（《拾遗》）
【释名】臭苏（《日华》）、青白苏。
时珍曰∶《日华子》释水苏云∶一名臭苏，一名青白苏，正此草也，误作水苏尔。其形
似水苏而臭，似白苏而青，故有二名。
【集解】藏器曰∶按∶苏恭言∶江左名水苏为荠 。按∶水苏叶有雁齿，气香而辛。荠
叶稍长，其上有毛，气臭，亦可为生菜。
时珍曰∶荠 处处平地有之。叶似野苏而稍长，有毛气臭。山人茹之，叶不甚佳。
茎叶
【气味】辛，温，无毒。
【主治】冷气泄痢。生食，除胃间酸水。
【附录】石荠 藏器曰∶味辛，温，无毒。主风冷气，疮疥瘙痒，痔 下血，煮汁服
之。生山石间，细叶紫花，高一、二尺，山人用之。
隰草类上五十三种
（《本经》上品）
【释名】节华（《本经》）、 女节（《别录》）、 女华（《别录》）、 女茎（《别录》）、
日精（《别录》）、 更生（《别录》）、 傅延年（《别录》）、 治蔷（《尔雅》）、 金蕊（《纲
目》）、阴成（《别录》）、 周盈（《别录》）。
时珍曰∶按陆佃《埤雅》云∶菊本作 ，从鞠。鞠，穷也。《月令》∶九月，菊有黄华。
华事至此而穷尽，故谓之 。节华之名，亦取其应节候也。崔实《月令》云∶女节、女华
，菊华之名也。治蔷、日精，菊根之名也。《抱朴子》云∶仙方所谓日精、更生、周盈，皆
一菊而根、茎、花、实之名异也。颂曰∶唐《天宝单方图》载白菊云∶原生南阳山谷及田野
中。 川人呼为回蜂菊，汝南
【集解】《别录》曰∶菊花生雍州川泽及田野。正月采根，三月采叶，五月采茎，九月
采花，十一月采实，皆阴干。弘景曰∶菊有两种∶一种茎紫气香而味甘，叶可作羹食者，
为真菊；一种青茎而大，作蒿艾气，味苦不堪食者，名苦薏，非真菊也。华正相似，惟以甘
苦别之。南阳郦县最多，今近道处处有之，取种便得。又有白菊，茎叶都相似，惟花白，五
月取之。仙经以菊为妙用，但难多得，宜常服之。藏器曰∶白菊生平泽，五月花，紫白色。
颂曰∶处处有之，以南阳菊潭者为佳。初春布地生细苗，夏茂，秋花，冬实。然种类颇
多。惟紫茎气香，叶浓至柔者，嫩时可食，花微小，味甚甘者，为真；其茎青而大，叶细气
烈似蒿艾，花大味苦者，名苦薏，非真也。南阳菊亦有两种∶白菊叶大如艾叶，茎青根细，
花白蕊黄；其黄菊叶似茼蒿，花蕊都黄。今服饵家多用白者。又有一种开小花，花瓣下如小
珠子，谓之珠子菊，云入药亦佳。
宗 曰∶菊花近世有二十余种。惟单叶花小而黄，绿叶色深小而薄，九月应候而开者是
也。邓州白菊单叶者，亦入药。余皆医经不用。
瑞曰∶花大而香者，为甘菊；花小而黄者，为黄菊；花小而气恶者，为野菊。
时珍曰∶菊之品凡百种，宿根自生，茎叶花色，品品不同。宋人刘蒙泉、范致能、史正
志皆有《菊谱》，亦不能尽收也。其茎有株、蔓、紫、赤、青、绿之殊，其叶有大、小、浓
、薄、尖、秃之异，其花有千叶单叶、有心无心、有子无子、黄白红紫、间色深浅、大小之
别，其味有甘苦辛之辨，又有夏菊秋菊冬菊之分。大抵惟以单叶味甘者入药，《菊谱》所载
甘菊、邓州黄、邓州白者是矣。甘菊始生于山野，今则人皆栽植之。其花细碎，品不甚高。
蕊如蜂窠，中有细子，亦可捺种。嫩叶及花皆可炸食。白菊花稍大，味不甚甘，亦秋月采之。
菊之无子者，谓之牡菊。烧灰撒地中，能死蛙黾。说出《周礼》。
花（叶、根、茎、实并同）
【气味】苦，平，无毒。《别录》曰∶甘。
损之曰∶甘者入药，苦者不入药。
杲曰∶苦、甘，寒，可升可降，阴中微阳也。
时珍曰∶《本经》言菊花味苦，《别录》言菊花味甘。诸家以甘者为菊，苦者为苦薏，
惟取甘者入药。谨按∶张华《博物志》，言菊有两种，苗花如一，惟味小异，苦者不中食。
