（《纲目》）
【释名】牛 （音卑）。
时珍曰∶ 亦作蜱。按吕忱《字林》云∶ ，啮牛虱也。
【集解】时珍曰∶牛虱生牛身上，状如蓖麻子，有白、黑二色。啮血满腹时，自坠落也。
入药用白色者。
【气味】缺。
【主治】预解小儿痘疹毒，焙研服之（时珍）。
【发明】时珍曰∶牛虱古方未见用者，近世预解痘毒方时或用之。按
见》云∶世俗用牛虱治痘，考之本草不载。窃恐牛虱啖血，例比虻虫。终非
亦未必能解也。
【附方】新二。
预解痘毒∶谈野翁方∶用白水牛虱一岁一枚，和米粉作饼，与儿空腹食之，取下恶粪，
终身可免痘疮之患。一方∶用白牛虱四十九枚（焙），绿豆四十九粒，朱砂四分九厘，研末，
炼蜜丸小豆大，以绿豆汤下。
（《拾遗》）
【释名】虱。
时珍曰∶ 从KT ，从KT 。KT 音迅，KT ，音昆， 行迅疾而昆繁故也。俗作
虱。
【集解】慎微曰∶按∶《酉阳杂俎》云∶人将死，虱离身。或云取病患虱于床前，可卜
病。
时珍曰∶人物皆有虫，但形各不同。始由气化，而后乃遗卵出虮也。《草木子》言其六
足，行必向北。《抱朴子》云∶头虱黑，着身变白。身虱白，着头变黑，所渐然也。又有虱
症
人。用败篦败梳，各以一半烧末，一半煮汤调服，即从下部出也。徐铉《稽神录》云∶浮梁
李生背起如盂，惟痒
出虱斗余，即日体轻。但小窍不合，时时虱出无数，竟死。《予记唐小说》载滑台一人病此。
贾魏公言∶惟千年木梳
瘤，痒不可忍，惟以火炙。
痕。此虱瘤也。又今人阴毛中多生阴虱，痒不可当，肉中挑出，皆八足而扁，或白或红。古
方不载。医以银杏擦之，或银朱熏之皆愈也。
【气味】咸，平，微毒。畏水银、银朱、百部、菖蒲、虱建草、水中竹叶、赤龙水、大
空。
【主治】人大发头热者，令脑缝裂开，取黑虱三五百捣敷之。又治疔肿，
用荻箔绳作炷，灸虱上，即根出也。又治脚指间肉刺疮，以黑虱敷之，根亦出也（藏器）。
眼
毛倒睫者（拔去毛，以虱血点上，数次即愈
【附方】新一。
脚指鸡眼∶先挑破。取黑、白虱各一枚置于上缚之，数用自愈也。（《便民图纂》）。
（《本草纲目》）
【释名】牛虱（音同“卑”）。
李时珍说：也写作“蜱”。查阅吕忱的《字林》记载：“蜱，是叮咬牛的虱子。”
【集解】李时珍说：牛虱生长在牛身上，形状像蓖麻子，有白色和黑色两种颜色。当它吸饱血液后，就会自动从牛身上掉落。
入药时使用白色的牛虱。
【气味】缺失。
【主治】预先解除小儿痘疹的毒性，焙干研末服用（李时珍）。
【发明】李时珍说：牛虱在古代方剂中未见使用，近代预先解除痘毒的方子偶尔会使用它。查阅相关记载可见：世俗用牛虱治疗痘疮，但考证本草书籍并未收录。我担心牛虱吸食血液，性质类似虻虫，终究不是解毒之物，恐怕也不能真正起到解毒作用。
【附方】新收录两则。
预先解除痘毒：谈野翁的方子：使用一岁大的白水牛虱一枚，与米粉混合做成饼，让婴儿空腹吃下，排出恶臭粪便，终身可免除痘疮的祸患。另一方法：使用白牛虱四十九枚（焙干），绿豆四十九粒，朱砂四分九厘，研成细末，用炼蜜制成如小豆大小的丸药，用绿豆汤送服。
（《本草拾遗》）
【释名】人虱。
李时珍说：“虱”字由两个部分构成，读音迅疾且繁衍众多，因此俗称为“虱”。
【集解】慎微说：据《酉阳杂俎》记载：人快要死的时候，虱子会离开身体。有人说取患病床前的虱子，可以占卜病情。
李时珍说：人和动物都有寄生虫，只是形态各不相同。起初由气化生，然后产卵孵化出虮子。《草木子》说它有六条腿，行走必定向北。《抱朴子》说：头虱是黑色的，附着在身上会变白；身虱是白色的，爬到头上会变黑，这是逐渐变化的结果。又有患虱症的人，用破旧的篦子和梳子各取一半烧成灰末，另一半煮水调服，虱子就会从下部排出。徐铉的《稽神录》记载：浮梁的李生背上起了一个像盂一样的瘤，非常痒，挑出了斗多的虱子，当天身体就轻快了。但是小伤口没有愈合，不断有无数虱子爬出，最终死亡。《予记唐小说》记载滑台有一人也患此病。贾魏公说：只有千年的木梳能治这种瘤，痒得无法忍受，只能用火烤。留下疤痕，这就是虱瘤。另外现在人的阴毛中多生长阴虱，痒得难以忍受，从肉中挑出的虱子都是八条腿且扁平，颜色或白或红。古方未记载。医生用银杏擦拭，或用银朱熏蒸都能治愈。
【气味】味咸，性平，微毒。畏惧水银、银朱、百部、菖蒲、虱建草、水中竹叶、赤龙水、大空（注：此处原文可能有误或为特定草药别名，依原文保留）。
【主治】人大面积头部发热，导致脑缝裂开，取黑虱三五百只捣碎外敷。又治疗疔肿，用荻箔绳做成艾炷，灸在虱子上，病灶根蒂即可拔出。又治疗脚趾间的肉刺疮，用黑虱外敷，根蒂也能拔出（藏器）。
治疗眼睫毛倒睫（拔去睫毛，将虱血点涂其上，数次即愈）。
【附方】新收录一则。
脚趾鸡眼：先挑破皮肤。取黑、白虱各一枚放在上面并包扎，多次使用自然痊愈。（《便民图纂》）。
(From *Bencao Gangmu*)
[Names] Niu Shi (Bovine Louse, pronounced "bei").
