（宋《嘉 》）
【释名】慈鸦（《嘉 》）、孝乌（《说文》）、寒鸦。
时珍曰∶乌字篆文，象形。鸦亦作 ，《禽经》 鸣哑哑，故谓之 。此鸟初生，母哺
六十日；长则反哺六十日，可谓慈孝矣。北人谓之寒鸦，冬月尤甚也。
【集解】禹锡曰∶慈乌北土极多，似乌鸦而小，多群飞作鸦鸦声，不膻臭可食。
时珍曰∶乌有四种∶小而纯黑，小嘴反哺者，慈乌也；似慈乌而大嘴，腹下白，不反哺
者，雅乌也；似鸦乌而大，白项者，燕乌也；似鸦乌而小，赤嘴穴居者，山乌也。山乌一名
，出西方。燕乌一名白 ，一名鬼雀，一名 （音辖轧）。《禽经》云∶慈乌反哺，白
不祥，大嘴善警，玄乌吟夜。又云∶乌鸟背飞而向啼也。又蜀徼有火鸦，能衔火。
肉
【气味】酸、咸，平，无毒。
【主治】补劳治瘦，助气止咳嗽。骨蒸羸弱者，和五味淹炙食之，良（《嘉 》。诜曰
∶《北帝摄鬼录》中亦用慈鸦卵）。
（宋《嘉 》）
【释名】鸦乌（《小尔雅》）、老雅（雅与鸦同）、 （音预）、鹎 （音匹居）、楚乌（《诗
义问》）、大觜乌（《禽经》。
【集解】时珍曰∶乌鸦大嘴而性贪鸷，好鸣，善避缯缴，古有鸦经以占吉凶。然北人喜
鸦恶鹊，南人喜鹊恶鸦，惟师旷以白项者为不祥，近之。
肉
【气味】酸、涩，平，无毒。
诜曰∶肉涩臭不可食，只可治病。
藏器曰∶肉及卵食之，令人昏忘，把其毛亦然。盖未必昏，为其膻臭耳。
【主治】瘦病咳嗽，骨蒸劳疾。腊月以瓦瓶泥固烧存性，为末，每饮服一钱。又治小儿
痫疾及鬼魅（《嘉 》）。
治暗风痫疾，及五劳七伤，吐血咳嗽，杀虫（时珍）。
【发明】颂曰∶乌鸦今人多用治急风，而《本经》不着。宜于腊月捕取翅羽、觜、足全
者，泥固 过，入药治诸风，乌犀丸中用之（见《和剂局方》）。
时珍曰∶《圣济总录》治破伤中风，牙关紧急，四肢强直，有金乌散， 过入药，品多
不录。
【附方】新六。
五劳七伤，吐血咳嗽∶乌鸦一枚，栝蒌瓤一枚，白矾少许，入鸦肚中，缝扎煮熟，作四
服
暗风痫疾∶用腊月乌鸦一个，盐泥固济，于瓶中 过，放冷取出为末，入朱砂末半两。
每服一钱，酒下，日三服，不过十日愈。又方∶用浑乌鸦一个（瓶固 研），胡桃七枚，苍
耳心子七枚，为末。每服一钱，空心热酒下。（并《保幼大全》）
疝气偏坠∶即前胡桃、苍耳方，加入新生儿胎衣一副， 研入之。（同上）
经脉不通，积血不散∶用乌鸦散主之。乌鸦（去皮毛，炙）三分，当归（焙）、好墨各
三分，
末。每服一钱
虚劳瘵疾∶乌鸦一只，绞死去毛肠，入人参片、花椒各五钱，缝合。水煮熟食，以汤下。
鸦骨、参、椒焙研，枣肉丸服。（吴球《便民食疗》）
乌目
【气味】无毒。
【主治】吞之，令人见诸魅。或研汁注目中，夜能见鬼（藏器）。
头
【主治】土蜂 ，烧灰敷之（《圣惠》）。
心
【主治】猝得咳嗽，炙熟食之（《肘后》）。
胆
【主治】点风眼红烂（时珍）。
翅羽
【主治】从高坠下，瘀血抢心，面青气短者，取右翅七枚，烧研酒服，当吐血便愈（苏
颂。出《肘后》）。治针刺入肉，以三五枚，炙焦研末，醋调敷之，数次即出，甚效。又治
小儿痘疮不出复入（时珍）。
【附方】新一。
痘疮复陷∶十二月取老鸦左翅，辰日烧灰，用 猪血和，丸芡子大。每服一丸，以 猪
尾血同温水化服，当出也。（闻人规《痘疹论》）
（宋代《嘉祐本草》）
【释名】慈鸦（出自《嘉祐本草》）、孝乌（出自《说文解字》）、寒鸦。
李时珍说：“乌”字的篆书写法，是象形字。鸦也写作“雅”，《禽经》记载它鸣叫声音哑哑，所以称为“雅”。这种鸟刚出生时，母亲哺育六十天；长大后反过来哺育母亲六十天，可以说是非常慈孝了。北方人叫它寒鸦，冬天尤其明显。
【集解】禹锡说：慈乌在北方土地上极多，外形像乌鸦但体型较小，喜欢成群飞翔并发出鸦鸦叫声，没有膻腥味，可以食用。
李时珍说：乌鸦有四种：体型小且纯黑、嘴小能反哺的，是慈乌；像慈乌但嘴大、腹部白色、不能反哺的，是雅乌；像鸦乌但体型大、颈部白色的，是燕乌；像鸦乌但体型小、嘴红色且穴居的，是山乌。山乌又名“䲭”，产于西方。燕乌又名白“䲭”，又名鬼雀，又名“辖轧”（音同辖轧）。《禽经》说：慈乌会反哺，白“䲭”不吉利，大嘴乌鸦善于警戒，玄乌（黑乌鸦）夜间吟叫。又说：乌鸦背对着风飞并向着风向啼叫。另外蜀地边境有一种火鸦，能衔着火。
肉
【气味】味酸、咸，性平，无毒。
【主治】补益虚劳，治疗消瘦，辅助正气，止住咳嗽。对于骨蒸潮热、身体羸弱的人，配合五味调料腌制炙烤后食用，效果很好（出自《嘉祐本草》。苏颂说：《北帝摄鬼录》中也使用慈鸦卵）。
（宋代《嘉祐本草》）