范致能《谱》序，言惟甘菊一种可食，仍入药饵。其余黄白二花，皆味苦，虽不可饵，皆
可入药。其治头风，则白者尤良。据此二说则是菊类自有甘苦二种，食品须用甘菊，入
药则诸菊皆可，但不得用野菊名苦薏者尔。故景焕《牧竖闲谈》云∶真菊延龄，野菊泄人。
正如黄精益寿、钩吻杀人之意。之才曰∶术及枸杞根、桑根白皮、青葙叶为之使。
【主治】诸风头眩肿痛，目欲脱，泪出，皮肤死肌，恶风湿痹。久服利血气，轻身耐老
延年（《本经》）。疗腰痛去来陶陶，除胸中烦热，安肠胃，利五脉，调四肢（《别录》。陶
陶，纵缓貌）。治头目风热，风旋倒地，脑骨疼痛，身上一切游风令消散，利血脉，并无所
忌（甄权）。作枕明目，叶亦明目，生熟并可食（大明）。养目血，去翳膜（元素）。主肝气
不足
【气味】苦、辛，平，无毒。
【主治】风眩，能令头不白（弘景）。染髭发令黑。和巨胜、茯苓蜜丸服之，去风眩，
变白不老，益颜色（藏器）。
【发明】震亨曰∶黄菊花属土与金，有水与火，能补阴血，故养目。
时珍曰∶菊春生夏茂，秋花冬实，备受四气，饱经露霜，叶枯不落，花槁不零，味兼甘
苦，性禀平和。昔人谓其能除风热，益肝补阴，盖不知其得金水之精英尤多，能益金水二脏
也。补水所以制火，益金所以平木，木平则风息，火降则热除，用治诸风头目，其旨深微。
黄者入金水阴分；白者，入金水阳分；红者，行妇人血分。皆可入药，神而明之，存乎其人。
其苗可蔬，叶可啜，花可饵，根实可药，囊之可枕，酿之可饮，自本至末，罔不有功。宜乎
前贤比之君子，神农列之上品，隐士采入酒 ，骚人餐其落英。费长房言∶九日饮菊酒，可
以辟不祥。《神仙传》言∶康风子、朱孺子皆以服菊花成仙。《荆州记》言∶胡广久病风羸，
饮菊潭水多寿。菊之贵重如此，是岂群芳可伍哉？钟会《菊有五美赞》云∶圆花高悬，准天
极也。纯黄不杂，后土色也。早植晚发，君子德也；冒霜吐颖，象贞质也；杯中体轻，神仙
食也。《西京杂记》言∶采菊花茎叶，杂秫米酿酒，至次年九月始熟，用之。
【附方】旧五，新六。
服食甘菊∶《玉函方》云∶王子乔变白增年方∶用甘菊，三月上寅日采苗，名曰玉英；
六月上寅日采叶，名曰容成；九月上寅日采花，名曰金精；十二月上寅日采根茎，名曰长生。
四味并阴干，百日取等分，以成日合捣千杵为末，每酒服一钱匕。或以蜜丸梧子大。酒服
七丸，一日三服。百日，身轻润泽；一年，发白变黑；服之二年，齿落再生；五年，八十岁
老翁，变为儿童也。孟诜云∶正月采叶，五月五日采茎，九月九日采花。服食白菊∶《太清
灵宝方》引∶九月九日白菊花二斤，茯苓一斤。并捣罗为末。每服二钱，温酒调下，日三服。
或以炼过松脂和丸鸡子大，每服一丸。主头眩，久服令人好颜色不老。藏器曰∶《抱朴子》
言刘生丹法，用白菊汁、莲花汁、地血汁、樗汁，和丹蒸服也。白菊花酒∶《天宝单方》∶治
丈夫、妇人久患头风眩闷，头发干落，胸中痰壅，每发即头旋眼昏，不觉欲倒者，是其候也。
先灸两风池各二七壮，并服此酒及散，永瘥。其法∶春末夏初，收白菊软苗，阴干捣末，空
腹取一方寸匕和无灰酒服之，日再服，渐加三方寸匕。若不饮酒者，但和羹粥汁服，亦得。
秋八月合花收曝干，切取三大斤，以生绢袋盛，贮三大斗酒中，经七日服之，日三次，常令
酒气相续为佳。（苏颂《图经》）风热头痛∶菊花、石膏、川芎各三钱，为末。每服一钱半，
茶调下。（《简便方》）
痘入目生翳障∶用白菊花、谷精草、绿豆皮等分，为末。每用一钱，以干柿饼一枚，
粟米泔一盏，同煮候泔尽，食柿，日食三枚。浅者五七日，远者半月，见效。（《仁斋直指
