（《别录》下品）
【释名】苍 石、苍石（《别录》）、鼠毒。
恭曰∶特生 石，一名苍 石。梁州 石亦有青者，汉中人亦以毒鼠，不入方用。
宗 曰∶ 石、特生 石，只是一物，但以特生、不特生为异耳。所谓特生者，不附着
他石为特尔。今用者绝少。
时珍曰∶ 石有苍、白二种，而苍者多特生，故此云一名苍 石，则《别录》苍石系重
出矣。其功疗皆相同，今并为一。
【集解】《别录》曰∶特生 石，一名苍 石，生西域，采无时。又曰∶苍石生西域，
采无时。
弘景曰∶旧说鹳巢中者佳。鹳常入水冷，故取以壅卵令热。今不可得。惟出汉中者，其
外形紫赤色，内白如霜，中央有臼，形状如齿者佳。又出荆州新城郡房陵县缥白色者为好。
亦先以黄土包烧一日，亦可纳斧孔中烧之，合玉壶诸丸。《仙经》不言特生，只是白 石耳。
恭曰∶陶说中如齿臼形者正是。今出梁州，北马道戍涧中亦有之。形块小于白 石，而
肌粒大数倍，乃如小豆许。其白 粒细如粟米耳。今房陵、汉川、均州、荆州与白 石同处，
有色青者，是也。
宗 曰∶《博物志》言∶鹳伏卵，取 石入巢助暖，方家得此石乃真。
陶氏以注特生 石，则二石是一物明矣。但屡检鹳巢无此石，况 石焉得处处有之？若
鹳入水冷故取此石，则鸬 之类皆食于水，亦自然生化繁息。此则乃俗士之言，未尝穷其实
而穷其理也。
时珍曰∶ 石有数种，白 石、苍 石、紫 石、红皮 石、桃花 石、金星 石、银
星石、特生 石俱是一物，但以形色立名。
其性皆热毒，并可毒鼠制汞，惟苍、白二色入药用。诸 生于山，则草木不生，霜雪不
积；生于水则水不冰冻，或有温泉，其气之热可知矣。《庚辛玉册》云∶ ，阳石也，生山
谷。水中濯出似矾，有纹理横截在中者为佳。伏火，制砂汞。其状颇与方解石相似，但投水
不冰者为真。其出金穴中者，名握雪 石。
【气味】甘，温，有毒。
之才曰∶火炼之良，畏水。
【主治】明目利耳，腹内绝寒，破坚结及鼠 ，杀百虫恶兽。久服延年（《别录》）。苍
石∶主寒热下气 蚀，杀禽兽（《别录》）。
【发明】时珍曰∶《别录》言∶ 石久服令人筋挛，特生 石久服延年。丹书亦云∶
石化为水，能伏水银，炼入长生药。此皆方士谬说也，与服砒石、汞长生之义同，其死而无
悔者乎？
（收录于《名医别录》下品）
【释名】苍石、特生石（出自《名医别录》）、鼠毒。
苏恭说：特生石，又名苍石。梁州出产的石头也有青色的，汉中人也用其来毒杀老鼠，但不入药方使用。
苏颂说：特生石和特生石其实是同一种东西，只是以是否“特生”（独立生成）作为区别。所谓“特生”，是指不依附于其他岩石而单独生成的。现在使用的已经非常少了。
李时珍说：这种石头有苍色和白色两种，其中苍色的多为特生石，所以这里说它又名苍石，那么《名医别录》中记载的苍石就是重复出现了。它们的功效和治疗作用都相同，现在合并为一类。
【集解】《名医别录》说：特生石，又名苍石，产于西域，采集没有固定时间。又说：苍石产于西域，采集没有固定时间。
陶弘景说：旧时说鹳鸟巢中的石头品质好。因为鹳鸟经常进入冷水，所以人们取这种石头来包裹鸟卵使其保持温暖。现在已不可得。只有汉中出产的，外形呈紫红色，内部洁白如霜，中间有凹陷像臼一样，形状像牙齿的是上品。另外荆州新城郡房陵县出产的缥白色的是好的。使用前先用黄土包裹烧制一天，也可以放入斧头孔中烧制，用于配制玉壶丸等丹药。《仙经》中没有提到特生石，指的只是白色的石头罢了。
苏恭说：陶弘景描述的像牙齿和臼形状的确实正确。现在梁州出产，北马道戍涧中也有。形状块头比白矾小，但肌理颗粒大数倍，像小豆那么大。而白矾的颗粒细如粟米。现在房陵、汉川、均州、荆州与白矾同处一地，有青色的，就是这种。
苏颂说：《博物志》中说：鹳鸟孵卵时，取这种石头放入巢中帮助保暖，方士得到这种石头才是真品。
陶弘景将其注释为特生石，那么这两种石头是同一种东西就很明显了。但是多次检查鹳鸟巢穴都没有这种石头，况且这种石头又怎么能到处都有呢？如果是因为鹳鸟进入冷水才取这种石头，那么鸬鹚之类也都在水中进食，也应该是自然生化繁衍。这不过是世俗之人的言论，未曾穷究其实质和道理。
李时珍说：这种石头有好几种，白矾、苍矾、紫矾、红皮矾、桃花矾、金星矾、银星石、特生石都是同一种东西，只是根据颜色和形状命名。
它们的性质都是热毒，都可以用来毒杀老鼠和控制汞，只有苍色和白色的入药。各种矾生于山中，则草木不生，霜雪不积；生于水中则水不冰冻，或者有温泉，其气味的热性可以知道了。《庚辛玉册》说：矾是阳石，生于山谷。在水中洗涤出来的像明矾，有纹理横截在中间的为上品。经过火制伏火，可以控制砂汞。其形状颇与方解石相似，但投入水中不结冰的是真品。出产在金矿穴中的，名叫握雪矾。
【气味】甘味，温性，有毒。
徐之才说：用火炼制的效果好，畏惧水。
【主治】明目利耳，治疗腹内极寒，破除坚结以及老鼠疮，杀死百虫恶兽。长期服用可延年益寿（出自《名医别录》）。苍矾：主治寒热、下气、蚀疮，杀死禽兽（出自《名医别录》）。
【发明】李时珍说：《名医别录》中说：矾长期服用会导致筋脉拘挛，特生石长期服用可延年益寿。丹书也说：矾化为水，能伏住水银，炼制后加入长生药中。这些都是方士的错误说法，与服用砒石、汞以求长生的道理相同，那些至死都不后悔的人吗？
(Recorded in the Lower Grade of *Bencao Jing Jizhu* / Supplement to the Materia Medica)