【释名】鸦乌（出自《小尔雅》）、老雅（“雅”与“鸦”通用）、“䲭”（音同预）、鹎“䲭”（音同匹居）、楚乌（出自《诗义问》）、大觜乌（出自《禽经》）。
【集解】李时珍说：乌鸦嘴大且性情贪婪凶猛，喜好鸣叫，善于躲避网罗箭矢，古代有通过乌鸦占卜吉凶的“鸦经”。然而北方人喜欢乌鸦厌恶喜鹊，南方人喜欢喜鹊厌恶乌鸦，只有师旷认为白颈乌鸦是不吉利的，这比较接近事实。
肉
【气味】味酸、涩，性平，无毒。
苏颂说：肉质涩且有臭味，不可食用，只可用于治病。
陈藏器说：吃它的肉和卵，会让人昏沉健忘，拿着它的羽毛也是这样。大概未必真的导致昏沉，是因为它有膻臭味罢了。
【主治】治疗消瘦引起的咳嗽，骨蒸劳疾。腊月时用瓦瓶密封泥封好烧制存性，研成粉末，每次饮酒送服一钱。又治疗小儿癫痫及鬼魅作祟（出自《嘉祐本草》）。
治疗暗风痫疾，以及五劳七伤、吐血咳嗽，杀虫（李时珍）。
【发明】苏颂说：现在很多人用乌鸦治疗急风病，但《神农本草经》中没有记载。适宜在腊月捕捉翅膀、羽毛、嘴、脚齐全的乌鸦，用泥密封煅烧过，入药治疗各种风病，乌犀丸中就用到了它（见《太平惠民和剂局方》）。
李时珍说：《圣济总录》中治疗破伤中风、牙关紧闭、四肢强直的金乌散，也是煅烧后入药，因品种繁多不再一一列举。
【附方】新收录六首。
五劳七伤，吐血咳嗽：取乌鸦一只，栝蒌瓤一枚，白矾少许，放入乌鸦肚中，缝合扎紧煮熟，分成四份服用。
暗风痫疾：用腊月里的一只乌鸦，用盐泥密封固济，在瓶中煅烧存性，放冷后取出研成粉末，加入半两朱砂末。每次服用一钱，酒送下，每天三次，不超过十天即可痊愈。另一个方子：用整只乌鸦（瓶封煅烧研细），胡桃七个，苍耳心子七个，研成粉末。每次服用一钱，空腹用热酒送下。（均出自《保幼大全》）
疝气偏坠：即前面胡桃、苍耳的方子，加入新生儿胎衣一副，煅烧研细加入其中。（同上）
经脉不通，积血不散：用乌鸦散主治。乌鸦（去皮毛，炙烤）三分，当归（焙干）、好墨各三分，研成粉末。每次服用一钱。
虚劳瘵疾：乌鸦一只，绞去内脏毛发，放入人参片、花椒各五钱，缝合。用水煮熟后食用，用药汤送下。鸦骨、参、椒焙干研细，用枣肉做成丸剂服用。（吴球《便民食疗》）
乌目
【气味】无毒。
【主治】吞食它，让人看见各种鬼魅。或者研磨汁液滴入眼中，夜晚能见到鬼（陈藏器）。
头
【主治】土蜂蛰伤，烧成灰敷患处（《圣惠方》）。
心
【主治】突然患上咳嗽，炙烤熟后食用（《肘后备急方》）。
胆
【主治】点治风眼红肿溃烂（李时珍）。
翅羽
【主治】从高处坠落，瘀血攻心，面色青紫、气短的人，取右侧翅膀七枚，烧焦研末，酒送服，应当吐出瘀血后便痊愈（苏颂。出自《肘后备急方》）。治疗针刺入肉，取三五枚，炙焦研末，醋调敷患处，数次即可刺出，非常有效。又治疗小儿痘疮不出或出而复陷（李时珍）。
【附方】新收录一首。
痘疮复陷：十二月取老鸦左翅，在辰日烧成灰，用猪血调和，做成芡子大小的丸剂。每次服用一丸，用猪尾血同温水化开送服，痘疮就会发出。（闻人规《痘疹论》）
(Song Dynasty *Jiayu Bencao*)
[Names] Ciya (from *Jiayu Bencao*), Xiaowu (from *Shuowen Jiezi*), Hanya.
Li Shizhen stated: The seal script character for "Wu" (Crow) is pictographic. "Ya" is also written as "Ya". The *Qin Jing* (Classic of Birds) records its cry as "yaya", hence it is called "Ya". When this bird is first born, the mother feeds it for sixty days; when grown, it feeds its mother for sixty days in return, which can be described as extremely filial and kind. People in the north call it Hanya, especially noticeable in winter.
[Collected Explanations] Yuxi said: Ciya is very common in the northern regions, resembling a crow but smaller. It often flies in flocks making "yaya" sounds. It has no gamey odor and is edible.