方》）病后生翳∶白菊花、蝉蜕等分，为散。每用二三钱，入蜜少许，水煎服。大人小儿皆
宜，屡验。（《救急方》）疔肿垂死∶菊花一握，捣汁一升，入口即活，此神验方也。冬月采
根。（《肘后方》）女人阴肿∶甘菊苗捣烂煎汤，先熏后洗。（危氏《得效方》）酒醉不醒∶九
月九日真菊花为末，饮服方寸匕。（《外台秘要》）眼目昏花∶双美丸∶用甘菊花一斤，红椒
（去目）六两，为末，用新地黄汁和丸梧子大。每
花上水
【主治】益色壮阳，治一切风（大明）。
【释名】臭苏（出自《日华子本草》）、青白苏。
李时珍说：《日华子本草》解释水苏说：一名臭苏，一名青白苏，正是这种草，被误写为水苏了。它的形状像水苏但气味臭，像白苏但颜色青，所以有两个名字。
【集解】陈藏器说：按苏恭说：江左地区把水苏称为荠苏。按：水苏的叶子有像雁齿一样的边缘，气味香而辛。荠苏的叶子稍长，上面有毛，气味臭，也可以作为生菜食用。
李时珍说：荠苏在各地的平地上都有生长。叶子像野苏但稍长，有毛且气味臭。山民把它当蔬菜吃，叶子味道不太好。
【气味】辛味，温性，无毒。
【附录】石荠苏 陈藏器说：味辛，温性，无毒。主治风冷之气，疮疥瘙痒，痔疮下血，煮汁服用。生长在山地岩石间，叶子细小开紫花，高一、二尺，山民使用它。
隰草类上第五十三种
（出自《神农本草经》上品）
【释名】节华（出自《本经》）、女节（出自《别录》）、女华（出自《别录》）、女茎（出自《别录》）、日精（出自《别录》）、更生（出自《别录》）、傅延年（出自《别录》）、治蔷（出自《尔雅》）、金蕊（出自《纲目》）、阴成（出自《别录》）、周盈（出自《别录》）。
李时珍说：按陆佃《埤雅》说：菊字本作“鞠”，从“鞠”字。“鞠”意为穷尽。《礼记·月令》记载：九月，菊花开放黄色花朵。花事到此时已经穷尽，所以叫作“鞠”。节华这个名字，也是取它顺应节气之意。崔寔《四民月令》说：女节、女华，是菊花的名称。治蔷、日精，是菊根的名称。《抱朴子》说：仙方中所谓的日精、更生、周盈，都是指同一种菊，只是根、茎、花、实的名称不同罢了。苏颂说：唐代《天宝单方图》记载白菊说：原产于南阳山谷及田野中。蜀地人呼之为回蜂菊，汝南……
【集解】《名医别录》说：菊花生长在雍州的川泽及田野中。正月采集根部，三月采集叶子，五月采集茎，九月采集花，十一月采集果实，都要阴干。陶弘景说：菊有两种：一种茎紫色、气味香、味道甘甜，叶子可以做羹汤食用的，是真菊；一种茎青色且粗大，有蒿艾的气味，味道苦涩不堪食用的，名叫苦薏，不是真菊。它们的花看起来非常相似，只有通过甘苦的味道来区别。南阳郦县最多，现在附近各地都有，取种子种植即可。又有白菊，茎叶都相似，只有花是白色的，五月采收。仙家经典认为菊有妙用，只是难以多得，适宜经常服用。陈藏器说：白菊生长在平原沼泽，五月开花，紫色带白色。苏颂说：各地都有，以南阳菊潭产的为佳。初春在地面生出细苗，夏天茂盛，秋天开花，冬天结实。然而种类很多。只有紫茎气香，叶子浓密至柔软的，嫩时可食用，花微小，味道极甜的，才是真菊；其茎青色且大，叶子细气味烈似蒿艾，花大味道苦的，名叫苦薏，不是真菊。南阳菊也有两种：白菊叶子大如艾叶，茎青根细，花白蕊黄；黄菊叶子像茼蒿，花蕊都黄。现在服食养生的人多用白菊。又有一种开小花的，花瓣下像小珠子，叫做珠子菊，据说入药也很好。
寇宗奭说：近代菊花有近二十多种。只有单瓣花小而黄，绿叶色深小而薄的，九月按时令开花的，才是正宗的。邓州白菊的单瓣品种，也入药。其余的都医经不用。
