（宋《开宝》）
【校正】并入《食疗》 、《拾遗
【释名】 （一作
（俗）、
时珍曰∶豚，言其味美也。侯夷，状其形丑也。 ，谓其体圆也。吹肚、气包，象其嗔
胀也。《北山经》名 鱼（音沛）。
【集解】志曰∶河豚，江、淮、河皆有之。
藏器曰∶腹白，背有赤道如印，目能开阖。触物即嗔怒，腹胀如气球浮起
而取之。
时珍曰∶今吴越最多。状如蝌蚪，大者尺余，背色青黑。有黄缕纹，无鳞无腮无胆，腹
下白而不光。率以三头相从为一部。彼人春月甚珍贵之，尤重其腹腴，呼为西施乳。严有翼
《艺苑雌黄》云∶河豚，水族之奇味，世传其杀人。余守丹阳·宣城，见土人户户食之。但
用菘菜、蒌蒿、荻芽三物煮之，亦未见死者。南人言鱼之无鳞无腮，无胆有声，目能
皆有毒。河豚备此数者，故人畏之。然有二种，其色炎黑有纹点者，名斑鱼，毒最甚。或云
三月后则为斑鱼，不可食也。又案∶《雷公炮炙论》云∶
复当荣盛。《御览》云∶河豚鱼虽小，而獭及大鱼不敢啖
充《论衡》云∶万物含太阳火气而生者，皆有毒。在鱼则 与
【气味】甘，温，无毒。
食之杀人，浓生者宜远之。
藏器曰∶海中者大毒，江中者次之。煮之不可近铛，当以物悬之。
时珍曰∶煮忌煤 落中。与荆芥、菊花、桔梗、甘草、附子、乌头相反。宜荻笋、蒌蒿、
秃菜。畏橄榄、甘蔗、芦根、粪汁。案∶陶九成《辍耕录》
恐犯荆芥，二物大相反。亦恶乌头、附子之属。余在江阴，亲见一儒者，因此丧命。河豚子
必不可食，曾以水浸之，一夜大如芡实也。世传中其毒者，以至宝丹或橄榄及龙脑浸水皆可
解。复得一方，惟以槐花微炒，与干胭脂等分同捣粉，水调灌之，大妙。又案∶《物类相感
志》言∶凡煮河豚，用荆
芥耶？宁从陶说，庶不致悔也
【主治】补虚，去湿气，理腰脚，去痔疾，杀虫（《开宝》）。
肝及子
【气味】有大毒。
《藏器》曰∶入口烂舌，入腹烂肠，无药可解。惟橄榄木、鱼茗木、芦根、乌 草根煮
汁可
时珍曰∶吴人言其血有毒，脂令舌麻，子令腹胀，眼令目花，有“油麻子胀眼睛花”之
语。而江阴人盐其子，糟其白，埋过治食，此俚言所谓“舍命吃河豚”者耶？
【主治】疥癣虫疮。用子同蜈蚣烧研，香油调，搽之（时珍）。
（宋代《开宝本草》记载）
【校正】并入《食疗本草》、《本草拾遗》
【释名】（一作“河鲀”、“气鼓鱼”等，俗名“吹肚”、“气包”。）
李时珍说：豚，是形容它味道鲜美。侯夷，是描绘它形状丑陋。圆如球，是说它身体圆润。吹肚、气包，是模拟它发怒时腹部胀大的样子。《北山经》称它为“沛鱼”（音同“沛”）。
【集解】苏颂说：河豚，长江、淮河、黄河都有出产。
陈藏器说：腹部白色，背部有一条红色的横纹像印章，眼睛能开合。碰到东西就会发怒，腹部胀得像气球一样浮起来，然后就可以捕捉它。
李时珍说：现在吴越地区最多。形状像蝌蚪，大的有一尺多长，背部颜色青黑。有黄色的丝状纹路，没有鳞片、鳃和胆囊，腹部下面白色但不光亮。通常以三条为一组相随而行。当地人在春季非常珍视它，尤其看重它肥美的腹部，称之为“西施乳”。严有翼在《艺苑雌黄》中说：河豚是水族中的奇味，世人传说它有毒会杀人。我任丹阳、宣城太守时，看到当地人家家户户都吃它。只是用白菜、蒌蒿、荻芽这三种东西煮着吃，也没见到有人死亡。南方人说鱼中那些无鳞、无腮、无胆且发声的，眼睛能睁开的都有毒。河豚具备这些特征，所以人们害怕它。然而有两种，颜色深黑且有斑点的，名叫斑鱼，毒性最烈。有人说三月以后就变成了斑鱼，不可食用。又查考：《雷公炮炙论》说：河豚在春末夏初繁殖旺盛。《太平御览》说：河豚鱼虽然小，但水獭和大鱼都不敢吃。王充《论衡》说：万物中含有太阳火气而生的，都有毒。在鱼类中，河豚与……