Li Shizhen said: There are four types of crows: small, pure black, with a small beak that practices reverse feeding, is the Ciya; resembling Ciya but with a large beak, white belly, and does not practice reverse feeding, is the Yawu; resembling Yawu but larger, with a white neck, is the Yanwu; resembling Yawu but smaller, with a red beak and lives in burrows, is the Shanwu. Shanwu is also named "Ou", produced in the west. Yanwu is also named Bai Ou, Guique, or "Xiazha" (pronounced xia zha). The *Qin Jing* states: Ciya practices reverse feeding; Bai Ou is inauspicious; large-beaked crows are good at vigilance; Xuanwu (black crow) chants at night. It also says: Crows fly with their backs to the wind and cry towards the wind direction. Additionally, there is a Huoya (Fire Crow) on the borders of Shu that can carry fire.
Meat
[Properties and Flavor] Sour, salty, neutral, non-toxic.
[Indications] Tonifies deficiency and treats emaciation, assists Qi, and stops coughing. For those with bone-steaming fever and emaciation, it is excellent to eat after marinating with five flavors and roasting (*Jiayu Bencao*. Su Song noted: *Beidi Shegui Lu* also uses Ciya eggs).
(Song Dynasty *Jiayu Bencao*)
[Names] Yawu (from *Xiao Erya*), Laoya ("Ya" is synonymous with "Ya"), "Ou" (pronounced yu), Beiju (pronounced pi ju), Chuwu (from *Shi Yiwen*), Dazi Wu (from *Qin Jing*).
[Collected Explanations] Li Shizhen said: Crows have large beaks, greedy and fierce natures, love to cry, and are adept at avoiding nets and arrows. In ancient times, there was a "Crow Scripture" used to divine good and bad luck. However, northerners like crows and dislike magpies, while southerners like magpies and dislike crows. Only Shi Kuang considered the white-necked crow inauspicious, which is quite accurate.
