（《食物》
【释名】窃脂（《尔雅》）、青雀（郭璞）、蜡觜（雀）。
时珍曰∶ 意同扈，止也。《左传》少 氏以鸟名官，九 为九农正，所以止民无淫也
。桑 乃 之在桑间者，其嘴或淡白如脂，或凝黄如蜡，故古名窃脂，俗名蜡觜。浅色曰窃
。陆玑谓其好盗食脂肉，殆不然也。
【集解】时珍曰∶ 鸟处处山林有之。大如鸲鹆，苍褐色，有黄斑点，好食粟稻。《诗
》云“交交桑 ，有莺其羽”，是矣。其觜喙微曲，而浓壮光莹，或浅黄浅白，或浅青浅黑
，或浅玄浅丹。 类有九种，皆以喙色及声音别之，非谓毛色也。《尔雅》云春 ，
夏窃玄，秋 窃蓝，冬 窃黄，桑 窃脂，棘 窃丹，行 ，宵 啧啧，老
，是矣。今俗多畜其雏，教作戏舞。
肉
【气味】甘，温，无毒。
【主治】肌肉虚羸，益皮肤（汪颖）。
（宋《嘉 》）
【释名】伯鹩（《夏小正注》）、博劳（《诗疏》）、伯赵（《左传》）、 （《豳诗》。音
）、 （《孟子》。音决）。
时珍曰∶案∶曹植《恶鸟论》云∶ 声KT KT ，故以名之。感阴气而动，残害之鸟
也。谓其为恶声者，愚人信之，通士略之。世传尹吉甫信后妻之谗，杀子伯奇，后化为此鸟。
故所鸣之家以为凶者，好事傅会之言也。伯劳，象其声也。伯赵，其色皂也，赵乃皂讹。
【集解】时珍曰∶伯劳即 也。夏鸣冬止，乃月令候时之鸟。本草不着形状，而后人无
识之者。郭璞注《尔雅》云∶ 似 而大。服虔云∶ （音辖轧），白项鸦也。张华注
《
禽经》云∶伯劳形似鸲鹆。鸲鹆喙黄，伯劳喙黑。许慎《说文》云∶鸲鹆似 而有帻。颜师
古注《汉书》，谓 为子规。王逸注《楚词》，谓 为巧妇。扬雄《方言》，谓 为 。
陈正敏《遁斋闲览》，谓 为枭。李肇国《史补》，谓 为布谷。杨慎《丹铅录》，谓 为
驾犁。九说各异。窃谓 既可以候时，必非稀见之鸟。今通考其得失，王说已谬，不必致辩
。据郭说，则似今苦鸟。据张、许二说，则似今之百舌，似鸲鹆而有帻者。然 好单栖，鸣
则蛇结；而百舌不能制蛇，为不同也。据颜说则子规名 （音弟桂），伯劳名 （音决）。
且
月令起于北方，子规非北鸟也。据扬说 乃寒号虫，惟晋地有之。据陈说则谓其目击，断
然以为枭矣，而不具其形似，与陈藏器 即枭之说不合。而《尔雅》鸱 一名 ，与此不
同。据李说则布谷一名 ，字音相近，又与《月令》鸣鸠拂其羽相犯。据杨说则驾犁乃
鸠，小如鸲鹆，三月即鸣，与《礼记》五月 始鸣、《豳风》七月鸣 之义不合。八说不
同如此，要之当以郭说为准。案∶《尔雅》谓鹊、 之丑，其飞也 ，敛足竦翅也。既以鹊、
并称，而今之苦鸟，大如鸠，黑色，以四月鸣，其鸣曰苦苦，又名姑恶，人多恶之。俗以
为妇被其姑苦死所化，颇与伯奇之说相近，但不知其能制蛇否？《淮南万》毕术云∶伯劳之
血涂金人不敢取。
毛
【气味】平，有毒。
【主治】小儿继病，取毛带之。继病者，母有娠乳儿，儿病如疟痢，他日相继腹大，或
瘥或发。他人有娠，相近亦能相继也。北人未识此病（《嘉 》）。
【发明】时珍曰∶案∶《淮南子》云∶男子种兰，美而不芳，继子得食，肥而不泽，情
