（音黟。宋《嘉 》）
【释名】 珀。
曰∶ 是众珀之长，故号 珀。
时珍曰∶亦作KT 。其色 黑，故名。
【集解】恭曰∶古来相传松脂千年为茯苓，又千年为琥珀，又千年为 。二物烧之皆有
松气。状似玄玉而轻。出西戎，而有茯苓处无此物。今西州南三百里碛中得者，大则方尺，
黑润而轻，烧之腥臭。高昌人名为木 ，谓玄玉为石 。洪州土石间得者，烧作松气，功同
琥珀，见风拆破，不堪为器。恐此二种及琥珀，或非松脂所为也。慎微曰∶《梁四公记》∶杰
公云∶交河之间平碛中，掘深一丈，下有 珀，黑逾纯漆，或大如车轮。末服，攻妇人小肠
症瘕诸疾。时珍曰∶ 即琥珀之黑色者，或因土色熏染，或者一种木沉结成，未必是千年琥
珀复化也。《玉策经》言∶松脂千年作茯苓，茯苓千年作琥珀，琥珀千年作石胆，石胆千年
作威喜。大抵皆是神异之说，未可深凭。雷 琥珀下所说诸珀可据。
【气味】甘，平，无毒。
【主治】补心安神，破血生肌，治妇人症瘕（《唐本》）。小儿带之辟恶，磨滴目翳赤障
（藏器）。
（《本经》中品）
【释名】 猪屎（《本经》）、豕橐（《庄子》）、地乌桃（《图经》）。
弘景曰∶其块黑似猪屎，故以名之。司马彪注《庄子》云∶豕橐一名苓，其根似猪矢
。是也。
时珍曰∶马屎曰通，猪屎曰零（即苓字），其块零落而下故也。
【集解】《别录》曰∶猪苓生衡山山谷，及济阴冤句。二月、八月
弘景曰∶是枫树苓，其皮黑色，肉白而实者佳，削去皮用。
颂曰∶今蜀州、眉州亦有之。生土底，不必枫根下始有也。
时珍曰∶猪苓亦是木之余气所结，如松之余气结茯苓之义。他木皆有，枫木为多耳。
【修治】 曰∶采得，铜刀削去粗皮，薄切，以东流水浸一夜。至明漉出，细切，以升
麻叶对蒸一日，去叶，晒干用。
时珍曰∶猪苓取其行湿，生用更佳。
【气味】甘，平，无毒。
普曰∶神农∶甘。雷公∶苦，无毒。
权曰∶微热。
元素曰∶气平味甘，气味俱薄，升而微降，与茯苓同。
杲曰∶淡、甘，平，降也，阳中阴也。
好古曰∶甘重于苦，阳也。入足太阳、足少阴经。
【主治】 疟，解毒蛊疰不祥，利水道。久服，轻身耐老（《本经
解伤寒温疫大热，发汗，主肿胀满腹急痛（甄权）。治渴除湿，去心中懊 （元素）。泻
膀胱
【发明】颂曰∶张仲景治消渴脉浮、小便不利、微热者，猪苓散发其汗。病欲饮水而复
吐，名为水逆，冬时寒嗽如疟状者，亦与猪苓散，此即五苓散也。猪苓、茯苓、术各三分，
泽泻五分，桂二分，细捣筛，水服方寸匕，日三。多饮暖水，汗出即愈。利水道诸汤剂，无
若此快，今人皆用之。
杲曰∶苦以泄滞，甘以助阳，淡以利窍，故能除湿利小便。
宗 曰∶猪苓行水之功多，久服必损肾气，昏人目。久服者宜详审之。
元素曰∶猪苓淡渗，大燥亡津液，无湿症者勿服之。
时珍曰∶猪苓淡渗，气升而又能降。故能开腠理，利小便，与茯苓同功。但入补药不如
茯苓也。
【附方】旧五。
伤寒口渴∶邪在脏也，猪苓汤主之。猪苓、茯苓、泽泻、滑石、阿胶各一两。以水四升，
煮取二升。每服七合，日三服。呕而思水者，亦主之。（张仲景方）。
小儿秘结∶猪苓一两，以水少许，煮鸡屎白一钱，调服，立通。（《外台秘要》）。
通身肿满，小便不利∶猪苓五两，为末。熟水服方寸匕，日三服。（杨氏《产乳》）。
妊娠肿渴∶从脚至腹，小便不利，微渴引饮。方同上法。（《子母秘录》）。
妊娠子淋∶方同上法，日三夜二，以通为度。（《短剧方》）
壮年梦遗∶方见草部半夏下。
【猪苓】（音同“黟”。出自宋代《嘉祐本草》）
【释名】珀。
李珣说：它是各种琥珀中的首领，所以称为珀。
李时珍说：也写作“瑇”。它的颜色黑，因此得名。
【集解】苏恭说：自古以来相传，松脂经过一千年变成茯苓，再过一千年变成琥珀，再过一千年变成珀。这两种东西烧起来都有松木的气味。形状像黑色的玉石但质地轻。产于西戎地区，但在有茯苓的地方没有这种物产。现在在西州南面三百里的沙漠中采得的，大的有一尺见方，黑润而轻，烧起来有腥臭味。高昌人称之为“木珀”，称黑色的玉石为“石珀”。在洪州土石间采得的，烧起来有松木气味，功效与琥珀相同，但见风就会破裂，不能用来制作器物。恐怕这二种以及琥珀，并非都是由松脂变化而成的。慎微说：《梁四公记》记载：杰公说：在交河之间的平坦沙地中，挖掘深一丈，下面有珀，黑得超过纯漆，有的大如车轮。研末服用，能治疗妇人小肠部位的症瘕（腹内结块）等各种疾病。李时珍说：珀就是黑色的琥珀，可能是因为泥土颜色的熏染，或者是另一种树木沉结而成，未必是千年的琥珀再次变化形成的。《玉策经》说：松脂千年化为茯苓，茯苓千年化为琥珀，琥珀千年化为石胆，石胆千年化为威喜。大体上这些都是神奇怪异的说法，不可深信。可以参考雷敩在《炮炙论》琥珀条下所说的各种珀的情况。
【气味】甘，平，无毒。
【主治】补心安神，破血生肌，治疗妇人症瘕（出自《唐本注》）。小儿佩戴它能辟除邪气，研磨后点眼可去目翳赤障（出自陈藏器）。
（出自《神农本草经》中品）
【释名】猪屎（出自《本经》）、豕橐（出自《庄子》）、地乌桃（出自《图经》）。
陶弘景说：它的块状物黑得像猪屎，所以用它来命名。司马彪注释《庄子》说：豕橐又名苓，它的根像猪粪。这是正确的。
