（《别录》中品）
【释名】晚蚕（《日华》）、魏蚕（《方言》）、
弘景曰∶原蚕是重养者，俗呼为魏蚕。
宗 曰∶原者有原复敏速之义，此是第二番蚕也。
时珍曰∶按∶郑玄注《周礼》云∶原，再也。谓再养者。郭璞注《方言》云∶魏，细也
。秦晋人所呼。今转为二蚕是矣。《永嘉记》云∶郡蚕自三月至十月有八辈。谓蚕种为KT ，
再养为珍，珍子为爱。
【集解】颂曰∶原蚕东南州郡多养之。此是重养者，俗呼为晚蚕。北人不甚养之。《周
礼》禁原蚕。郑康成注云∶蚕生于火而藏于秋，与马同气。物莫能两大，禁原蚕为其害马也。
然
人既稀养，货者多是早蛾，不可用也。
弘景曰∶僵蚕为末涂马齿，即不能食草。以桑叶拭去，乃还食。此见蚕即马类也。
时珍曰∶马与龙同气，故有龙马。而蚕又与马同气，故蚕有龙头、马头者。蜀人谓蚕之
先为马头娘者以此。好事者因附会其说，以为马皮卷女，入桑化蚕，谬矣。北人重马，故禁
之。南方无马，则有一岁至再、至三，及七出、八出者矣。然先王仁爱及物，盖不忍其一岁
再致汤镬，且妨农事，亦不独专为害马、残桑而已！
雄原蚕蛾
【气味】咸，温，有小毒。
时珍曰∶按徐之才《药对》云∶热，无毒。入药炒，去翅、足用。
【主治】益精气，强阴道，交接不倦，亦止精（《别录》）。壮阳事，止泄精、尿血，
暖水脏，治暴风、金疮、冻疮、汤火疮，灭瘢痕（时珍）。
【发明】
宗 曰∶蚕蛾用第二番，取其敏于生育也。
时珍曰∶蚕蛾性淫，出茧即媾，至于枯槁乃已，故强阴益精用之。
【正误】
颂曰∶今治小儿撮口及发噤者。用晚蚕蛾二枚，炙黄研末，蜜和涂唇内，便瘥。
时珍曰∶此方出《圣惠》，乃是白僵蚕。苏氏引作蚕蛾，误矣。蚕蛾原无治惊之文，
今正之。
【附方】旧二，新八。
丈夫阴痿∶未连蚕蛾二升、去头、翅、足，炒为末，蜜丸梧子大。每夜服一丸，可御十
室。以菖蒲酒止之。（《千金方
遗精白浊∶晚蚕蛾焙干，去翅、足，为末，饭丸绿豆大。每服四十丸，淡盐汤下。此丸
常以火烘，否则易糜湿也。（唐氏方）
血淋疼痛∶晚蚕蛾为末，热酒服二钱。（《圣惠方》）
小儿口疮及风疳疮∶《宫气方》∶用晚蚕蛾，为末，贴之，妙。《普济方》∶治小儿口疮，
及百日内口疮。入麝香少许，掺之。
止血生肌∶蚕蛾散∶治刀斧伤创，血出如箭。用晚蚕蛾炒为末，敷之即止，甚效。
（《胜金方》）
刀斧金疮∶端午午时，取晚蚕蛾、锻石、茅花，捣成团，草盖令发热过，收贮。每用，
刮下末掺之。
竹刺入肉∶五月五日，取晚蚕蛾生投竹筒中，令自干死，为末。取少许，津和涂之。（《便
民图纂》）
蛇虺咬伤∶生蚕蛾研，敷之。（《必效方》）
玉枕生疮∶生枕骨上如痈，破后如箸头。用原蚕蛾（炒）、石苇等分，为末。干贴取瘥。
（《圣济总录》）
原蚕砂
颂曰∶蚕砂、蚕蛾，皆用晚出者良。
时珍曰∶蚕砂用晒干，淘净再晒，可久收不坏。
【气味】甘、辛，温，无毒。
时珍曰∶伏 砂、焰硝、粉霜。
【主治】肠鸣，热中消渴，风痹瘾疹
皮肤顽痹，腹内宿冷，
脚软，皮肤顽痹（藏器）。治消渴症结，及妇人血崩，头风、风赤眼，去风除
【发明】
弘景曰∶蚕砂多入诸方，不但熨风而已。
宗 曰∶蚕屎饲牛，可以代谷。用三升醇酒，拌蚕砂五斗，甑蒸，于暖室中，铺油单上
。令患风冷气痹及近感瘫风人，就以患处一边卧沙上，浓盖取汗。若虚人须防大热昏闷，令
露头面。若未全愈，间日再作。
时珍曰∶蚕属火，其性燥，燥能胜风去湿，故蚕砂主疗风湿之病。有人病风痹，用此熨
法得效。按《陈氏经验方》∶一抹膏∶治烂弦风眼。以真麻油浸蚕沙二三宿，研细，以篦子
涂
此十余年，试用之，二、三次顿瘳，其功亦在去风收湿也。又同桑柴灰淋汁，煮鳖肉作丸，
治腹中症结，见鳖条。李九华云∶蚕砂煮酒，色味清美，又能疗疾。
【附方】旧四，新六。
半身不遂∶蚕砂二硕，以二袋盛之，蒸熟，更互熨患处。仍以羊肚，粳米煮粥，日食一
枚，十日即止。（《千金方》）
风瘙瘾疹作痒成疮∶用蚕砂一升，水二斗，煮取一斗二升，去滓，洗浴。避风。（《圣
惠方》）
头风白屑作痒∶蚕砂烧灰淋汁，洗之。（《圣惠方》）
眯目不出∶蚕砂拣净，空心以新汲水吞下十枚。勿嚼破。（《圣惠》）