Li Shizhen states: It is also written as "Pi". According to Lü Chen's *Zilin*: "Pi refers to the louse that bites cattle."
[Collected Explanations] Li Shizhen states: Bovine lice grow on the body of cattle. They resemble castor beans and come in white and black varieties. When their bellies are full of blood, they naturally fall off.
For medicinal use, the white variety is employed.
[Flavor and Properties] Information missing.
[Therapeutic Actions] To preemptively resolve the toxicity of smallpox/rash in children, bake until dry, grind into powder, and ingest (Li Shizhen).
[Elucidation] Li Shizhen states: Bovine lice were not used in ancient prescriptions; however, modern formulas for preemptively resolving smallpox toxicity occasionally employ them. Reviewing records reveals that while common practice uses bovine lice to treat smallpox, pharmacopoeias do not record this. I suspect that since bovine lice feed on blood, their nature is similar to that of horseflies (Meng Chong). Ultimately, they are not detoxifying agents, and it is unlikely they can truly resolve toxicity.
[Attached Prescriptions] Two new prescriptions.
To preemptively resolve smallpox toxicity: Tan Yeweng's prescription: Use one one-year-old white water bovine louse, mix with rice flour to make a cake, and have the infant eat it on an empty stomach. This expels foul feces and prevents smallpox for life. Another method: Use 49 white bovine lice (baked), 49 mung beans, and 4.9 fen of Cinnabar (Zhusha). Grind into powder, form pills the size of small beans using refined honey, and swallow with mung bean soup.
(From *Bencao Shiyi*)
[Names] Ren Shi (Human Louse).
Li Shizhen states: The character "Shi" implies swift movement and prolific reproduction, hence the common name "Shi".
[Collected Explanations] Shen Wei states: According to *Youyang Zazu*: When a person is near death, lice leave the body. Some say taking lice from the patient's bed can be used to divinate the illness.
Li Shizhen states: Humans and animals all harbor parasites, though their forms differ. They originate from Qi transformation and subsequently lay eggs that hatch into nits. *Caomu Zi* states they have six legs and always walk north. *Baopuzi* states: Head lice are black but turn white when attached to the body; body lice are white but turn black when on the head, due to gradual adaptation. There are cases of "louse disease," where broken combs and hairpins are half burned to ash and half boiled in water for oral administration, causing lice to exit from the lower orifices. Xu Xuan's *Jishen Lu* records: Li Sheng of Fuliang had a tumor on his back like a basin, extremely itchy. Over a dou of lice were extracted, and he felt light immediately. However, the small wounds did not heal, countless lice continued to emerge, and he eventually died. *Yu Ji Tang Xiaoshuo* records a case in Huatai. Duke Jia Wei stated: Only thousand-year-old wooden combs could cure such tumors. The itching was unbearable, treated only by heating. A scar remained; this is a "louse tumor." Additionally, pubic lice often grow in the pubic hair of people today, causing unbearable itching. Extracted from the flesh, these lice have eight legs and are flat, varying in color from white to red. Ancient formulas do not record this. Physicians treat it by rubbing with Ginkgo Biloba seeds (Yinxing) or fumigating with Vermilion (Yinzhu), both of which are curative.
[Flavor and Properties] Salty, neutral, slightly toxic. Averse to Mercury (Shuiyin), Vermilion (Yinzhu), Stemona Root (Baibu), Acorus Tatarinowii Rhizome (Changpu), Louse-building Grass (Shijian Cao), Bamboo Leaves in Water (Shuizhong Zhuye), Red Dragon Water (Chilong Shui), and Da Kong.
[Therapeutic Actions] For severe heat in the human head causing fissures in the cranial sutures, take 300-500 black lice, crush, and apply externally. Also treats carbuncles (Ding Zhong): Make moxa cones from reed matting strings, apply moxibustion on the lice, and the root of the lesion will emerge. Also treats corns/calluses between toes: Apply black lice externally, and the root will emerge (Zangqi).
For inverted eyelashes: Pluck the lashes, apply louse blood to the point, and it heals after several applications.
[Attached Prescriptions] One new prescription.
Toe Corns: First puncture the skin. Place one black louse and one white louse on the spot and bind it. Repeated use leads to spontaneous healing. (*Bianmin Tucuan*).