（音木。《别录》上品）
【释名】鸭（《说文》）、舒凫
时珍曰∶ 通作木。 性质木，而无他心，故庶人以为贽。《曲礼》云∶庶人执匹。匹，
双也。匹夫卑末，故《广
《禽经》云∶鸭鸣呷呷，其名自呼。凫能高飞，而鸭舒缓不能飞，故曰舒凫。
【正误】弘景曰∶ 即鸭。有家鸭、野鸭。
藏器曰∶《尸子》云∶野鸭为凫，家鸭为 。不能飞翔，如庶人守耕稼而已。
保升曰∶《尔雅》云∶野凫， 。而本草 肪，乃家鸭也。
宗 曰∶据数说，则凫、 皆鸭也。王勃《滕王阁序》云“落霞与孤 齐飞”，则 为
野鸭明矣。勃乃名儒，必有所据。
时珍曰∶四家惟藏器为是。陶以凫、 混称，寇以 为野鸭，韩引《尔雅》错舒凫为野
凫，并误矣，今正之。盖 有舒凫之名，而凫有野 之称，故王勃可以通用，而其义自明。
案∶《周礼》“庶人执 ”，岂野鸭乎？《国风》弋凫与雁，岂家鸭乎？屈原《离骚》云∶宁
与骐骥抗轭乎？将与鸡 争食乎？宁昂昂若千里驹乎？将泛泛若水中之凫乎？此以凫、 对
言，则家也、野也，益自明矣。
【集解】时珍曰∶案《格物论》云∶鸭，雄者绿头文翅，雌者黄斑
者。又有白而乌骨者，药食更佳。鸭皆雄喑雌鸣。重阳后乃肥 味美。清明后生卵
不满。伏卵闻砻磨之声，则 而不成。无雌抱伏，则以牛屎妪而出之，此
也。
（读音同“木”。《名医别录》列为上品）
【释名】鸭（出自《说文解字》）、舒凫
李时珍说：通用写作“木”。因为鸭子性情温顺（木），没有异心，所以平民百姓用它作为见面礼。《礼记·曲礼》说：“平民执持成对的禽鸟。”“匹”就是双的意思。匹夫地位卑微低下，所以……（原文此处有脱漏，依文意推测为引用《广雅》或类似文献解释其卑末之意）。
《禽经》说：鸭子鸣叫的声音是“呷呷”，它的名字就是根据叫声而来的。野鸭（凫）能够高飞，而家鸭动作舒缓不能飞，所以称为“舒凫”。
【正误】陶弘景说：就是鸭。有家鸭和野鸭之分。
苏恭说：《尸子》中说：野鸭叫做凫，家鸭叫做的（注：原文此处缺字，通常指“鹜”或特定家鸭名，结合下文语境及《本草纲目》通行本，此处应为“鹜”或类似字，但依据用户提供的文本，此处显示为空白或缺失字符，暂按原文结构处理，意为家鸭之名）。家鸭不能飞翔，就像平民百姓只懂得耕种庄稼一样。
韩保升说：《尔雅》中说：野生的凫叫做的（同上，原文缺失）。而本草中提到的鸭脂，指的是家鸭。
寇宗奭说：根据上述几种说法，那么凫、的都是鸭。王勃在《滕王阁序》中说“落霞与孤鹜齐飞”，那么的是野鸭就很明白了。王勃是著名的儒生，一定有所依据。
李时珍说：这四家的说法中只有苏恭是正确的。陶弘景将凫和的混为一谈，寇宗奭认为的是野鸭，韩保升引用《尔雅》时将“舒凫”错解为“野凫”，都错了，现在予以纠正。大概的有“舒凫”的名称，而凫有“野的”的称呼，所以王勃可以通用使用，但其含义自然明确。
考证：《周礼》中说“平民执持的”，难道是野鸭吗？《诗经·国风》中说射猎凫和大雁，难道是家鸭吗？屈原在《离骚》中说：宁愿与千里马并驾齐驱吗？还是愿意与鸡争食呢？宁愿昂首挺胸像千里驹吗？还是愿意浮游在水中像野凫那样呢？这里将凫和的对举来说，那么哪是家鸭、哪是野鸭，就更加明确了。
【集解】李时珍说：考证《格物论》说：公鸭头是绿色的，翅膀上有花纹；母鸭身上有黄色斑点。又有白色且乌骨的种类，药用和食用价值更高。鸭子都是公哑母鸣。重阳节之后才肥美味好。清明之后产的蛋不饱满。孵化时如果听到磨谷的声音，就会惊散而不能孵出小鸭。如果没有母鸭抱窝，就用牛粪来捂热孵化，这是……（原文此处可能有脱漏，通常指一种人工孵化方法或比喻）。
(Mu, pronounced like "Mu". Listed as Superior Grade in *Bie Lu* [Additional Records of Materia Medica])
**[Names]** Duck (*Ya*, from *Shuo Wen Jie Zi*; Shufu [Slow Goose/Duck])
Li Shizhen states: It is commonly written as "Mu" (Wood). This is because the duck's nature is docile ("wood-like") and lacks ulterior motives, hence commoners used it as a gift for meeting. The *Book of Rites* (*Qu Li*) states: "Commoners present paired birds." "Pi" means a pair. Since commoners were considered lowly, ... (The original text here has an omission, likely referencing *Guang Ya* or similar texts to explain their humble status).
The *Qin Jing* (*Classic of Birds*) states: The duck calls "gaga"; its name is derived from its own cry. The wild duck (*Fu*) can fly high, whereas the domestic duck moves slowly and cannot fly, hence it is called "Shufu" (Slow Duck).