李瑞说：花大而香的，是甘菊；花小而黄的，是黄菊；花小而气味恶臭的，是野菊。
李时珍说：菊的品种有一百种，宿根自然生长，茎叶花色，每种都不同。宋代刘蒙泉、范致能、史正志都有《菊谱》，也不能全部收录。它们的茎有株生、蔓生、紫色、赤色、青色、绿色的不同；叶子有大、小、浓、薄、尖、秃的差异；花有千叶、单叶、有心、无心、有子、无子、黄白红紫、间色深浅、大小的区别；味道有甘、苦、辛的辨别，又有夏菊、秋菊、冬菊的区分。大体上只有单瓣味甘的入药，《菊谱》所载的甘菊、邓州黄、邓州白就是这类。甘菊最初生于山野，现在人们都栽植它。它的花细碎，品质不算很高。花蕊像蜂巢，里面有细小的种子，也可以按压播种。嫩叶和花都可以油炸食用。白菊花稍大，味道不太甜，也在秋后采收。没有种子的菊，叫做牡菊。烧成灰撒在地上，能杀死青蛙和蝌蚪。说法出自《周礼》。
花（叶、根、茎、实功效相同）
【气味】苦味，平性，无毒。《名医别录》说：味甘。
张元素说：甘味的入药，苦味的不入药。
王好古说：苦、甘，寒性，可升可降，属于阴中有微阳。
李时珍说：《本经》说菊花味苦，《别录》说菊花味甘。各家认为甘味的是菊，苦味的是苦薏，只取甘味的入药。谨查：张华《博物志》说菊有两种，苗花一样，只是味道略有差异，苦的不适合食用。范致能《谱》序说，只有甘菊一种可食用，仍入药饵。其余黄白二花，都味苦，虽然不可食用，都可入药。治疗头风，白菊尤其好。根据这两种说法，则是菊类自有甘苦两种，食品须用甘菊，入药则各种菊都可以，只是不能用野菊名为苦薏的那种。所以景焕《牧竖闲谈》说：真菊延寿，野菊泄人。正如黄精益寿、钩吻杀人的意思。徐之才说：白术及枸杞根、桑根白皮、青葙叶是它的使药。
【主治】各种头风眩晕肿痛，眼睛欲脱出，流泪，皮肤死肌，恶风湿痹。长期服用通利血气，轻身耐老延年（出自《本经》）。治疗腰痛往来陶陶（形容舒缓的样子），清除胸中烦热，安顿肠胃，通利五脉，调和四肢（出自《别录》）。治疗头目风热，风旋倒地，脑骨疼痛，身上一切游风使其消散，通利血脉，并无禁忌（甄权）。做枕头明目，叶子也明目，生熟均可食用（大明）。滋养目血，去除翳膜（元素）。主治肝气不足
【气味】苦、辛，平性，无毒。
【主治】风眩，能使头发不白（弘景）。染胡须头发使之变黑。配合巨胜（黑芝麻）、茯苓蜜丸服用，去风眩，变白不老，益面色（藏器）。
【发明】朱震亨说：黄菊花属土与金，有水与火，能补阴血，所以养目。
李时珍说：菊春生夏茂，秋花冬实，备受四时之气，饱经露霜，叶枯不落，花槁不零，味道兼甘苦，性质平和。古人说它能除风热，益肝补阴，大概不知道它得金水之精英尤多，能益金水两脏。补水所以制火，益金所以平木，木平则风息，火降则热除，用于治疗各种头目疾病，旨意深远。黄色的进入金水阴分；白色的，进入金水阳分；红色的，行于妇人血分。都可以入药，神妙明白，在于运用之人。它的苗可做蔬菜，叶可泡茶，花可食用，根实可入药，装囊可做枕头，酿酒可饮用，从头到尾，无不有功。难怪前贤把它比作君子，神农列为上品，隐士采入酒中，诗人餐食落花。费长房说：九月饮菊酒，可以辟邪。《神仙传》说：康风子、朱孺子都因服用菊花而成仙。《荆州记》说：胡广久病风羸，饮菊潭水多寿。菊如此贵重，这难道是群芳可比拟的吗？钟会《菊有五美赞》说：圆花高悬，准天极也。纯黄不杂，后土色也。早植晚发，君子德也；冒霜吐颖，象贞质也；杯中体轻，神仙食也。《西京杂记》说：采集菊花茎叶，杂秫米酿酒，到次年九月才熟，用它。
【附方】旧方五个，新方六个。
