（《纲目》）
【释名】 （音 旋。《广雅》）、蓬活（《万毕术》）、地脾。同上。
【集解】时珍曰∶按郭义恭《广志》云∶沙虱在水中，色赤，大不过虮，入人皮中杀
人。
皮里，可以针挑取之，正赤如丹。不挑，入肉能杀人。凡遇有此虫处，行还，以火炙身，则
虫随火去也。又《肘后方
中，此虫多着人，钻入皮里，令人皮上如芒针刺，赤如黍豆。刺三日之后，寒热发疮。虫渐
入骨，则杀人。岭南人初有此，以茅叶或竹叶挑刮去之，仍涂苦苣汁。已深者，针挑取虫子，
正如疥虫也。愚按∶溪毒
今俗病风寒者，皆以麻及桃柳枝刮其遍身，亦曰刮沙，盖始于刮沙病也。沙病亦曰水沙、水
伤寒，初起如伤寒，头痛、壮热、呕恶，手足指末微厥。或腹痛闷乱，须臾杀人者，谓之搅
肠沙也。
【附录】沙虫
时珍曰∶按∶《录异记》云∶潭、袁、处、吉等州有沙虫，即毒蛇鳞甲中虫。蛇被苦，
每入
（《拾遗》）
【释名】水马（《拾遗》）。
【集解】
藏器曰∶水黾群游水上，水涸即飞。长寸许，四脚。亦名水马，非《海中主产难》海马
之水
时珍曰∶水虫甚多，此类亦有数种。今有一种水爬虫，扁身大腹而背硬者，即此也。水
爬，水马之讹耳。一种水虿，长身如蝎，能变蜻蜓。
【气味】有毒。
【主治】令人不渴，杀鸡犬（藏器）。
【《本草纲目》】
【释名】（音同“旋”。出自《广雅》）、蓬活（出自《万毕术》）、地脾。以上名称同上条所述。
【集解】李时珍说：据郭义恭《广志》记载：沙虱生活在水中，颜色赤红，大小不超过虮子（虱卵），一旦进入人皮内就能杀人。
它钻入皮里，可以用针挑出来，颜色正红如丹砂。如果不挑出，进入肌肉能致人死亡。凡是遇到有这种虫的地方，回来后用火烘烤身体，虫子就会随着热力离开。又《肘后备急方》中记载，这种虫多附着在人身上，钻入皮里，使人皮肤上感觉像芒针刺一样，红肿如黍豆大小。刺入三天后，出现寒热症状并生疮。虫子逐渐深入骨骼，就会致死。岭南地区的人初染此病，用茅叶或竹叶挑刮去除，然后涂抹苦苣汁。病情较深的，用针挑出虫子，就像治疗疥虫一样。我按语道：现在的溪毒（山间溪流中的毒邪致病），俗称的风寒病，人们都用麻枝或桃柳枝刮遍全身，也称为“刮沙”，这大概始于治疗沙病的做法。沙病也称为水沙、水伤寒，初起症状像伤寒，头痛、高热、呕吐恶心，手足指尖微冷。如果腹痛烦闷扰乱，片刻之间致人死亡的，称为搅肠沙。
【附录】沙虫
李时珍说：据《录异记》记载：潭州、袁州、处州、吉州等地有沙虫，即毒蛇鳞甲中的虫子。蛇感到痛苦，每次进入……
（《本草拾遗》）
【释名】水马（出自《本草拾遗》）。
【集解】
陈藏器说：水黾成群游在水面上，水干涸了就飞走。长约一寸左右，有四只脚。也名叫水马，不是《海中主产难》中海马的水生动物。
李时珍说：水中的虫子很多，这类也有几种。现在有一种水爬虫，身体扁平、腹部大且背部坚硬，就是这种。所谓“水爬”，是“水马”的讹误罢了。还有一种水虿，身体细长像蝎子，能变成蜻蜓。
【气味】有毒。
【主治】使人不口渴，杀死鸡和狗（陈藏器）。
[Compendium of Materia Medica]
[Nomenclature] (Pronounced "Xuan". From *Guangya*); Penghuo (From *Wanbi Shu*); Dipi. The above names are consistent with the preceding entry.
[Collected Explanations] Li Shizhen states: According to Guo Yigong's *Guangzhi*, the sand louse lives in water, is red in color, and is no larger than a louse egg. Once it enters human skin, it can be fatal.
It burrows into the skin and can be picked out with a needle; its color is bright red like cinnabar. If not removed, it can enter the flesh and cause death. Whenever one encounters places where these insects exist, upon returning, one should roast the body with fire, and the insects will depart with the heat. Furthermore, the *Zhouhou Beiji Fang* records that this insect often attaches to humans, burrowing into the skin, causing sensations on the skin like thorn pricks, with redness resembling millet or soybean grains. Three days after the bite, chills, fever, and sores appear. As the insect gradually penetrates into the bone, it becomes fatal. In the Lingnan region, people initially treat this by scraping it off with bamboo leaves or reed leaves, then applying juice from lettuce (*Lactuca sativa*). For deeper infestations, the insect is picked out with a needle, similar to treating scabies mites. My commentary notes: Current ailments referred to as "stream toxicity" (pathogenic factors from mountain streams) or commonly known wind-cold diseases, are treated by scraping the entire body with hemp branches or peach/willow branches, also called "scraping sand." This likely originated from the treatment of sand disease. Sand disease is also known as water sand or water typhoid. Its initial symptoms resemble typhoid: headache, high fever, vomiting, and nausea, with slight coldness in the fingertips of hands and feet. If accompanied by abdominal pain, restlessness, and sudden death, it is called "intestine-churning sand."
[Appendix] Sand Worm
Li Shizhen states: According to *Lu Yi Ji*, there are sand worms in Tanzhou, Yuanzhou, Chuzhou, Jizhou, etc., which are actually insects found within the scales of venomous snakes. When the snake feels distress, it enters...
[Bencao Shiyi]
[Nomenclature] Shuima (From *Bencao Shiyi*).
[Collected Explanations]
Chen Cangqi states: Water striders swim in groups on the water surface and fly away when the water dries up. They are about one inch long and have four legs. They are also named Shuima, distinct from the aquatic animal mentioned in *Hai Zhong Zhu Chan Nan*.
Li Shizhen states: There are many types of aquatic insects, and this category includes several species. Currently, there is a type of water crawler with a flat body, large abdomen, and hard back, which is this species. The term "Shui Pa" is an erroneous transcription of "Shuima." Another type is the naiad (dragonfly larva), which has a slender body like a scorpion and can transform into a dragonfly.
[Properties and Flavor] Toxic.
[Therapeutic Actions] Prevents thirst, kills chickens and dogs (Chen Cangqi).