消渴饮水∶晚蚕砂焙干为末。每用冷水下二钱，不过数服。（《斗门方》）
妇人血崩∶蚕砂为末，酒服三、五钱。（《儒门事亲》）
月经久闭∶蚕砂四两，砂锅炒半黄色，入无灰酒一壶，煮沸，澄去沙。每温服一盏，即
通。
转女为男∶妇人始觉有孕，用原蚕屎一枚，井华水服之，日三。（《千金》）
扭闪出骨窍等证。蚕砂四两（炒黄），绿豆粉四两（炒黄），枯矾二两四钱，为末。醋调敷之，
绢包缚定。换三
男妇心痛不可忍者∶晚蚕砂一两，滚汤泡过，滤净，取清水服，即止。（《瑞竹堂方》）
【《名医别录》列为中品】
【名称解释】晚蚕（出自《日华子本草》）、魏蚕（出自《方言》）。
陶弘景说：原蚕是第二次饲养的，民间称为魏蚕。
苏颂说：原字有重复、敏捷迅速的含义，这是第二番养出的蚕。
李时珍说：查阅郑玄注释《周礼》云：“原，就是再的意思。”指再次饲养。郭璞注释《方言》云：“魏，意为细小。”是秦晋地区人的称呼。现在演变为“二蚕”是正确的。《永嘉记》记载：当地蚕从三月到十月共有八代。称蚕种为KT（注：此处原文疑为衍文或特定古字，依原文保留），第二次饲养的为珍，珍的子代为爱。
【集解】苏颂说：原蚕在东南各州郡多有人饲养。这是重养的蚕，俗称为晚蚕。北方人不怎么饲养。《周礼》禁止饲养原蚕。郑康成注释说：蚕生于火而收藏于秋季，与马同气。事物不能同时壮大，禁止饲养原蚕是因为它妨害马匹的生长。然而既然人们很少饲养，出售的多是早蛾，无法使用。
陶弘景说：将僵蚕研末涂抹在马齿上，马就不能吃草。用桑叶擦拭干净后，马又恢复吃草。这可见蚕与马同类。
李时珍说：马与龙同气，所以有龙马的说法。而蚕又与马同气，所以蚕有龙头、马头的特征。蜀人称蚕的先祖为马头娘，原因就在于此。好事者因此附会这种说法，认为是马皮卷着女子进入桑树化为蚕，这是错误的。北方人重视马，所以禁止饲养。南方没有马，就有一年养两三次，甚至七出、八出的情况。然而先王仁爱及于万物，大概是不忍心让蚕一年两次被投入沸水烫死，并且妨碍农事，也不仅仅是因为妨害马匹、损害桑树而已！
雄原蚕蛾
【气味】咸味，温性，有小毒。
李时珍说：查阅徐之才《药对》云：热性，无毒。入药需炒制，去掉翅膀和足部使用。
【主治】补益精气，强健性功能，性交不知疲倦，也能止住遗精（出自《名医别录》）。壮阳，止泄精、尿血，温暖下焦脏腑，治疗暴风邪气、金创、冻疮、汤火烫伤，消除瘢痕（李时珍补充）。
【发明】
苏颂说：蚕蛾使用第二番的，取其生育能力敏捷旺盛。
李时珍说：蚕蛾本性淫乱，出茧即交配，直到干枯才停止，所以用它来强阴益精。
【正误】
苏颂说：现在治疗小儿撮口风及发噤症，用晚蚕蛾两只，烤黄研末，蜂蜜调和涂在嘴唇内侧，病就好了。
李时珍说：这个方子出自《太平圣惠方》，实际上是白僵蚕。苏氏引用作蚕蛾，是错误的。蚕蛾原本没有治疗惊风的记载，现在予以纠正。
【附方】旧方两个，新方八个。
男子阳痿：未连（带壳）蚕蛾二升，去掉头、翅、足，炒研为末，蜜丸如梧桐子大。每晚服一丸，可增强房事能力。用菖蒲酒送服以节制。（《千金方》）
遗精白浊：晚蚕蛾焙干，去掉翅、足，研为末，饭丸如绿豆大。每次服四十丸，淡盐汤送下。此丸常以火烘烤，否则容易受潮腐烂。（唐氏方）
血淋疼痛：晚蚕蛾研为末，热酒送服二钱。（《圣惠方》）
小儿口疮及风疳疮：《宫气方》：用晚蚕蛾研末，贴敷患处，效果奇妙。《普济方》：治疗小儿口疮，以及百日内口疮。加入少许麝香，撒布患处。
止血生肌：蚕蛾散：治疗刀斧创伤，血流如箭。用晚蚕蛾炒为末，外敷即可止血，非常有效。（《胜金方》）
刀斧金创：端午午时，取晚蚕蛾、锻石、茅花，捣成团，用草覆盖使其发热过度，收藏备用。每次使用时，刮下粉末撒布伤口。
竹刺入肉：五月五日，取活晚蚕蛾放入竹筒中，令其自行干死，研为末。取少许，用唾液调和涂敷。（《便民图纂》）
蛇虺咬伤：生蚕蛾研碎，敷于患处。（《必效方》）
玉枕生疮：生在枕骨上方如痈疽，破溃后如筷子头粗。用原蚕蛾（炒）、石苇等分，研为末。干贴直至痊愈。（《圣济总录》）
原蚕砂
苏颂说：蚕砂、蚕蛾，都使用晚出的品质好。
李时珍说：蚕砂需晒干，淘洗干净后再晒，可以长久保存不坏。