服食甘菊：《玉函方》说：王子乔变白增年方：用甘菊，三月上寅日采集苗，名叫玉英；六月上寅日采集叶，名叫容成；九月上寅日采集花，名叫金精；十二月上寅日采集根茎，名叫长生。四味都阴干，百日取等分，以成日合捣千杵为末，每用酒送服一钱匕。或者用蜜做成梧桐子大的丸剂。酒服七丸，一日三次。百日，身体轻润泽；一年，白发变黑；服用二年，牙齿脱落再生；五年，八十岁老翁，变为儿童。孟诜说：正月采叶，五月五日采茎，九月九日采花。
服食白菊：《太清灵宝方》引用：九月九日白菊花二斤，茯苓一斤。一起捣罗为末。每次服二钱，温酒调下，日服三次。或者用炼过的松脂和丸如鸡蛋大，每次服一丸。主治头眩，长期服用让人面色好不老。陈藏器说：《抱朴子》言刘生丹法，用白菊汁、莲花汁、地血汁、樗汁，和丹蒸服。
白菊花酒：《天宝单方》：治疗丈夫、妇人久患头风眩晕闷痛，头发干枯脱落，胸中痰壅，每次发作即头晕眼昏，不知不觉想倒下的，就是这种症状。先灸两风池穴各十四壮，并服此酒及散，永愈。方法：春末夏初，收白菊软苗，阴干捣末，空腹取一方寸匕和无灰酒服下，日服两次，逐渐加到三方寸匕。如果不饮酒者，只和羹粥汁服，也可以。秋八月合花收曝干，切取三大斤，用生绢袋盛，贮三大斗酒中，经过七日服它，日三次，常令酒气相续为佳。（苏颂《图经本草》）
风热头痛：菊花、石膏、川芎各三钱，为末。每次服一钱半，茶调下。（《简便方》）
痘入目生翳障：用白菊花、谷精草、绿豆皮等分，为末。每次用一钱，以干柿饼一枚，粟米泔水一盏，同煮候泔尽，吃柿，日食三枚。浅者五七日，远者半月，见效。（《仁斋直指方》）
病后生翳：白菊花、蝉蜕等分，为散。每次用二三钱，入蜜少许，水煎服。大人小儿皆宜，屡验。（《救急方》）
疔肿垂死：菊花一握，捣汁一升，入口即活，这是神验方。冬月采根。（《肘后备急方》）
女人阴肿：甘菊苗捣烂煎汤，先熏后洗。（危氏《得效方》）
酒醉不醒：九月九日真菊花为末，饮服方寸匕。（《外台秘要》）
眼目昏花：双美丸：用甘菊花一斤，红椒（去目）六两，为末，用新地黄汁和丸梧子大。每次……
花上水
【主治】益色壮阳，治一切风（大明）。
[Names] Chousu (from *Riben Bencao*), Qingbaosu.
Li Shizhen said: *Ribenzi* explains Shuisu as follows: It is also called Chousu and Qingbaosu; this is exactly this herb, mistakenly written as Shuisu. Its shape resembles Shuisu but smells foul, and resembles Baosu but is green in color, hence the two names.
[Collection and Explanation] Chen Zangqi said: According to Su Gong: In Jiangzuo, Shuisu is called Qisu. Note: Shuisu leaves have edges like goose teeth, with a fragrant and pungent aroma. Qisu leaves are slightly longer, hairy on top, with a foul smell, and can also be eaten as a raw vegetable.
