（《本经》中品）
【释名】土瓜（《本经》）、钩KT （郭璞）、老鸦瓜（《图经》）、马 瓜（ ，音雹）、
赤雹子（《衍义》）、
颂曰∶《月令》∶四月王瓜生。即此也。均、房间人呼为老鸦瓜，亦曰菟瓜。按《尔雅》
云∶ ，菟瓜。郭璞注云∶似土瓜。而土瓜自谓之KT 姑，又名钩KT ，则菟瓜别是一物
也。
又曰∶芴，菲。亦谓之土瓜。别是一物，非此土瓜也。异类同名甚多，不可不辨。
时珍曰∶土瓜，其根作土气，其实似瓜也。或云根味如瓜，故名土瓜。王字不知何义？
瓜似雹子，熟则色赤，鸦喜食之，故俗名赤雹、老鸦瓜。一叶之下一须，故俚人呼为公公须。
与地黄苗名婆婆奶，可为属对。
【集解】《别录》曰∶生鲁地平泽田野，及人家垣墙间。三月采根，阴干。
弘景曰∶今土瓜生篱院间。子熟时赤如弹丸。其根不入大方，正单行小小尔。郑玄注《
月令》∶四月王瓜生，以为菝 ，殊谬矣。
恭曰∶四月生苗延蔓，叶似栝蒌叶，圆无叉缺，有毛刺。五月开黄花。花下结子如弹丸，
生青熟赤。根似葛，细而多糁，谓之土瓜根。北间者，其实累累相连，大如枣，皮黄肉白。
苗子相似，根状不同。若疗黄胆破血，南者大胜也。
宗 曰∶王瓜，其壳径寸，长二寸许，上微圆，下尖长，七、八月熟，红赤色。壳中子
如螳螂头者，今人又谓之赤雹子。其根即土瓜根也。于细根上又生淡黄根，三、五相连，如
大指许。根与子两用。
时珍曰∶王瓜三月生苗，其蔓多须，嫩时可茹。其叶圆如马蹄而有尖，面青背淡，涩而
不光。六、七月开，五出小黄花成簇。结子累累，熟时有红、黄二色，皮亦粗涩。
但如栝蒌根之小者，澄粉甚白腻，须深掘二、三尺乃得正根。江西人栽之沃土，取根作蔬食，
味如山药。
根
【气味】苦，寒，无毒。权曰∶平。
藏器曰∶有小毒，能吐下人。取汁制雄、汞。
【主治】消渴内痹，瘀血月闭，寒热酸疼，益气愈聋（《本经》）。疗诸邪气，热结鼠 ，
散痈肿留血，妇人带下不通，下乳汁，止小便数不禁，逐四肢骨节中水，治马骨刺人疮（《别
录》）。天行热疾，酒黄病，壮热心烦闷，热劳，排脓，消扑损瘀血，破症癖，落胎（大明）。
主蛊毒，小儿闪癖，痞满痰疟。并取根及叶捣汁，少少服，当吐下（藏器）。利大小便，治
面黑面疮（时珍）。
【附方】旧五，新七。
黄胆变黑，医所不能治∶用土瓜根汁，平旦温服一小升。午刻黄水当从小便出，不出再服。
（《肘后方》）
浸）二两，桂心一两，牡蛎粉二两。为末。每服二钱，大麦粥饮下。（《卫生宝鉴》）
小便不通∶土瓜根捣汁，入少水解之，筒吹入下部。（《肘后方》）
大便不通∶上方吹入肛门内。二便不通，前后吹之，取通。（《肘后方》）
乳汁不下∶土瓜根为末。酒服一钱，一日二服。（杨氏《产乳方》）
经水不利，带下，少腹满，或经一月再见者，土瓜根散主之∶土瓜根、芍药、桂枝、
虫各三两，为末。酒服方寸匕，日三服。（仲景《金匮方》）
妇人阴 ∶方同上。
中诸蛊毒∶土瓜根大如指，长三寸，切，以酒半升，渍一宿。服当吐下。（《外台秘要》）
面上痱磊∶土瓜根捣末，浆水和匀。入夜别以浆水洗面涂药，旦复洗之。百日光彩射人，
夫妻不相识也。曾用有效。（《肘后方》）
耳聋灸法∶湿土瓜根，削半寸塞耳内，以艾灸七壮，每旬一灸，愈乃止。（《圣济录》）
子
【气味】酸、苦，平，无毒。
【主治】生用∶润心肺，治黄病。炒用∶治肺痿吐血，肠风泻血，赤白痢（大明）。主
蛊毒（甄权）。反胃吐食（时珍）。