【气味】甘味、辛味，温性，无毒。
李时珍说：伏砂、焰硝、粉霜。
【主治】肠鸣，中焦热盛消渴，风痹瘾疹，皮肤顽痹，腹内宿冷，脚软，皮肤顽痹（陈藏器补充）。治疗消渴症结，以及妇人血崩，头风、风赤眼，祛风除湿。（李时珍整理）
【发明】
陶弘景说：蚕砂多用于各种方剂，不仅仅是用来熨治风疾而已。
苏颂说：蚕屎喂牛，可以代替谷物。用三升醇酒，拌入五斗蚕砂，在甑中蒸熟，在暖室中铺在油单上。让患风冷气痹及近感瘫风的人，就在患处一侧卧于沙上，厚盖取汗。如果是体虚之人须防止过热昏闷，让头部面部露在外面。如果未完全痊愈，隔日再做一次。
李时珍说：蚕属火，其性燥，燥能胜风去湿，所以蚕砂主要治疗风湿疾病。有人患风痹，用此熨法见效。查阅《陈氏经验方》：一抹膏：治疗烂弦风眼。用真麻油浸泡蚕沙两三个晚上，研细，用篦子涂抹。此后十余年，试用此法，两三次即痊愈，其功效也在祛风收湿。又用桑柴灰淋汁，煮鳖肉制成丸药，治疗腹中症结，见鳖条条目。李九华说：蚕砂煮酒，色味清美，又能治病。
【附方】旧方四个，新方六个。
半身不遂：蚕砂二硕，用两个袋子装好，蒸熟，交替熨烫患处。仍以羊肚、粳米煮粥，每天吃一个，十天即止。（《千金方》）
风瘙瘾疹作痒成疮：用蚕砂一升，水二斗，煮取一斗二升，去渣，洗浴。避风。（《圣惠方》）
头风白屑作痒：蚕砂烧灰淋汁，清洗患处。（《圣惠方》）
眯目不出：蚕砂拣净，空腹用新汲水吞下十枚。不要嚼破。（《圣惠方》）
消渴饮水：晚蚕砂焙干为末。每次用冷水送服二钱，不过数服即可。（《斗门方》）
妇人血崩：蚕砂为末，酒送服三、五钱。（《儒门事亲》）
月经久闭：蚕砂四两，砂锅炒至半黄色，加入无灰酒一壶，煮沸，澄清去沙。每次温服一盏，经血即通。
转女为男：妇人刚觉得怀孕，用原蚕屎一枚，井华水送服，每日三次。（《千金方》）
扭闪出骨窍等证。蚕砂四两（炒黄），绿豆粉四两（炒黄），枯矾二两四钱，研为末。醋调敷之，绢包裹固定。换药三次。
男妇心痛不可忍者：晚蚕砂一两，滚汤泡过，滤净，取清水服用，疼痛即止。（《瑞竹堂方》）
[Ranked as Middle Grade in *Mingyi Bielu*]
**Names:** Late Silkworm (from *Ri Hua Bencao*), Wei Silkworm (from *Fangyan*).
Tao Hongjing stated: The Yuan silkworm is reared for a second time, commonly called the Wei silkworm by folk.
Su Song stated: The character "Yuan" implies repetition and agility/speed; this refers to the second batch of silkworms.
Li Shizhen stated: According to Zheng Xuan's commentary on *Zhou Li*: "Yuan means again." It refers to those reared a second time. Guo Pu's commentary on *Fangyan* states: "Wei means fine/small," a term used by people in Qin and Jin regions. This has now evolved into "Er Can" (Second Silkworm), which is correct. *Yongjia Ji* records: In that commandery, silkworms appear from March to October, totaling eight generations. The silkworm seed is called KT, the second rearing is called Zhen, and the offspring of Zhen is called Ai.