Li Shizhen said: Qisu grows in flatlands everywhere. The leaves resemble wild Su but are slightly longer, hairy and foul-smelling. Mountain people eat it as a vegetable, but the leaves are not very good.
[Aroma and Flavor] Pungent, warm, non-toxic.
[Indications] Diarrhea and dysentery caused by cold qi. Eating raw eliminates acid water in the stomach.
[Appendix] Shiqisu Chen Zangqi said: Pungent, warm, non-toxic. Mainly treats wind-cold qi, sores and scabies itching, hemorrhoidal bleeding; decocted juice for oral administration. Grows among mountain rocks, with fine leaves and purple flowers, one to two chi high, used by mountain people.
Xicao Category, Volume 1, 53 Species
(From *Shennong Benjing*, Upper Grade)
[Names] Jiehua (from *Benjing*), Nüjie (from *Bielu*), Nühua (from *Bielu*), Nüjing (from *Bielu*), Rijing (from *Bielu*), Gengsheng (from *Bielu*), Fuyanian (from *Bielu*), Zhiqiang (from *Erya*), Jinrui (from *Gangmu*), Yincheng (from *Bielu*), Zhouying (from *Bielu*).
Li Shizhen said: According to Lu Tian's *Piya*: The character Ju was originally written as "Ju" (鞠), derived from "Ju". "Ju" means exhaustion. *Liji · Yueling* records: In the ninth month, chrysanthemums bloom yellow flowers. The floral events reach their end here, hence called "Ju". The name Jiehua also takes its meaning from responding to solar terms. Cui Shi's *Simin Yueling* says: Nüjie and Nühua are names for chrysanthemum flowers. Zhiqiang and Rijing are names for chrysanthemum roots. *Baopuzi* says: The Rijing, Gengsheng, and Zhouying mentioned in immortal recipes all refer to the same chrysanthemum, differing only in names for root, stem, flower, and seed. Song said: Tang Dynasty's *Tianbao Danfang Tu* records white chrysanthemum: Originally native to valleys and fields in Nanyang. People in Sichuan call it Huifengju, Runan...
[Collection and Explanation] *Bielu* states: Chrysanthemum flowers grow in the rivers, marshes, and fields of Yongzhou. Roots are harvested in the first month, leaves in the third, stems in the fifth, flowers in the ninth, and fruits in the eleventh; all are dried in the shade. Tao Hongjing said: There are two types of chrysanthemum: One has purple stems, fragrant aroma, sweet taste, and leaves suitable for soup; this is true chrysanthemum. The other has green, large stems, an odor like mugwort and wormwood, and a bitter, inedible taste; named Kuyi, it is not true chrysanthemum. Their flowers look very similar, distinguished only by sweet and bitter tastes. Nanyang Li County has the most; now they grow everywhere nearby, easily propagated by seeds. There is also white chrysanthemum, with similar stems and leaves, but white flowers, harvested in May. Immortal classics consider chrysanthemum to have wonderful uses, though hard to obtain frequently; it is suitable for regular consumption. Chen Zangqi said: White chrysanthemum grows in plains and swamps, blooms in May, purple-white in color. Song said: Grows everywhere, best from Jul Tan in Nanyang. Fine seedlings sprout on the ground in early spring, lush in summer, flowers in autumn, fruits in winter. However, there are many varieties. Only those with purple stems, fragrant aroma, thick and soft leaves, edible when tender, tiny flowers, and very sweet taste are true; those with green, large stems, fine leaves, strong mugwort-like odor, large flowers, and bitter taste are named Kuyi, not true. Nanyang chrysanthemum also has two types: White chrysanthemum has leaves as large as mugwort, green stems, thin roots, white flowers with yellow centers; yellow chrysanthemum has leaves resembling tonghao, with entirely yellow flowers and centers. Those who take food-medicine usually use white. Another type blooms small flowers, with petals resembling small beads below, called Zhuziju, said to be good for medicine.
Kou Zongshi said: In recent times, there are nearly twenty species of chrysanthemum. Only those with single petals, small yellow flowers, deep green small thin leaves, blooming in September according to the season, are authentic. Single-petal white chrysanthemum from Dengzhou also enters medicine. Others are not used in medical classics.
Li Rui said: Large and fragrant flowers are Ganju; small and yellow flowers are Huangju; small flowers with foul odor are Yeju.