**[Correction of Errors]** Tao Hongjing states: It is the duck. There are domestic ducks and wild ducks.
Su Gong states: The *Shi Zi* says: Wild ducks are called *Fu*, while domestic ducks are called [Character missing in source, typically *Wu*]. Domestic ducks cannot fly, just as commoners only know how to farm.
Han Baosheng states: The *Erya* says: Wild *Fu* is called [Character missing]. However, the duck fat mentioned in the *Ben Cao* refers to domestic ducks.
Kou Zongshi states: Based on these various accounts, both *Fu* and [Character missing] are ducks. Wang Bo wrote in his *Preface to the Pavilion of Prince Teng*: "Falling clouds fly together with a lone [duck/wild duck]." Thus, it is clear that [Character missing] refers to wild ducks. Wang Bo was a renowned scholar and must have had evidence.
Li Shizhen states: Among these four scholars, only Su Gong is correct. Tao Hongjing confused *Fu* and [Character missing]; Kou Zongshi identified [Character missing] as wild ducks; Han Baosheng misinterpreted "Shufu" as "wild Fu" when citing the *Erya*. All are erroneous, and this is now corrected. Essentially, [Character missing] bears the name "Shufu," while *Fu* carries the title of "wild [Character missing]," so Wang Bo could use them interchangeably, yet the meaning remains clear.
Examination: In the *Rites of Zhou*, it says "commoners present [Character missing]," does this refer to wild ducks? In the *Book of Songs* (*Guo Feng*), it mentions shooting *Fu* and geese, does this refer to domestic ducks? Qu Yuan wrote in the *Li Sao*: "Would I rather yoke myself with a steed of a thousand li? Or compete for food with chickens? Would I stand proud like a colt of a thousand li? Or float aimlessly in the water like a wild *Fu*?" Here, *Fu* and [Character missing] are contrasted, making it even clearer which is domestic and which is wild.
**[Collected Explanations]** Li Shizhen states: According to the *Gewu Lun* (*Investigation of Things*), male ducks have green heads and patterned wings, while female ducks have yellow spots. There are also white ducks with black bones, which are superior for medicinal and dietary use. Male ducks are mute, while females quack. They become fat and delicious after the Double Yang Festival (Chongyang). Eggs laid after the Qingming Festival are not fully developed. If the sound of grain grinding is heard during incubation, the embryos will scatter and fail to hatch. If there is no hen to brood, they can be hatched using cow dung for warmth; this is... (The original text here appears incomplete, likely describing an artificial incubation method).