**Collection and Explanation:** Su Song stated: The Yuan silkworm is widely reared in southeastern provinces. It is a re-raised silkworm, vulgarly known as the Late Silkworm. People in the North do not rear them much. *Zhou Li* prohibits the rearing of Yuan silworms. Zheng Kangcheng commented: Silkworms are born with Fire and stored in Autumn, sharing the same Qi as horses. Things cannot both grow large simultaneously; thus, the rearing of Yuan silkworms is prohibited because it harms horses. However, since people rarely rear them, those sold are mostly early moths, which are unusable.
Tao Hongjing stated: Powdered Jiangcan (僵蚕,僵化的蚕尸体) applied to horse teeth prevents them from eating grass. Wiping it off with mulberry leaves restores their ability to eat. This shows that silkworms and horses are of the same category.
Li Shizhen stated: Horses share Qi with Dragons, hence the term Longma (Dragon-Horse). Since silkworms share Qi with horses, silkworms have dragon heads and horse heads. This is why people in Shu call the ancestor of silkworms Matouniang (Horse-Head Lady). Enthusiasts attached this theory, claiming a horse skin wrapped around a woman transformed into a silkworm in a mulberry tree; this is erroneous. Northerners value horses, so they prohibit rearing. In the South, where there are no horses, silkworms may be reared two or three times a year, or even emerge seven or eight times. However, ancient kings extended benevolence to all things, likely unwilling to let silkworms be boiled alive twice a year and to avoid hindering agricultural work, not solely due to harm to horses or damage to mulberry trees!