Li Shizhen said: There are a hundred varieties of chrysanthemum, with perennial roots growing naturally, each varying in stem, leaf, flower, and color. Liu Mengquan, Fan Zhineng, and Shi Zhengzhi of the Song Dynasty all wrote *Ju Pu*, yet could not record them all. Stems vary in growth habit (erect or creeping) and color (purple, red, green); leaves vary in size, density, thickness, shape (pointed or blunt); flowers vary in petal count (double or single), presence of center, seed production, color (yellow, white, red, purple), shade of mixed colors, and size; flavors vary in sweet, bitter, and pungent; and there are summer, autumn, and winter chrysanthemums. Generally, only single-petal, sweet-tasting ones enter medicine; those recorded in *Ju Pu* such as Ganju, Dengzhou Huang, and Dengzhou Bai are examples. Ganju originally grew in mountains and wilds, now cultivated by people. Its flowers are fragmented, quality not very high. Centers resemble bee hives, containing fine seeds, which can also be sown. Tender leaves and flowers can be fried and eaten. White chrysanthemum flowers are slightly larger, less sweet, also harvested in autumn. Chrysanthemums without seeds are called Mujú. Ash scattered on the ground kills frogs and tadpoles. This statement comes from *Zhouli*.
Flower (Leaves, roots, stems, and fruits have the same effects)
[Aroma and Flavor] Bitter, neutral, non-toxic. *Bielu* says: Sweet.
Zhang Yuansu said: Sweet ones enter medicine; bitter ones do not.
Wang Haogu said: Bitter and sweet, cold nature, ascending and descending, yin with slight yang.
Li Shizhen said: *Benjing* states chrysanthemum is bitter; *Bielu* states it is sweet. Various schools believe sweet is chrysanthemum, bitter is Kuyi, taking only sweet for medicine. Carefully checking: Zhang Hua's *Bowuzhi* says chrysanthemum has two types, seedlings and flowers identical, only taste differs slightly; bitter ones are not fit for eating. Fan Zhineng's *Pu* preface says only Ganju is edible and enters medicine/food. The remaining yellow and white flowers are both bitter; although not edible, they all enter medicine. For treating head wind, white is especially good. Based on these two statements, chrysanthemum class naturally has sweet and bitter types; food must use Ganju, while medicine can use various chrysanthemums, except using wild chrysanthemum named Kuyi. Thus Jinghuan's *Mushu Xiantan* says: True chrysanthemum extends life, wild chrysanthemum drains people. Just as Huangjing prolongs life and Gouwen kills. Xu Zhicai said: Baizhu, Gouqigen, Sangbaipi, and Qingxiangye are its guiding herbs.
[Indications] Various head winds causing dizziness, swelling, pain, eyes feeling like falling out, tearing, dead skin/muscle, aversion to wind-damp bi. Long-term use promotes blood and qi, lightens the body, resists aging, and extends life (*Benjing*). Treats lower back pain coming and going in a relaxed manner, removes chest烦热 (restless heat), calms stomach and intestines, benefits five pulses, harmonizes four limbs (*Bielu*). Treats head and eye wind-heat, wind-induced fainting, bone pain in the brain, dissipates all wandering wind on the body, benefits blood vessels, with no taboos (Zhen Quan). Making pillows brightens eyes; leaves also brighten eyes, edible raw or cooked (Daming). Nourishes eye blood, removes nebula (Yuan Su). Mainly treats liver qi deficiency
[Aroma and Flavor] Bitter, pungent, neutral, non-toxic.
[Indications] Wind dizziness, can prevent hair whitening (Hongjing). Dyes beard and hair black. Combined with Jusheng (Sesame), Fuling, and honey pills, removes wind dizziness, turns white preventing aging, benefits complexion (Cangqi).
[Invention] Zhu Zhenheng said: Yellow chrysanthemum belongs to Earth and Metal, contains Water and Fire, can nourish yin blood, thus nourishing the eyes.