李时珍说：马屎叫“通”，猪屎叫“零”（即苓字），是因为它的块状物零落而下，所以得名。
【集解】《名医别录》说：猪苓生长在衡山山谷，以及济阴郡冤句县。二月、八月采集。
陶弘景说：这是枫树下的苓，皮是黑色的，肉质白且坚实的为佳，削去外皮使用。
苏颂说：现在蜀州、眉州也有出产。生长在土底，不一定非要在枫树根下才有。
李时珍说：猪苓也是树木的余气凝结而成，就像松树的余气凝结成茯苓的道理一样。其他树木都有，枫树居多罢了。
【修治】雷敩说：采得后，用铜刀削去粗皮，薄切，用东流水浸泡一夜。到第二天捞出，细切，用升麻叶对着蒸一天，去掉叶子，晒干使用。
李时珍说：猪苓取其利湿的功效，生用更好。
【气味】甘，平，无毒。
李当之说：神农认为味甘。雷公认为味苦，无毒。
李权说：性微热。
张元素说：气平味甘，气味都淡薄，主升而微降，与茯苓相同。
王好古说：淡、甘，平，主降，属于阳中之阴。
李杲说：甘重于苦，属阳。入足太阳膀胱经、足少阴肾经。
【主治】治疗疟疾，解毒蛊疰不祥之气，通利水道。长期服用，能使身体轻盈、延缓衰老（出自《本经》）。
解伤寒温疫的大热，发汗，主治肿胀满腹急痛（出自甄权）。治疗口渴除湿，去除心中烦闷懊恼（出自张元素）。泻膀胱之火。
【发明】苏颂说：张仲景治疗消渴脉浮、小便不利、微热的患者，用猪苓散发散其汗。如果病人想喝水却又呕吐，名为水逆证，冬季寒冷咳嗽像疟疾症状的患者，也用猪苓散，这就是五苓散。猪苓、茯苓、白术各三分，泽泻五分，桂枝二分，捣碎过筛，用水送服一方寸匕，每天三次。多喝暖水，出汗后即愈。利水道的各种汤剂，没有比这个更快的了，现在人都使用它。
李杲说：苦味能泄滞气，甘味能助阳气，淡味能利窍道，所以能除湿利小便。
朱震亨说：猪苓行水的功效较多，长期服用必定损伤肾气，使人眼睛昏花。长期服用者应当仔细审察。
张元素说：猪苓淡渗，大燥会亡失津液，没有湿症的人不要服用。
李时珍说：猪苓淡渗，气机上升而又能下降。所以能开泄腠理，利小便，功效与茯苓相同。只是进入补药中不如茯苓好。
【附方】旧方五种。
伤寒口渴：邪气在脏，用猪苓汤主治。猪苓、茯苓、泽泻、滑石、阿胶各一两。用水四升，煮取二升。每次服七合，每天三次。呕吐且想喝水的，也主治。（张仲景方）。
小儿便秘：猪苓一两，用少许水，煮鸡屎白一钱，调匀服用，立即通畅。（《外台秘要》）。
全身肿满，小便不利：猪苓五两，研为末。用熟水送服一方寸匕，每天三次。（杨氏《产乳方》）。
妊娠肿胀口渴：从脚至腹部肿胀，小便不利，轻微口渴想喝水。方子同上法。（《子母秘录》）。
妊娠子淋（妊娠小便淋痛）：方子同上法，每天三次夜间两次，以通畅为度。（《短剧方》）。
壮年梦遗：方子见草部半夏下。
[Polyporus] (Pronounced "yi". Cited from the Song Dynasty *Jiayou Bencao*).
[Names] Po.
Li Xun states: It is the leader among various ambers, hence named "Po".
Li Shizhen states: It is also written as "Dai". Its color is black, thus the name.
[Collection and Explanation] Su Gong states: Since ancient times, it has been passed down that pine resin turns into Poria after a thousand years, then into amber after another thousand years, and finally into Po after yet another thousand years. Both of these substances emit a pine scent when burned. They resemble black jade but are light in weight. They originate from the Western Regions; however, where Poria exists, this substance is absent. Those obtained today from the desert three hundred li south of Xizhou are up to one square foot in size, black, moist, and light, emitting a fishy odor when burned. People in Gaochang call it "Wood Po" and refer to black jade as "Stone Po". Those found in the soil and rocks of Hongzhou emit a pine scent