不相与往来也。盖情在腹中之子故也。继病亦作 病， 乃小鬼之名，谓儿羸瘦如 鬼也，
大抵亦丁奚疳病。
踏枝
【主治】小儿语迟，鞭之即速语（《嘉 》）。
【发明】时珍曰∶案∶罗氏《尔雅翼》云∶本草言伯劳所踏树枝鞭小儿令速语者，以
其当万物不能鸣时而独能鸣之故，以类求之也。
【附录】 鸠 时珍曰∶ 鸠，《尔雅》名 （音批及）。又曰∶ （音匹汲），戴
胜也。一曰鹎 ，讹作批 鸟。
罗愿曰∶即祝鸠也。江东谓之乌臼（音 ），又曰鸦 。小于乌，能逐乌。三月即鸣，
今
俗谓之驾犁，农人以为候。五更辄鸣，曰架架格格，至曙乃止。故滇人呼为榨油郎，亦曰铁
鹦鹉。能啄鹰鹘乌鹊，乃隼属也。南人呼为凤凰皂隶，汴人呼为夏鸡。古有催明之鸟，名唤
起者，盖即此也。其鸟大如燕，黑色，长尾有歧，头上戴胜。所巢之处，其类不得再巢，必
相斗不已。杨氏指此为伯劳，乃谓批颊为 鸡，俱误矣。《月令》∶三月戴胜降于桑。
【释名】窃脂（出自《尔雅》）、青雀（郭璞注）、蜡觜（指桑雀）。
李时珍说：名称含义与“扈”相同，意为停止。《左传》记载少昊氏以鸟名官，九扈为九农正，用来制止百姓行为淫乱。桑扈就是栖息在桑树间的鸟，它的嘴有的淡白如油脂，有的凝黄如蜡，所以古名叫窃脂，俗名叫蜡觜。浅色称为窃。陆玑说它喜欢偷吃脂肉，大概是不对的。
【集解】李时珍说：这种鸟在山林各处都有。大小像鸲鹆，羽毛呈苍褐色，有黄色斑点，喜欢吃粟米和稻子。《诗经》说“交交桑扈，有莺其羽”，说的就是它。它的喙微曲，浓壮光亮莹润，颜色或浅黄浅白，或浅青浅黑，或浅玄浅丹。桑扈类共有九种，都是根据喙的颜色及声音来区分的，不是根据毛色。《尔雅》说：春扈叫鳻鶞，夏扈叫窃玄，秋扈叫窃蓝，冬扈叫窃黄，桑扈叫窃脂，棘扈叫窃丹，行扈叫哳哳，宵扈叫啧啧，老扈叫耋耋，说的就是这个道理。现在民间多饲养它们的雏鸟，教它们表演戏舞。
【气味】味甘，性温，无毒。
【主治】治疗肌肉消瘦虚弱，有益皮肤的作用（汪颖）。
（宋《嘉祐本草》）
【释名】伯劳（出自《夏小正注》）、博劳（出自《诗疏》）、伯赵（出自《左传》）、䴗（出自《豳诗》，音辖轧）、䴓（出自《孟子》，音决）。
李时珍说：查考曹植《恶鸟论》说：䴗的声音是KT KT，所以以此命名。它感应阴气而鸣动，是残害的鸟。说它是恶声之鸟，愚昧的人相信它，通达的人忽略它。世间传说尹吉甫听信后妻谗言，杀死儿子伯奇，伯奇后来化为这种鸟。所以听到它鸣叫的人家认为不吉利，这是好事者附会的言论。伯劳，是模拟它的声音；伯赵，是因为它的颜色黑，赵是皂字的讹误。
【集解】李时珍说：伯劳就是䴗。夏天鸣叫冬天停止，是《月令》中候时的鸟。本草书没有记载它的形状，导致后人无法识别。郭璞注释《尔雅》说：䴗像鸲鹆但体型较大。服虔说：䴗（音辖轧），是白头鸦。张华注释《禽经》说：伯劳形状像鸲鹆。鸲鹆的嘴是黄色的，伯劳的嘴是黑色的。许慎《说文》说：鸲鹆像䴗且有头巾状的羽毛。颜师古注释《汉书》，认为䴗就是子规。王逸注释《楚辞》，认为䴗就是巧妇鸟。扬雄《方言》，认为䴗就是䴓。陈正敏《遁斋闲览》，认为䴗就是枭。李肇《国史补》，认为䴗就是布谷。