Meat
[Properties and Flavor] Sour, astringent, neutral, non-toxic.
Su Song said: The meat is astringent and smelly, inedible, and only suitable for treating diseases.
Chen Zangqi said: Eating its meat and eggs causes dizziness and forgetfulness; holding its feathers has the same effect. This is likely not true dizziness but due to its gamey smell.
[Indications] Treats cough associated with emaciation and bone-steaming consumptive disease. In the twelfth lunar month, bake in a clay bottle sealed with mud until carbonized, grind into powder, and take one qian with wine. Also treats pediatric epilepsy and demonic possession (*Jiayu Bencao*).
Treats An Feng epilepsy (dark wind epilepsy), as well as Five Labors and Seven Injuries, hemoptysis, coughing, and parasitic worms (Li Shizhen).
[Elucidation] Su Song said: Nowadays, many people use crows to treat acute wind disorders, though this is not recorded in the *Shennong Benjing*. It is advisable to catch complete crows (wings, feathers, beak, feet intact) in the twelfth lunar month, seal with mud, calcine, and use for treating various wind disorders. It is used in Wuxi Wan (see *Taiping Huimin Heji Jufang*).
Li Shizhen said: The *Shengji Zonglu* contains Jinwu San for treating traumatic wind stroke with locked jaw and rigid limbs, which is also calcined before use. Due to the variety of preparations, they are not listed here.
[Attached Prescriptions] Six new prescriptions.
Five Labors and Seven Injuries, Hemoptysis and Cough: Take one crow, one gourd pulp, and a little alum. Place inside the crow's belly, sew tight, boil until cooked, and divide into four doses.
An Feng Epilepsy: Use one crow from the twelfth lunar month, seal with salt mud, calcine in a bottle, cool, and grind to powder. Add half liang of cinnabar powder. Take one qian per dose with wine, three times a day. Recovery within ten days. Another prescription: Use one whole crow (calcined in a bottle and ground), seven walnuts, and seven centers of Cang'er (Xanthium fruit). Grind to powder. Take one qian per dose with hot wine on an empty stomach. (Both from *Baoyou Daquan*)
Hernia with unilateral descent: Use the previous walnut and Cang'er prescription, adding one placenta of a newborn, calcined and ground. (Same source)
Meridian obstruction and stagnant blood: Use Crow Powder. Crow (skin and feathers removed, roasted) 3 fen, Danggui (roasted), and high-quality ink each 3 fen. Grind to powder. Take one qian per dose.
Deficiency Consumption Disease: One crow, eviscerated and feathered, stuffed with 5 qian of Ginseng slices and 5 qian of Sichuan pepper. Sew shut. Boil in water until cooked and eat, taking with the decoction. Roast and grind Crow bones, Ginseng, and Pepper, form pills with jujube paste. (Wu Qiu, *Bianmin Shiliao*)
Crow Eyes
[Properties and Flavor] Non-toxic.
[Indications] Swallowing it allows one to see various spirits. Or grind juice and instill into eyes to see ghosts at night (Chen Zangqi).
Head
[Indications] Apply ash from burning to treat stings from earth bees (*Shenghui Fang*).
Heart
[Indications] For sudden onset of cough, roast and eat (*Zhouhou Beiji Fang*).
Gallbladder
[Indications] Apply to treat wind-eye redness and ulceration (Li Shizhen).
Wings and Feathers
[Indications] For falls from height causing blood stasis attacking the heart, cyanosis, and shortness of breath, take seven right wings, calcine, grind, and take with wine. Vomiting blood should follow, leading to recovery (Su Song, from *Zhouhou Beiji Fang*). To treat needles embedded in flesh, take three to five pieces, roast until charred, grind, mix with vinegar, and apply. The needle will come out after several applications, very effective. Also treats pediatric variola (smallpox) that fails to erupt or retracts (Li Shizhen).
[Attached Prescriptions] One new prescription.
Smallpox Retraction: In the twelfth lunar month, take the left wing of an old crow, calcine on Chen day, mix with pig blood, and form pills the size of a Chinese chestnut. Take one pill dissolved in warm water mixed with pig tail blood, which will cause eruption. (Wenren Gui, *Douzhen Lun*)