when burned, have efficacy similar to amber, but crack upon exposure to wind and are unsuitable for making vessels. It is feared that these two types, along with amber, may not be formed from pine resin. Shen Wei states: The *Records of Lord Liang's Four Generals* records: Lord Jie said, "In the flat sands between Jiaohe, digging ten zhang deep reveals Po beneath, blacker than pure lacquer, some as large as a chariot wheel. Taken as powder, it attacks diseases such as zheng jia (abdominal masses) in women's small intestines." Li Shizhen states: Po is simply black amber, possibly stained by earth colors or formed from the sinking and condensation of another type of wood, rather than necessarily being a re-transformation of thousand-year-old amber. The *Yu Ce Jing* states: Pine resin becomes Poria after a millennium, Poria becomes amber after another millennium, amber becomes Shi Dan (Mineral Gall) after another, and Shi Dan becomes Wei Xi after another. Generally, these are miraculous and strange claims that should not be deeply relied upon. One may refer to the descriptions of various ambers under Amber in Lei Xiao's *Paoshu Lun*.
[Flavor and Toxicity] Sweet, neutral, non-toxic.
[Indications] Nourishes the heart and calms the spirit, breaks blood stasis and generates flesh, treats zheng jia (abdominal masses) in women (*Tang Ben Zhu*). Carried by children, it wards off evil influences; ground and applied to eyes, it removes nebulae and red obstructions (Chen Cangqi).
(Cited from *Shennong Ben Cao Jing*, Middle Grade)
[Names] Pig Dung (*Ben Jing*), Shi Tuo (*Zhuangzi*), Di Wu Tao (*Tu Jing*).
Tao Hongjing states: Its lumps are black like pig dung, hence the name. Sima Bao, annotating *Zhuangzi*, says: Shi Tuo is also called Ling, and its root resembles pig feces. This is correct.
Li Shizhen states: Horse dung is called "Tong", pig dung is called "Ling" (the character for Ling), because its lumps fall off in pieces.
[Collection and Explanation] *Mingyi Bielu* states: Polyporus grows in the valleys of Hengshan, and in Yuanju County, Ji Yin Commandery. Collected in February and August.