【气味】味甘，性温，无毒。
（但）食用不当会致死，浓烈的生品应当远离。
陈藏器说：海中的河豚毒性极大，江中的次之。煮的时候不能靠近铁锅，应当用绳子悬挂起来煮。
李时珍说：煮制时忌讳煤屑落入锅中。与荆芥、菊花、桔梗、甘草、附子、乌头相反。适宜搭配荻笋、蒌蒿、秃菜。畏惧橄榄、甘蔗、芦根、粪汁。查考：陶宗仪《辍耕录》说：恐怕触犯荆芥，这两者大相径庭。也厌恶乌头、附子之类。我在江阴时，亲眼见到一位儒生因此丧命。河豚的子（卵）绝对不可食用，曾用水浸泡过，一夜之间变得像芡实一样大。世间传说中毒的人，服用至宝丹或橄榄及龙脑浸水都可以解毒。我又得到一方子，只用槐花微炒，与干胭脂等分一起捣成粉，用水调服灌下，效果极好。又查考：《物类相感志》说：凡煮河豚，用荆芥……是用荆芥吗？宁可听从陶宗仪的说法，以免后悔。
【主治】补虚损，祛湿气，调理腰脚，去除痔疾，杀虫（出自《开宝本草》）。
肝及子（卵）
【气味】有大毒。
《本草拾遗》说：入口会使舌头溃烂，入腹会使肠道腐烂，无药可解。只有橄榄木、鱼茗木、芦根、乌韭草根煮汁可以解毒。
李时珍说：吴地人说它的血有毒，油脂会让舌头麻木，子会让腹部胀满，眼（油/脂）会让眼睛昏花，有“油麻子胀眼睛花”的说法。而江阴人将它的子盐腌，将白肉糟制，埋藏处理后食用，这就是俗语所说的“舍命吃河豚”吧？
【主治】疥癣虫疮。用子同蜈蚣烧成灰研末，香油调和，涂抹患处（李时珍）。
(Song Dynasty *Kaibao Bencao*)
[Correction] Merged into *Shiliao Bencao* (Dietary Therapy Materia Medica) and *Shiyi Bencao* (Supplementary Materia Medica).
[Names] (Also known as "Hetun", "Qigu Yu" [Qi-bloating Fish], etc.; common names include "Chuidu" [Blowing Belly] and "Qibao" [Qi Bag].)
Li Shizhen stated: "Tun" refers to its delicious taste. "Houyi" describes its ugly appearance. "Yuanruqiu" indicates its round body shape. "Chuidu" and "Qibao" mimic the distension of its belly when angered. The *Beishan Jing* calls it "Pei fish" (pronounced "Pei").
[Collection and Explanation] Su Song said: River pufferfish are found in the Yangtze, Huaihe, and Yellow Rivers.
Chen Cangqi said: It has a white belly and a red horizontal stripe on its back like a seal; its eyes can open and close. When it touches an object, it becomes angry, its abdomen swells like a balloon floating up, at which point it can be caught.