**Male Yuan Silkworm Moth**
**Flavor and Nature:** Salty, Warm, slightly toxic.
Li Shizhen stated: Consulting Xu Zhicai's *Yaodui*: Hot nature, non-toxic. For medicinal use, stir-fry and remove wings and legs before use.
**Indications:** Tonifies essence and Qi, strengthens sexual function, prevents fatigue during intercourse, and stops seminal emission (*Mingyi Bielu*). Strengthens yang, stops leakage of semen and hematuria, warms the lower jiao organs, treats sudden wind pathogens, metallic wounds, frostbite, scalds, and burns, and eliminates scars (Li Shizhen added).
**Elucidation:**
Su Song stated: Use the second-batch silkworm moth for its agile reproductive capacity.
Li Shizhen stated: Silkworm moths are naturally lustful; they mate immediately upon emerging from the cocoon until they wither away. Hence, they are used to strengthen yin and benefit essence.
**Correction of Errors:**
Su Song stated: Currently, to treat pediatric mouth-locking (Cuokou) and jaw-clenching (Jinyin), take two late silkworm moths, roast until yellow, powder them, mix with honey, and apply inside the lips for cure.
Li Shizhen stated: This prescription comes from *Taiping Shenghui Fang*, but it actually refers to Baijiangcan (White Stiff Silkworm). Su cited it as silkworm moth, which is an error. There is no original text stating silkworm moth treats convulsions/wind-stroke; this is corrected here.
**Attached Prescriptions:** Two old, eight new.
**Male Impotence:** Take two sheng of unshelled silkworm moths, remove head, wings, and legs, stir-fry and powder. Form pills the size of wutong seeds with honey. Take one pill nightly to enhance sexual stamina. Stop/temper with Calamus wine (*Qianjin Fang*).
**Spermatorrhea and White Turbidity:** Roast dry late silkworm moths, remove wings and legs, powder. Form pills the size of mung beans with rice paste. Take 40 pills each time, washed down with light salt water. Keep these pills roasted over fire to prevent moisture and rot (*Tang Shi Fang*).
**Painful Hematuria:** Powder late silkworm moths, take 2 qian with hot wine (*Shenghui Fang*).
**Pediatric Mouth Ulcers and Wind Gan Ulcers:** *Gongqi Fang*: Powder late silkworm moths and apply topically; excellent effect. *Puji Fang*: Treats pediatric mouth ulcers and ulcers within 100 days of birth. Add a small amount of Moschus (She Xiang) and sprinkle on the lesion.
**Stop Bleeding and Generate Flesh:** Can'e San (Silkworm Moth Powder): Treats knife/axe wounds with bleeding like an arrow. Stir-fry late silkworm moths to powder, apply externally to stop bleeding instantly; very effective (*Shengjin Fang*).
**Metallic Wounds from Knives/Axes:** At noon on the Dragon Boat Festival, collect late silkworm moths, Duan Shi (Hammered Iron Sulfate), and Maohua (Foxtail Millet Flowers). Pound into a ball, cover with grass to allow it to heat up excessively, then store. When using, scrape off powder and apply to the wound.
**Bamboo Splinter Embedded in Flesh:** On the fifth day of the fifth month, place live late silkworm moths in a bamboo tube to dry and die naturally. Powder them. Take a small amount, mix with saliva, and apply (*Bianmin Tucuan*).
**Snake Bite:** Grind fresh silkworm moths and apply topically (*Bixiao Fang*).
**Ulcer at Yuzhen Point:** An ulcer appearing above the occipital bone like a carbuncle, breaking out like a chopstick tip. Use equal parts Yuan Can'e (stir-fried) and Shiwei (Pyrola Decumbens Leaf), powder them. Apply dry until cured (*Shengji Zonglu*).