【附方】新八。
消渴饮水∶雹瓜去皮。每食后嚼二、三两，五、七度瘥。（《圣惠方》）
传尸劳瘵∶赤雹儿（俗名王瓜），焙为末。每酒服一钱。（《十药神书》）。
反胃吐食∶马雹儿（灯上烧存性）一钱，入好枣肉，平胃散末二钱，酒服，食即可下。
即野甜瓜，北方多有之。（《丹溪纂要》）
痰热头风∶悬栝蒌一个，赤雹儿七个（焙），大力子（即牛蒡子，焙）四两。为末。每
食后茶或酒服三钱。忌动风发热之物。
筋骨痛挛∶马雹儿子炒开口，为末。酒服一钱，日二服。（《集简方》）赤目痛涩，不可
忍∶小圆瓜KT （篱上大如弹丸、红色、皮上有刺者，九月、十月采，日干）、槐花（炒）、
赤芍药等分。为末。每服二钱，临卧温酒下。（《卫生家宝方》）
瘀血作痛∶赤雹儿烧存性，研末。无灰酒空心服二钱。（《集简方》）
大肠下血∶王瓜一两（烧存性），地黄二两，黄连半两，为末，蜜丸梧子大。米饮下三
十丸。（《指南方》）
（收录于《神农本草经》中品）
【释名】土瓜（出自《神农本草经》）、钩KT（郭璞注）、老鸦瓜（出自《图经》）、马 瓜（音雹）、赤雹子（出自《衍义》）。
苏颂说：《礼记·月令》记载：“四月王瓜生。”指的就是这种植物。均州、房州一带的人叫它老鸦瓜，也叫菟瓜。据《尔雅》记载：“ ，即菟瓜。”郭璞注释说：“形状像土瓜。”而土瓜自己被称为KT姑，又名钩KT，那么菟瓜是另一种东西了。
又说：芴，菲。也被称为土瓜。这是另一种东西，不是这里的土瓜。不同种类的植物同名现象很多，不能不加以辨别。
李时珍说：土瓜，它的根具有土的性质，果实像瓜。有人说根的味道像瓜，所以名叫土瓜。“王”字不知是什么意思？瓜的形状像雹子，成熟后颜色变红，乌鸦喜欢食用，所以俗称赤雹、老鸦瓜。一片叶子下面有一根须，所以民间称为公公须。这与地黄苗名为婆婆奶，可以形成对仗。
【集解】《名医别录》说：生长在鲁地平泽田野，以及人家围墙之间。三月采集根部，阴干。
陶弘景说：现在的土瓜生长在篱笆院落间。果实成熟时红得像弹丸。其根不入大方药使用，只是单味药小剂量使用。郑玄注释《月令》：“四月王瓜生”，认为是菝葜，这大错特错了。
苏恭说：四月生出苗蔓延伸，叶子像栝蒌叶，圆形无叉缺，有毛刺。五月开黄花。花下结出像弹丸一样的果实，生时青色，熟时红色。根像葛根，细而多粉，称为土瓜根。北方产的，果实累累相连，大如枣，皮黄肉白。苗和果实相似，但根状不同。如果是治疗黄疸、破血，南方的土瓜效果胜过北方。
寇宗奭说：王瓜，壳直径一寸，长约二寸，上部微圆，下部尖长，七、八月成熟，呈红赤色。壳中的种子像螳螂头，现在人又叫它赤雹子。其根就是土瓜根。在细根上又生出淡黄色的根，三五个相连，像大拇指粗细。根和果实都入药。
李时珍说：王瓜三月生苗，藤蔓有很多须，嫩时可食用。叶子圆如马蹄且有尖端，正面青背面淡，涩而不光亮。六、七月开花，五片小黄花成簇。果实累累，成熟时有红、黄两种颜色，皮也粗糙涩口。
但像栝蒌根那样小的，澄清后的淀粉非常白腻，必须深挖二、三尺才能得到正根。江西人在肥沃土壤中种植，取根作为蔬菜食用，味道像山药。
根
【气味】苦，寒，无毒。李权说：平。
陈藏器说：有小毒，能使人呕吐腹泻。取其汁液可炼制雄黄、水银。