杨慎《丹铅录》，认为䴗就是驾犁。这九种说法各不相同。我认为䴗既然可以候时，必定不是稀见的鸟。现在综合考证这些说法的得失，王氏的说法已经谬误，不必争辩。根据郭氏的说法，则像现在的苦鸟。根据张、许二家的说法，则像现在的百舌鸟，像鸲鹆且有头巾状羽毛。然而䴗喜欢单独栖息，鸣叫时蛇会盘结；而百舌鸟不能制服蛇，所以不同。根据颜氏的说法，则子规名为䴗（音弟桂），伯劳名为䴗（音决）。且《月令》起源于北方，子规不是北方的鸟。根据扬雄的说法，䴗乃是寒号虫，只有晋地有。根据陈氏的说法则认为它是枭，断然认为是枭，却不具备其形态相似之处，与陈藏器说䴗即枭的说法不合。而且《尔雅》中鸱鸮一名䴗，与此不同。根据李氏的说法则布谷一名䴗，字音相近，又与《月令》中“鸣鸠拂其羽”相冲突。根据杨氏的说法则驾犁乃是鸠，小如鸲鹆，三月就鸣叫，与《礼记》五月䴗始鸣、《豳风》七月鸣䴗的意义不合。八种说法如此不同，总之应当以郭氏的说法为准。查考《尔雅》说鹊、䴗一类，它们飞翔时，收敛足耸起翅膀。既然将鹊、䴗并称，而现在的苦鸟，大如斑鸠，黑色，四月鸣叫，叫声苦苦，又名姑恶，人们大多厌恶它。世俗认为它是媳妇被婆婆虐待致死所化，颇与伯奇的传说相近，只是不知道它能否制服蛇？《淮南万毕术》说：用伯劳的血涂在金人身上，金人不敢取走。
【气味】性平，有毒。
【主治】治疗小儿继病，取伯劳毛佩戴在身上。所谓继病，是指母亲怀孕哺乳婴儿时，婴儿患病如疟疾痢疾，日后相继腹部肿大，有时痊愈有时发作。如果他人怀孕，靠近也能相继发病。北方人不认识这种病（《嘉祐本草》）。
【发明】李时珍说：查考《淮南子》说：男子种兰草，花美而不香，继子得到食物，身体肥而不润泽，这是因为情感不相往来。大概是情在于腹中之子的缘故。继病也作疰病，疰乃小鬼之名，谓小儿瘦弱如小鬼，大体也是丁奚疳病。
【主治】治疗小儿说话晚，用鞭打树枝的方法使其快速学会说话（《嘉祐本草》）。
【发明】李时珍说：查考罗氏《尔雅翼》说：本草书中说用伯劳所踏的树枝鞭打小儿使其快速说话，是因为它在万物都不能鸣叫的时候独自能鸣叫的缘故，这是取类比象的方法。
【附录】 鸠 李时珍说： 鸠，《尔雅》名为 （音批及）。又说： （音匹汲），即戴胜。一说为鹎 ，讹作批 鸟。
罗愿说：就是祝鸠。江东称之为乌臼（音 ），又称鸦 。比乌鸦小，能驱逐乌鸦。三月就开始鸣叫，现在俗称为驾犁，农民把它作为农候。五更就开始鸣叫，声音架架格格，直到天亮才停止。所以云南人称之为榨油郎，也称铁鹦鹉。它能啄食鹰鹘乌鹊，属于隼类。南方人称之为凤凰皂隶，汴地人称之为夏鸡。古代有一种催明之鸟，名叫唤，大概就是这种鸟。这种鸟大如燕子，黑色，长尾分叉，头上戴着胜饰。它筑巢的地方，同类不能再筑巢，必定互相争斗不休。杨氏指此为伯劳，说是批颊为 鸡，都错了。《月令》说：三月戴胜降于桑。
[Names] Qie Zhi (from *Erya*), Qing Que (commentary by Guo Pu), La Zi (referring to the Oriole).