**Yuan Can Sha (Silkworm Frass)**
Su Song stated: Both Can Sha and Can'e are best when sourced from late batches.
Li Shizhen stated: Can Sha should be sun-dried, washed clean, and sun-dried again for long-term storage without spoilage.
**Flavor and Nature:** Sweet, Pungent, Warm, non-toxic.
Li Shizhen stated: Fu Sha, Yan Xiao, Fen Shuang.
**Indications:** Intestinal borborygmus, middle-jiao heat with polydipsia, wind-bi urticaria, stubborn skin numbness, chronic cold in abdomen, weak legs, stubborn skin numbness (Chen Cangqi added). Treats polydipsia with mass formation, women's metrorrhagia, cephalalgia due to wind, red eyes due to wind, dispels wind and removes dampness (Li Shizhen compiled).
**Elucidation:**
Tao Hongjing stated: Can Sha is included in many prescriptions, not just for warming compresses against wind.
Su Song stated: Silkworm frass fed to cattle can replace grain. Mix five dou of Can Sha with three sheng of strong wine, steam in a steamer, spread on oil cloth in a warm room. Let patients suffering from wind-cold bi syndrome or recent paralysis lie on one side on the sand, cover thickly to induce sweating. For deficient patients, prevent overheating and fainting by exposing the head and face. If not fully cured, repeat every other day.
Li Shizhen stated: Silkworms belong to Fire; their nature is dry. Dryness overcomes wind and removes dampness; thus, Can Sha mainly treats wind-damp diseases. Someone with wind-bi recovered using this warming compress method. According to *Chen Shi Jingyan Fang*: Yi Mo Gao: Treats rotten margin wind eye. Soak real sesame oil with Can Sha for two to three nights, grind finely, and apply with a comb. Over the past ten years, I have tried this, curing it in two or three applications; its merit lies in dispelling wind and absorbing dampness. Also, mix with juice from mulberry wood ash leachate, boil turtle meat to make pills, treating abdominal masses; see the entry for Turtle Meat. Li Jihua said: Wine brewed with Can Sha has a clear color and pleasant taste, and also cures diseases.
**Attached Prescriptions:** Four old, six new.
**Hemiplegia:** Two shuo of Can Sha, placed in two bags, steamed until cooked. Alternate applying hot compresses to the affected area. Also, cook porridge with sheep stomach and japonica rice, eat one per day, stop after ten days (*Qianjin Fang*).
**Wind Urticaria Itching into Ulcers:** Boil one sheng of Can Sha in two dou of water until reduced to one dou two sheng. Strain and bathe. Avoid wind (*Shenghui Fang*).
**Cephalalgia with White Dandruff and Itching:** Burn Can Sha to ash, leach with water, and wash (*Shenghui Fang*).
**Eye Obstructed by Debris:** Pick clean Can Sha, swallow ten pieces whole with freshly drawn water on an empty stomach. Do not chew (*Shenghui Fang*).
**Polydipsia:** Roast dry late Can Sha to powder. Take 2 qian with cold water; a few doses suffice (*Doumen Fang*).
**Women's Metrorrhagia:** Powder Can Sha, take 3-5 qian with wine (*Rumen Shiqin*).
**Long-standing Amenorrhea:** Stir-fry 4 liang of Can Sha in a clay pot until half-yellow. Add one hu of pure wine, boil, clarify to remove sand. Take one zhan warm each time to restore menstruation.
**Gender Transformation (Historical Belief):** When a woman first feels pregnant, take one piece of Yuan Can Shi (frass), wash down well-water, three times daily (*Qianjin Fang*).
**Dislocations and Joint Displacements:** 4 liang Can Sha (stir-fried yellow), 4 liang Mung Bean Powder (stir-fried yellow), 2.4 qian Alum (Ku Fan). Powder them. Mix with vinegar, apply, and bind with silk cloth. Change dressing three times.
**Intractable Heart Pain in Men and Women:** Take 1 liang late Can Sha, soak in boiling water, filter cleanly, drink the clear liquid; pain stops immediately (*Ruizhutang Fang*).