【主治】消渴内痹，瘀血导致的闭经，寒热酸痛，益气治愈耳聋（出自《神农本草经》）。治疗各种邪气，热结导致的鼠瘘（淋巴结核），消散痈肿留滞的瘀血，妇人带下不通，通乳汁，止小便频数不禁，驱除四肢骨节中的积水，治疗马骨刺入皮肤的疮疡（出自《名医别录》）。治疗时行热疾，酒疸病，壮热心烦闷，虚热劳损，排脓，消除跌打损伤的瘀血，破除癥癖，堕胎（出自《唐本草》）。主治蛊毒，小儿闪癖，痞满痰疟。都取根及叶捣汁，少量服用，应当引起呕吐或腹泻（出自陈藏器）。通利大小便，治疗面色黑、面部疮疡（李时珍）。
【附方】旧方五首，新方七首。
黄疸变黑，医生无法治疗的：用土瓜根汁，清晨温服一小升。中午时分黄色水液应当从小便排出，若未排出再服用。（出自《肘后备急方》）
[此处原文缺失部分药物名称，推测为某方剂组成]浸）二两，桂心一两，牡蛎粉二两。研为末。每次服用二钱，用大麦粥送服。（出自《卫生宝鉴》）
小便不通：土瓜根捣汁，加入少许水稀释，用筒吹入下部尿道。（出自《肘后备急方》）
大便不通：上方吹入肛门内。大小便都不通，前后都吹入，以求通畅。（出自《肘后备急方》）
乳汁不下：土瓜根研为末。酒送服一钱，一日两次服用。（杨氏《产乳方》）
月经不畅，带下，少腹胀满，或者一个月来两次月经的，用土瓜散主治：土瓜根、芍药、桂枝、䗪虫各三两，研为末。酒送服一方寸匕，每日三次服用。（张仲景《金匮要略方论》）
妇人阴部肿痛：方子同上。
中各种蛊毒：土瓜根大如手指，长三寸，切片，用半升酒浸泡一夜。服用后应当引起呕吐或腹泻。（出自《外台秘要》）
面部粉刺疙瘩：土瓜根捣末，用米泔水调和。晚上另用米泔水洗脸涂药，早晨再洗掉。一百天后光彩照人，夫妻互相认不出来。曾经使用有效。（出自《肘后备急方》）
耳聋灸法：湿土瓜根，削去半寸塞入耳内，用艾条灸七壮，每十天灸一次，痊愈为止。（出自《圣济总录》）
果实
【气味】酸、苦，平，无毒。
【主治】生用：滋润心肺，治疗黄疸病。炒用：治疗肺痿吐血，肠风泻血，赤白痢疾（出自《唐本草》）。主治蛊毒（甄权）。反胃吐食（李时珍）。
【附方】新方八首。
消渴饮水：雹瓜去皮。每餐饭后嚼食二、三两，五到七次即可痊愈。（出自《太平圣惠方》）
传尸劳瘵：赤雹儿（俗名王瓜），焙干研为末。每次用酒送服一钱。（出自《十药神书》）。
反胃吐食：马雹儿（灯上烧存性）一钱，放入好枣肉中，加入平胃散末二钱，酒送服，食物即可下行。这就是野甜瓜，北方多有生长。（出自《丹溪纂要》）
痰热头风：悬栝蒌一个，赤雹儿七个（焙干），大力子（即牛蒡子，焙干）四两。研为末。每餐后茶或酒送服三钱。忌食动风发热之物。
筋骨疼痛痉挛：马雹儿子炒裂开口，研为末。酒送服一钱，每日两次服用。（出自《集简方》）赤目痛涩，难以忍受：小圆瓜KT（篱笆上大如弹丸、红色、皮上有刺者，九月、十月采集，晒干）、槐花（炒）、赤芍药等分。研为末。每次服用二钱，临睡前温酒送服。（出自《卫生家宝方》）
瘀血作痛：赤雹儿烧存性，研末。无灰酒空腹服用二钱。（出自《集简方》）
(Recorded in the Middle Category of *Shennong Bencao Jing*)
**Names:** Tugua (from *Shennong Bencao Jing*), Gou KT (annotated by Guo Pu), Laoya Gua (from *Tujing*), Ma Gua (pronounced Bao), Chibaozi (from *Yanyi*).