Li Shizhen states: The meaning of the name is the same as "Hu," which means to stop. In the *Zuo Zhuan*, it is recorded that Shao Hao appointed officials using bird names, and the Nine Hu served as nine agricultural supervisors, intended to restrain people from licentious behavior. The Sang Hu is a bird dwelling among mulberry trees; its beak is either pale white like fat or congealed yellow like wax, hence the ancient name Qie Zhi and the common name La Zi. Pale-colored ones are called Qie. Lu Ji claimed they liked to steal and eat fat and meat, which is likely incorrect.
[Collected Explanations] Li Shizhen states: This bird is found in mountains and forests everywhere. It is about the size of a Starling (*Sturnus vulgaris*), with grayish-brown feathers and yellow spots, and likes to eat millet and rice. The *Classic of Poetry* says, "Chirping Sang Hu, with oriole-like wings," referring to this bird. Its beak is slightly curved, thick, strong, and lustrous, with colors ranging from pale yellow or white to pale green, black, dark brown, or red. There are nine types of Sang Hu birds, distinguished by the color of their beaks and their calls, not by their plumage. The *Erya* states: The Spring Hu is called Fenchun, the Summer Hu is called Qie Xuan, the Autumn Hu is called Qie Lan, the Winter Hu is called Qie Huang, the Mulberry Hu is called Qie Zhi, the Thorn Hu is called Qie Dan, the Walking Hu is called Zhe Zhe, the Night Hu is called Ze Ze, and the Old Hu is called Die Die; this is correct. Nowadays, people often keep their chicks and teach them to perform tricks.
[Properties and Flavors] Sweet in taste, warm in nature, non-toxic.
[Therapeutic Actions] Treats emaciation and weakness of muscles; benefits the skin (Wang Ying).
(Song Dynasty *Jiayou Bencao*)
[Names] Bo Lao (from *Xiaoxiao Zhengzhu*), Bo Lao (from *Shi Shu*), Bo Zhao (from *Zuo Zhuan*), Jue (from *Bin Shi*, pronunciation *xia zha*), Jue (from *Mengzi*, pronunciation *jue*).
Li Shizhen states: According to Cao Zhi's *Essay on Evil Birds*: The sound of the Jue is "KT KT," hence its name. It moves upon sensing Yin Qi and is considered a harmful bird. Those who regard it as having an evil voice are believed by fools but ignored by enlightened scholars. Legend has it that Yin Jifu, believing slander from his second wife, killed his son Boqi, who later transformed into this bird. Therefore, households hearing its call consider it an omen of bad luck; this is merely apocryphal talk by enthusiasts. "Bo Lao" imitates its sound. "Bo Zhao" refers to its black color; "Zhao" is a corruption of "Zao" (black).
[Collected Explanations] Li Shizhen states: Bo Lao is the Jue. It sings in summer and stops in winter, serving as a seasonal indicator in the *Monthly Ordinances*. Materia Medica texts do not describe its shape, leading to confusion among later generations. Guo Pu, commenting on the *Erya*, said: The Jue resembles a Starling but is larger. Fu Qian stated: The Jue (pronunciation *xia zha*) is a crow with a white nape. Zhang Hua, commenting on the *Qin Jing* (Classic of Birds), said: Bo Lao resembles a Starling. The Starling has a yellow beak, while the Bo Lao has a black beak. Xu Shen's *Shuowen Jiezi* states: The Starling resembles the Jue and has a crest-like feather arrangement. Yan Shigu, commenting on the *Han Shu*, identified the Jue as the Cuckoo. Wang Yi, commenting on the *Chu Ci*, identified the Jue as the Weaver Bird. Yang Xiong's *Fangyan* identified the Jue as the Jue. Chen Zhengmin's *Dunzhai Xianlan* identified the Jue as the Owl. Li Zhao's *Guoshi Bu* identified the Jue as the Cuckoo. Yang Shen's *Danqian Lu* identified the Jue as the Ploughing Bird. These nine explanations differ significantly. I believe that since the Jue can indicate seasons, it must not be a rare bird. After comprehensively examining these accounts, Wang's theory is already erroneous and need not be debated. Based on Guo's description, it resembles the current "Ku Niao" (Bitter Bird). Based on Zhang and Xu's descriptions, it resembles the current Mockingbird (*Mimus polyglottos*), resembling a Starling with a crest. However, the Jue prefers solitary perching, and when it calls, snakes coil up; whereas the Mockingbird cannot subdue snakes, so they are different. According to Yan's theory, the Cuckoo is named Jue (pronunciation *di gui*), and the Bo Lao is named Jue (pronunciation *jue*). Moreover, the *Monthly Ordinances* originated in the North, and the Cuckoo is not a northern bird. According to Yang's theory, the Jue is the Cold Number Bug, found only in Jin territory. According to Chen's theory, it is identified as an Owl, but without detailed morphological similarity, contradicting Chen Cangqi's statement that the Jue is the Owl. Furthermore, the *Erya* lists the Owl under a different name than the Jue. According to Li's theory, the Cuckoo is named Jue, with similar pronunciation, conflicting with the *Monthly Ordinances'* mention of "the Dove shaking its feathers." According to Yang's theory, the Ploughing Bird is a Dove, small like a Starling, singing in March, which contradicts the *Book of Rites'* "The Jue begins to sing in May" and the *Odes of Bin*'s "The Jue sings in July." Given these eight differing theories, one should ultimately rely on Guo's account. Examining the *Erya*, it mentions that when Magpies and Juers fly, they tuck their feet and raise their wings. Since Magpies and Juers are mentioned together, and the current Bitter Bird is large like a dove, black, sings in April with a "Ku Ku" sound, and is also called "Gu E" (Guilt Evil), which people dislike. Folklore suggests it transforms from a daughter-in-law abused to death by her mother-in-law, somewhat similar to the story of Boqi, though it is unknown if it can subdue snakes. The *Huainanzi Wanbi Shu* states: Blood of the Bo Lao applied to a golden statue prevents anyone from taking it.
[Properties and Flavors] Neutral in nature, toxic.
[Therapeutic Actions] Treats pediatric Zhu disease (transmitted illness) by wearing the feathers. Zhu disease occurs when a pregnant woman nurses an infant; the infant suffers from symptoms resembling malaria or dysentery, and subsequently develops abdominal distension, alternating between remission and exacerbation. If another pregnant woman is nearby, the condition may transmit to her child. People in the North are unfamiliar with this disease (*Jiayou Bencao*).
[Innovative Insights] Li Shizhen states: According to the *Huainanzi*: When a man plants orchids, they bloom beautifully but lack fragrance; when a stepson eats the food, he becomes fat but lacks luster, because their emotions do not interact. This is likely due to the emotional bond within the womb. Zhu disease is also written as Zhu Bing (注病); Zhu refers to a little demon, implying the child is emaciated like a ghost. Generally, it is also known as Dingxi Gan disease (malnutrition).
[Therapeutic Actions] Treats delayed speech in children; striking branches where the bird has perched and using them to lightly whip the child accelerates speech development (*Jiayou Bencao*).
[Innovative Insights] Li Shizhen states: According to Luo Yuan's *Erya Yi*: The Materia Medica states that using branches trodden by the Bo Lao to whip children to induce speech is based on the principle of sympathetic magic, as the bird sings when all other creatures are silent.
[Appendix] Pi Ji Li Shizhen states: Pi Ji, named in the *Erya* as Pi Ji (pronunciation *pi ji*). Also stated as Pi Ji (pronunciation *pi ji*), which is the Hoopoe. Another view is that it is the Fei, corrupted into Pi Ji Niao.
Luo Yuan states: It is the Zhu Jiu. In Jiangdong, it is called Wu Jiu (pronunciation *jiu*), also known as Ya Yu. It is smaller than a crow and can drive away crows. It begins singing in March and is now commonly called the Ploughing Bird, used by farmers as a seasonal marker. It starts singing at the fifth watch, making sounds "Jia Jia Ge Ge," stopping at dawn. Thus, people in Yunnan call it the Oil Presser, or Iron Parrot. It can peck eagles, hawks, crows, and magpies, belonging to the Falcon family. Southerners call it the Phoenix's Servant, and people in Bian call it the Summer Chicken. An ancient bird that heralds dawn, called "Qi," is likely this species. This bird is swallow-sized, black, with a long forked tail and a crest on its head. Where it nests, conspecifics cannot nest again and will fight incessantly. Yang Shen identified this as the Bo Lao, claiming the cheek-slapping sound corresponds to the "Pi Ji," both of which are errors. The *Monthly Ordinances* state: In the third month, the Hoopoe descends upon the mulberry tree.