Li Shizhen said: They are most abundant in the Wu and Yue regions now. Their shape resembles tadpoles; the large ones exceed one chi in length. The back is dark green-black with yellow thread-like patterns. They lack scales, gills, and gallbladders, and their lower abdomen is white but not shiny. They usually travel in groups of three. Locals highly value them in spring, especially their fat bellies, calling them "Xishi's Breast." Yan Youyi, in *Yiyuan Cihuang*, said: River pufferfish are a rare delicacy among aquatic creatures; it is widely rumored that they kill people. When I served as the prefect of Danyang and Xuancheng, I saw locals eating them household by household. However, when boiled with only Chinese cabbage, wormwood shoots, and reed shoots, no deaths were observed. Southerners say that fish without scales, gills, or gallbladders, which make sounds and have eyes that can open, are all poisonous. River pufferfish possess these characteristics, hence people fear them. Yet there are two types; those with dark black coloration and spots are named "Ban Yu" [Spotted Fish], which are the most toxic. Some say that after March, they become Spotted Fish and are inedible. Furthermore, according to *Leigong Paozhi Lun*: River pufferfish reproduce vigorously in late spring and early summer. *Taiping Yulan* states: Although small, river pufferfish are not eaten by otters or large fish. Wang Chong’s *Lunheng* states: All things born containing the fire energy of the sun are poisonous. Among fish, the river puffer and...
[Properties and Flavor] Sweet, warm, non-toxic.
(However,) improper consumption can be fatal; concentrated raw forms should be avoided.
Chen Cangqi said: Those from the sea are highly toxic; those from rivers are moderately toxic. When boiling, do not let them touch the iron pot directly; suspend them instead.
Li Shizhen said: Boiling must avoid coal dust falling into the pot. It is incompatible with Schizonepeta (*Jingjie*), Chrysanthemum (*Juhua*), Platycodon (*Jiegeng*), Licorice (*Gancao*), Aconite (*Fuzi*), and Monkshood (*Wutou*). It pairs well with Reed shoots (*Disun*), Wormwood shoots (*Louhao*), and Tucai. It is adverse to Olive (*Ganlan*), Sugarcane (*Ganzhe*), Reed rhizome (*Lugen*), and fecal juice. Reference: Tao Zongyi’s *Chuo Geng Lu* warns against conflict with Schizonepeta, as they are diametrically opposed. It also dislikes Aconite and Fuzi. In Jiangyin, I personally witnessed a scholar die because of this. The roe of the river puffer must absolutely not be eaten; I once soaked it in water, and overnight it swelled to the size of a Chinese chestnut (*Qianshi*). It is rumored that poisoning can be antidoted with Zhibao Dan, olive, or Longnao-infused water. I obtained another prescription: lightly stir-fry Sophora flower (*Huaihua*), mix equally with dried Carmine (*Ganyan*), grind into powder, and administer with water. This is highly effective. Additionally, *Wulei Xianggan Zhi* states: When boiling river pufferfish, use Schizonepeta... Is it Schizonepeta? Better to follow Tao Zongyi’s advice to avoid regret.
[Indications] Tonifies deficiency, dispels dampness, regulates the waist and legs, treats hemorrhoids, and kills parasites (*Kaibao Bencao*).
Liver and Roe
[Properties and Flavor] Highly toxic.
*Cangqi Bencao* states: Upon entering the mouth, it causes tongue ulceration; upon entering the abdomen, it causes intestinal rotting, with no known antidote. Only decoctions of Olive wood, Yuming wood, Reed rhizome, and Weyu root can detoxify it.
Li Shizhen said: People in Wu state say its blood is toxic, its oil causes tongue numbness, its roe causes abdominal distension, and its eye/oil causes blurred vision, leading to the saying "Oil, numbness, distension, blurred vision." However, people in Jiangyin salt its roe and pickle its white meat, burying and treating it before consumption. Is this what the colloquialism "risking one's life to eat river puffer" refers to?
[Indications] Scabies, tinea, insect sores. Grind the roe together with Centipede (*Wugong*) until charred and powdered, mix with sesame oil, and apply topically (Li Shizhen).