Su Song states: The *Liji · Yueling* records, "In the fourth month, Wanggua grows." This refers to this plant. People in Junzhou and Fangzhou call it Laoya Gua, also known as Tugua. According to *Erya*, " , which is Tugua." Guo Pu annotates, "Resembles Tugua." However, Tugua calls itself KTgu, also named Gou KT; thus, Tugua is a different entity.
It is further stated: Wu, Fei. Also called Tugua. This is another entity, not the local Tugua. There are many instances of different species sharing the same name, which must be distinguished carefully.
Li Shizhen says: Tugua, its root possesses the nature of earth, and its fruit resembles a melon. Some say the root tastes like a melon, hence the name Tugua. The meaning of the character "Wang" is unknown. The melon resembles hailstones; when ripe, its color turns red, and crows like to eat it, hence the common names Chibao and Laoya Gua. Under one leaf there is one tendril, so the folk call it Gonggongxu. This parallels the naming of Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata seedlings as Poponai, forming a couplet.
**Collection and Explanation:** *Mingyi Bielu* states: It grows in the flat marshy fields of Lu and between house walls. The roots are harvested in the third month and dried in the shade.
Tao Hongjing says: Currently, Tugua grows among fences and courtyards. When the fruits ripen, they are red like bullet-shaped seeds. Its roots are not used in major prescriptions, only singly in small doses. Zheng Xuan’s annotation of *Yueling*: "In the fourth month, Wanggua grows," identifying it as Smilax glabra, is significantly erroneous.
Su Gong says: In the fourth month, vines grow and spread; the leaves resemble those of Trichosanthes kirilowii, round without lobes or notches, with hairs and spines. In the fifth month, yellow flowers bloom. Below the flowers form fruits like bullet-shaped seeds, green when raw and red when ripe. The root resembles Puerariae Radix, thin and starchy, called Tugua Gen. Those from the north have fruits linked together, large as dates, with yellow skin and white flesh. The seedlings and fruits are similar, but the root structures differ. For treating jaundice and breaking blood stasis, the southern variety is superior.
Kou Zongshi says: Wanggua has a shell about one inch in diameter and two inches long, slightly round at the top and pointed at the bottom, ripening in the seventh and eighth months with a reddish color. The seeds inside resemble mantis heads, now called Chibaozi by people. Its root is indeed Tugua Gen. On the fine roots, pale yellow roots grow again, three to five connected, about the thickness of a thumb. Both root and fruit are used medicinally.
Li Shizhen says: Wanggua sprouts in the third month; its vines have many tendrils and can be eaten when tender. The leaves are round like horse hooves with pointed tips, green on the surface and pale underneath, astringent and not glossy. Flowers bloom in the sixth and seventh months, clusters of five-petaled small yellow flowers. Fruits hang in clusters, ripening in red and yellow colors, with rough and astringent skin.
However, resembling the smaller roots of Trichosanthes radices, the clarified starch is very white and fine. One must dig two or three chi deep to obtain the true root. People in Jiangxi cultivate it in fertile soil and use the root as a vegetable, tasting like Dioscoreae Rhizoma.
**Root**
**Flavor and Nature:** Bitter, cold, non-toxic. Li Quan says: Neutral.
Chen Cangqi says: Slightly toxic, can induce vomiting and purging. Its juice is used to refine Realgar and Mercury.
**Indications:** Xiao Ke (wasting-thirst) and internal obstruction, amenorrhea due to blood stasis, alternating chills and fever with soreness and pain, tonifying Qi and curing deafness (*Shennong Bencao Jing*). Treating various pathogenic factors, heat accumulation causing scrofula (lymphatic tuberculosis), dissipating abscesses and retained blood, leukorrhea obstruction in women, promoting lactation, stopping frequent and involuntary urination, expelling water retention in the limbs and joints, treating wounds caused by horse bone splinters (*Mingyi Bielu*). Treating epidemic febrile diseases, wine jaundice, severe heat with restlessness, chronic deficiency heat, discharging pus, resolving traumatic blood stasis, breaking masses and accumulations, inducing abortion (*Tang Bencao*). Mainly treating gu poison, pediatric flash accumulation, distension and phlegm-malaria. All involve crushing the roots and leaves for juice, taken in small amounts to induce vomiting or purging (Chen Cangqi). Promoting urination and defecation, treating dark complexion and facial sores (Li Shizhen).