Tao Hongjing states: This is the Ling growing under maple trees. The skin is black, and the flesh is white; those that are solid are best. The outer skin is peeled off before use.
Su Song states: It is now also produced in Shuzhou and Meizhou. It grows at the bottom of the soil and does not necessarily require maple roots.
Li Shizhen states: Polyporus is also condensed from the residual qi of trees, similar to how the residual qi of pines condenses into Poria. Other trees produce it, but maple trees are the most common.
[Processing] Lei Xiao states: After collection, peel off the coarse skin with a copper knife, slice thinly, and soak overnight in running water from the east. The next day, drain and cut finely. Steam for one day against Schisandra chinensis leaves, remove the leaves, and dry in the sun for use.
Li Shizhen states: Polyporus is used for its damp-draining properties; raw use is better.
[Flavor and Toxicity] Sweet, neutral, non-toxic.
Li Dang states: Shennong considered it sweet. Lei Gong considered it bitter and non-toxic.
Li Quan states: Slightly warm.
Zhang Yuansu states: Neutral in qi, sweet in flavor. Both qi and flavor are thin. It ascends slightly and descends slightly, similar to Poria.
Wang Haogu states: Pale and sweet, neutral, descending. It is yin within yang.
Li Gao states: Sweetness outweighs bitterness, belonging to yang. Enters the Foot-Taiyang Bladder Meridian and Foot-Shaoyin Kidney Meridian.
[Indications] Treats malaria, detoxifies gu zhu (miasma diseases), and promotes urination. Long-term use makes the body light and delays aging (*Ben Jing*).
Resolves severe heat from cold damage and warm epidemics, induces sweating, and treats abdominal swelling, fullness, and acute pain (Zhen Quan). Treats thirst and drains dampness, removes mental restlessness and oppression (Zhang Yuansu). Drains the bladder.
[Elucidation] Su Song states: Zhang Zhongjing treated patients with xiao ke (wasting-thirst) presenting with floating pulse, difficulty in urination, and slight fever using Polyporus Powder to dissipate sweat. If a patient desires water but vomits immediately, it is called Water Reversal. Patients with winter cold coughs resembling malaria are also treated with Polyporus Powder, which is actually the Wuling San (Five-Ingredient Powder with Poria). Polyporus, Poria, and Atractylodes macrocephala each 3 fen, Alisma orientale 5 fen, and Cinnamomum cassia 2 fen are finely ground and sifted. Take one cun bi (measure) with water, three times daily. Drink plenty of warm water; recovery occurs with sweating. Among all diuretic decoctions, none acts faster than this; it is widely used today.
Li Gao states: Bitterness drains stagnation, sweetness assists yang, and paleness opens orifices; thus, it can drain dampness and promote urination.
Zhu Zhenheng states: Polyporus has strong water-moving effects. Long-term use will inevitably damage kidney qi and cloud the vision. Those using it long-term should exercise caution.
Zhang Yuansu states: Polyporus is pale and permeating; its drying nature can destroy body fluids. Do not use it in those without dampness patterns.
Li Shizhen states: Polyporus is pale and permeating; its qi ascends yet it can also descend. Thus, it can open the interstices (cou li) and promote urination, having the same effect as Poria. However, it is inferior to Poria when included in tonifying prescriptions.
[Attached Prescriptions] Five old prescriptions.
Cold Damage with Thirst: Pathogen is in the zang organs; treat with Zhuling Tang. Polyporus, Poria, Alisma orientale, Talcum, and Donkey-hide gelatin each 1 liang. Decoct in four sheng of water to obtain two sheng. Take seven ge per dose, three times daily. Also indicated for vomiting with desire for water. (Prescription of Zhang Zhongjing).
Pediatric Constipation: Polyporus 1 liang, boiled with a small amount of water with Chicken Droppings White (Ji Shi Bai) 1 qian. Mix and take orally for immediate relief. (*Waitai Miyao*).
Generalized Edema and Fullness with Difficulty in Urination: Polyporus 5 liang, powdered. Take one cun bi with cooked water, three times daily. (Yang Shi *Chanru Fang*).
Pregnancy Edema and Thirst: Swelling from feet to abdomen, difficulty in urination, mild thirst with desire to drink. Formula same as above method. (*Zimu Milu*).
Pregnancy Dysuria (Zi Lin): Formula same as above method, three times daily and twice at night, until patent. (*Duanju Fang*)
Nocturnal Emission in Young Adults: See prescription under Pinellia ternata in the Grass Section.