Kaibao Bencao* Appendix)
【Names】 Wushaoshe (Black-keeled Snake, from *Bencao Gangmu*), Heihuashe (Black-flowered Snake, from *Bencao Gangmu*).
【Collection and Explanation】
Su Song stated: Wushaoshe is produced in the Shangluo Mountains. It has three keels on its back, and its color is black like lacquer. Its nature is gentle, and it does not bite. In the Jiangdong region, there is a Black-tip Snake that can coil around objects until they die; it also belongs to this category. This snake absorbs dew among reeds until it dries up; if its eyes remain sunken as if alive, it is called "Shangpin" (Top Grade). Those weighing between seven qian and one liang are considered best; those weighing ten liang to one yi (a large ancient weight unit) are medium grade; those that are thick and large have diminished efficacy. Forgers use other snakes smoked black to pass them off as genuine, but their eyes lack luster.
Kou Zongshi stated: The back of Wushaoshe is high, known in the world as "Jianshi Wushao" (Sword-spine Black-keeled Snake). Its tail is slender and fine; specimens capable of passing through a hole made by one hundred copper coins are excellent. Some may be over one zhang long. Its nature fears mice and wild wolves. Among all snake species, only this one is used most frequently in medicine.
Lei Xiao stated: For all snakes, one must distinguish male from female and origin. Wushaoshe from Qizhou has two cun of reverse hairs running along the head, about half a fen long, with head and tail aligned; when used in medicine, its effect is miraculous. Only those weighing under one liang are precious; local areas keep much of this for tribute. A white belt-like stripe under the belly, one cun long, indicates a male, which is suitable for medicinal use. After capture, remove the head, skin, scales, and the stripe. Cut into pieces, soak in Kujiu (bitter wine/vinegar) overnight, drain, and dry over willow charcoal fire. Then roast with Su (animal fat/butter). Dig a pit in the Si direction (southeast) under the eaves, bury for one night, then dry again before use. Alternatively, boil dry with wine.
Li Shizhen stated: There are two types of Wushaoshe: One with a sword-like spine and fine tail is superior. Another type is larger, lacks the sword spine, and has a slightly thicker tail, named Fengshaoshe (Wind-tip Snake); it can also treat wind diseases but is less potent.
【Flavor and Nature】 Sweet, neutral, non-toxic.
*Yaoxing Lun* states: Slightly toxic.
【Indications】 Various stubborn Bi syndromes caused by wind pathogens, numbness and insensitivity of the skin, wind-induced pruritus and urticaria, tinea (from *Kaibao Bencao*), skin desquamation, scabies, and other sores (Zhen Quan).
【Attached Prescriptions】 Two old prescriptions, five new prescriptions.
**Leprosy (Da Feng):** *Chaoye Qianzai* records: A person in Shangzhou suffered from Da Feng (Leprosy). His family despised him and built a thatched hut for him in the mountains. A Wushaoshe fell into a wine jar. Unaware, the patient drank the wine and gradually recovered. Later, finding snake bones at the bottom, he realized the cause. *Zhili* records: To treat Da Feng. Steam three Wushaoshe until cooked, take the meat, dry and powder it. Make pills the size of rice grains using steamed dough balls, and feed them to a black chicken. Wait until the chicken eats them all. Cook the chicken, take the meat, dry and powder it. Take one qian mixed with wine. Or take as dough pills. Recovery occurs after consuming three to five chickens. *Mi Yun* records: Take one large Wushaoshe, kill and store it. Wait until it rots. Soak in two bowls of water for seven days, remove skin and bones. Add one sheng of rough rice, soak for one day, then dry. Starve a white chicken for one day, then feed it the dried rice. Wait until feathers fall out. Kill, cook, and eat the chicken, swallowing with wine.
[Note: Text gap filled based on context] Ingredients include: Fangfeng (bran-fried), Qianghuo, Niuxi, Tianma each 3 liang, Shudihuang 4 liang, Baijili (fried), Wujiaopi, Fangfeng, Guixin each 2 liang. Slice. Place in a silk bag, soak in 2 dou of pure wine (without ash residue), seal tightly for seven days. Take warm, one small cup, three times daily. Avoid chicken, goose, fish, meat, and "fa wu" (stimulating foods). (*Shenghui Fang*)
**Facial Acne:** Wushaoshe meat 2 liang, burnt to ash, mixed with lard from the twelfth lunar month for topical application. (*Shenghui Fang*)
**Infant Lockjaw (unable to suckle):** Wushaoshe (soaked in wine, skin and bones removed, roasted) 0.5 liang, Shexiang (Musk) 1 fen. Powdered. Use 0.5 fen per dose, mix with Jingjie decoction and administer. (*Shenghui Fang*)
**Traumatic Wind Stroke:** Stiff neck and straight body. Treated by Dingming San. Use Baihuashe (White-banded Snake) and Wushaoshe (take 2 cun behind the neck, wash with wine, moisten, and take meat), and one Quwugong (Centipede, whole, wine-roasted). Powder these. Take 3 qian per dose, mixed with warm wine.
**Paste**
**Indications:** Deafness. Wrap a bean-sized amount in cotton and insert into the ear. Miraculous effect (Li Shizhen, citing *Pujifang*).
**Gallbladder**
**Indications:** Da Feng Li Ji (Leprosy), Mu She Zhang Sai (Wooden Tongue Swelling/Obstruction) (Li Shizhen).
**Attached Prescriptions:** Two new prescriptions.
**Da Feng Longdan Paste:** Extremely effective for Da Feng. Take one winter melon, cut off a five-cun section, remove pulp. Dig a clean pit three chi deep. Place the melon inside. Put one Wushaoshe gallbladder and one Xiaoli (Pear) on top of the melon. Cover with soil. Check every three days to ensure the melon does not rot excessively. After forty-nine days (seven sevens), the three items transform into water within the melon rind. For minor wind diseases, take one spoonful. (Wang Shi's *Boji Fang*). Apply to the tongue; spit out saliva. (*Shengji Zonglu*)
**Skin**
**Indications:** Feng Du Wa Si (Wind-Toxic Qi), eye nebula (pterygium/cataract), tight lips, lip sores.
**Attached Prescription:** One new prescription.
**Pediatric Tight Lips, Spleen Heat Lip Sores:** Burn Wushaoshe skin to ash, mix with butter/fat for application. (*Shenghui Fang*)
**Eggs**
**Indications:** Da Feng Lai Ji (Severe Leprosy) (Li Shizhen stated: *Shengji Zonglu* treats Lai Feng by combining Wushaoshe eggs with other herbs to make pills, stating they have the same efficacy as snake meat).