**[Names]** Cangshi (Cyan Alum Stone), Teshengshi (Specially Generated Stone) (*Bencao Jing Jizhu*), Shudu (Rat Poison).
Su Gong stated: Teshengshi is also known as Cangshi. Stones from Liangzhou are sometimes blue-green; people in Hanzhong use them to poison rats, but they are not used in medical prescriptions.
Su Song stated: Teshengshi and ordinary stones are essentially the same substance, distinguished only by whether they are "Tesheng" (specially generated/standalone). "Tesheng" refers to stones that do not adhere to other rocks. They are rarely used nowadays.
Li Shizhen stated: There are two types of this stone: cyan and white. The cyan variety is mostly Teshengshi. Thus, stating it is also named Cangshi implies that the Cangshi recorded in *Bencao Jing Jizhu* is a duplicate entry. Their therapeutic effects are identical, so they are now combined into one category.
**[Collection and Explanation]** *Bencao Jing Jizhu* states: Teshengshi, also called Cangshi, originates from the Western Regions, with no fixed time for collection. It further states: Cangshi originates from the Western Regions, with no fixed time for collection.
Tao Hongjing stated: Old theories suggest that stones found in stork nests are of superior quality. Since storks frequently enter cold water, these stones were taken to wrap eggs to keep them warm. Such stones are now unavailable. Those from Hanzhou are preferred if they have a purple-red exterior, an interior white like frost, a central depression resembling a mortar, and a shape like teeth. Additionally, those from Fangling County, Xincheng Commandery, Jingzhou, which are pale white, are considered good. Before use, they should be wrapped in yellow earth and fired for one day, or heated in an axe hole, to prepare pills such as Yuhu Wan. The *Xianjing* (Classic of Immortals) does not mention Teshengshi, referring only to white alum stones.
Su Gong stated: Tao's description of the tooth-and-mortar shape is correct. Currently, they are produced in Liangzhou, including in the streams at Beimaodao Shu. The lumps are smaller than white alum, but their crystalline grains are several times larger, about the size of a small bean, whereas white alum grains are fine like millet seeds. In places where Fangling, Hanchuan, Zhongzhou, and Jingzhou overlap with white alum sources, there are blue-green varieties, which are this type.
Su Song stated: *Bowuzhi* (Insects and Animals) mentions that storks place these stones in their nests to assist in warming eggs during incubation; only when alchemists obtain this stone is it considered genuine.
Tao Hongjing annotated this as Teshengshi, clearly indicating that the two stones are the same substance. However, upon repeatedly checking stork nests, this stone was not found. Moreover, how could this stone be ubiquitous? If storks take this stone because they enter cold water, then cormorants, which also feed in water, should naturally undergo biochemical proliferation. This is merely the talk of laymen who have not investigated the reality and principles thoroughly.
Li Shizhen stated: There are several varieties of alum stones: Baihua Shi (White Alum), Canghua Shi (Cyan Alum), Zihua Shi (Purple Alum), Hongpi Shi (Red Skin Alum), Taohua Shi (Peach Blossom Alum), Jin Xing Shi (Gold Star Alum), Yin Xing Shi (Silver Star Alum), and Teshengshi are all the same substance, named solely based on color and shape.
Their nature is hot and toxic; they can all be used to poison rats and control mercury. Only the cyan and white varieties are used medicinally. Wherever alum stones grow in mountains, grass and trees do not grow, and frost and snow do not accumulate; where they grow in water, the water does not freeze, or hot springs may appear, revealing their hot nature. *Gengxin Yuce* states: Alum is a Yang stone, growing in valleys. Those washed out of water resemble Mingfan (Alum), and those with transverse textures in the center are superior. After fire-processing to subdue its fire nature, it can control sand-mercury. Its appearance is quite similar to Calcite, but the genuine article does not freeze when thrown into water. Those found in gold mines are called Woxue Shi (Snow-Holding Stone).
**[Flavor and Properties]** Sweet, Warm, Toxic.
Xu Zhicai stated: Fire-refined is best; it fears water.
**[Indications]** Brightens the eyes and benefits the ears; treats extreme cold within the abdomen; breaks up hard accumulations and rat ulcers; kills hundred insects and fierce beasts. Long-term consumption prolongs life (*Bencao Jing Jizhu*). Cangshi: Treats alternating chills and fever, directs Qi downward, and treats erosive sores; kills birds and beasts (*Bencao Jing Jizhu*).
**[Elucidation]** Li Shizhen stated: *Bencao Jing Jizhu* says: Long-term consumption of alum causes muscle spasms, while long-term consumption of Teshengshi prolongs life. Alchemical texts also state: Alum transforms into water and can fix mercury; when refined and added to longevity medicines... These are all erroneous claims by Daoist alchemists, similar to the logic of consuming realgar and mercury for immortality. Are those who die without regret truly wise?