**Attached Prescriptions:** Five old, seven new.
Jaundice turning black, incurable by physicians: Use Tugua Gen juice, warm and take one xiao sheng in the morning. By noon, yellow fluid should exit via urine; if not, take again (*Zhouhou Beifang*).
[Missing drug name] soaked (2 liang), Guixin (1 liang), Muli Fen (2 liang). Grind into powder. Take 2 qian each time, washed down with barley porridge soup (*Weisheng Baojian*).
Urinary retention: Crush Tugua Gen for juice, add a little water to dilute, blow into the lower urethra using a tube (*Zhouhou Beifang*).
Fecal impaction: Blow the above mixture into the anus. For both urinary and fecal retention, blow into both ends to achieve patency (*Zhouhou Beifang*).
Lactation failure: Powder Tugua Gen. Take 1 qian with wine, twice daily (*Yangshi Chanru Fang*).
Dysmenorrhea, leukorrhea, lower abdominal fullness, or menstruation occurring twice a month: Governed by Tugua San: Tugua Gen, Shaoyao, Guizhi, and E chong (each 3 liang). Grind into powder. Take one fangcun bi with wine, three times daily (*Jingui Yaolue*).
Female genital swelling/pain: Same prescription as above.
Poisoned by various gu toxins: Tugua Gen, finger-sized, 3 cun long, sliced, soaked in half sheng of wine overnight. Take to induce vomiting and purging (*Waitai Miyao*).
Facial acne and nodules: Powder Tugua Gen, mix with rice wash water. At night, wash face with rice wash water and apply medicine; wash off in the morning. After 100 days, radiance will shine, making husband and wife fail to recognize each other. Proven effective (*Zhouhou Beifang*).
Deafness moxibustion method: Wet Tugua Gen, shave off half cun, insert into ear. Moxa burn seven Zhuans. Moxibustion once every ten days until cured (*Shengji Zonglu*).
**Fruit**
**Flavor and Nature:** Sour, bitter, neutral, non-toxic.
**Indications:** Raw use: Moistens heart and lungs, treats jaundice. Stir-fried use: Treats lung abscess with hemoptysis, intestinal wind with bloody diarrhea, dysentery with red and white discharge (*Tang Bencao*). Mainly treats gu poison (Zhen Quan). Regurgitation and vomiting (Li Shizhen).
**Attached Prescriptions:** Eight new.
Wasting-thirst with excessive drinking: Peel Baogua. Chew 2-3 liang after each meal, five to seven times for recovery (*Taiping Shenghui Fang*).
Consumptive disease (Phthisis): Chibaoer (common name Wanggua), roasted and powdered. Take 1 qian with wine (*Shiyao Shenshu*).
Regurgitation and vomiting: Mabaoer (charred retaining nature, 1 qian), mixed with good jujube meat and Pingwei San powder (2 qian), taken with wine to allow food to descend. This is wild sweet melon, common in the north (*Danxi Zuanyao*).
Phlegm-heat headache: Hanging Trichosanthes fruit (1), Chibaoer (7, roasted), Niubangzi (4 liang, roasted). Grind into powder. Take 3 qian with tea or wine after meals. Avoid wind-aggravating and heat-producing foods.
Bone and tendon pain with spasms: Roast Mabaozi until cracked, grind into powder. Take 1 qian with wine, twice daily (*Jijian Fang*). Red eyes with painful dryness, unbearable: Xiaoyuan Gua KT (large as bullet on fence, red, spiny skin, harvested in 9th-10th month, sun-dried), Huaihua (stir-fried), Chishao Yao equal parts. Grind into powder. Take 2 qian with warm wine before bed (*Weisheng Jiabao Fang*).
Pain due to blood stasis: Burn Chibaoer until charred but retaining nature, grind to powder. Take 2 qian on an empty stomach with pure wine (*Jijian Fang*).
Lower gastrointestinal bleeding: Wanggua (1 liang, charred retaining nature), Dihuang (2 liang), Huanglian (0.5 liang). Grind into powder, make honey pills size of wutong seeds. Take 30 pills with rice drink (*Zhinan Fang*).