Li Shizhen said: Chrysanthemum grows in spring, luxuriates in summer, flowers in autumn, fruits in winter, fully experiencing the four qi, enduring dew and frost, leaves do not fall when withered, flowers do not drop when dry, flavor combines sweet and bitter, nature is peaceful. Ancients said it removes wind-heat, benefits liver and nourishes yin, likely unaware it gains much essence from Metal and Water, benefiting both Metal and Water organs. Nourishing water controls fire; benefiting metal pacifies wood. When wood is pacified, wind stops; when fire descends, heat clears. Using it to treat various head and eye conditions has profound meaning. Yellow enters Metal-Water yin division; white enters Metal-Water yang division; red acts in women's blood division. All can enter medicine; subtlety and clarity depend on the practitioner. Seedlings can be vegetables, leaves tea, flowers food, roots/fruits medicine, bags for pillows, brewing for drink; from root to tip, all have merit. No wonder ancients compared it to gentlemen, Shennong listed it in upper grade, hermits picked it for wine, poets ate fallen petals. Fei Changfang said: Drinking chrysanthemum wine on the ninth day of the ninth month can ward off misfortune. *Shenxian Zhuan* says: Kang Fengzi and Zhu Ruzi both became immortals by taking chrysanthemum. *Jingzhou Ji* says: Hu Guang suffered long-term wind emaciation, drank Jul Tan water and lived long. Chrysanthemum is so precious, how can it be matched by common flowers? Zhong Hui's *Ode to Five Beauties of Chrysanthemum* says: Round flowers hanging high, aligning with celestial pole. Pure yellow without impurity, color of posterior earth. Planted early, blooms late, virtue of a gentleman; bursting buds through frost, symbolizing integrity; light in cup, food of immortals. *Xijing Zaji* says: Collect chrysanthemum stems and leaves, mix with sorghum rice to brew wine, ripe by next September, use it.
[Attached Formulas] Five old, six new.
Taking Ganju: *Yutan Fang* says: Wang Ziqiao turning white and increasing age formula: Use Ganju, harvest seedlings on Yin days of the third month, named Yuying; harvest leaves on Yin days of the sixth month, named Rongcheng; harvest flowers on Yin days of the ninth month, named Jingjing; harvest roots/stems on Yin days of the twelfth month, named Changsheng. Dry all four in shade, after 100 days take equal parts, pound thousand times into powder on auspicious days, take one qianbi with wine. Or make honey pills size of wutong seeds. Take seven pills with wine, three times a day. After 100 days, body light and moist; after one year, white hair turns black; after two years, lost teeth regenerate; after five years, an eighty-year-old becomes a child. Meng Shen said: Harvest leaves in first month, stems on fifth day of fifth month, flowers on ninth day of ninth month.
Taking Baiju: *Taiqing Lingbao Fang* cites: Two jin of white chrysanthemum flowers on ninth day of ninth month, one jin of Fuling. Pound and sieve into powder. Take two qian each time, mixed with warm wine, three times a day. Or make pills size of chicken eggs with refined pine resin, take one pill each time. Mainly treats dizziness; long-term use gives good complexion and prevents aging. Cangqi said: *Baopuzi* mentions Liu Sheng Dan method: Use white chrysanthemum juice, lotus juice, diexue juice, chu juice, mix with dan and steam-eat.
White Chrysanthemum Wine: *Tianbao Danfang*: Treats men and women suffering long-term head wind dizziness and stuffiness, dry falling hair, chest phlegm obstruction, where attacks cause spinning dizziness and dim vision, feeling like fainting. Moxibustion two Fengchi points, fourteen moxa cones each, then take this wine and powder, permanently cured. Method: Late spring/early summer, collect soft white chrysanthemum seedlings, dry in shade, pound to powder, take one fangcunbi empty-stomach with unfermented wine, twice daily, gradually increase to three fangcunbi. If not drinking alcohol, mix with soup/gruel juice, also effective. August/September, collect flowers, sun-dry, cut three da jin, put in raw silk bag, store in three dou of wine, take after seven days, three times daily, keeping wine effect continuous is best. (Song Su *Tujing*)
Wind-heat headache: Chrysanthemum, Shigao, Chuanxiong each three qian, powder. Take one and a half qian, mixed with tea. (*Jianbian Fang*)
Acne entering eyes causing nebula: White chrysanthemum, Gujingcao, Lvdoupi equal parts, powder. Take one qian each time, with one dried persimmon cake, one bowl of millet washing water, boil until water is gone, eat persimmon, three cakes daily. Superficial cases show effect in 5-7 days, deep in half a month. (*Renzhai Zhizhi Fang*)
Post-illness nebula: White chrysanthemum, Chantui equal parts, powder. Take two or three qian each time, add little honey, decoct in water. Suitable for adults and children, repeatedly verified. (*Jiuji Fang*)
Carbuncle near death: A handful of chrysanthemum, squeeze juice one sheng, enter mouth immediately alive, this is a divine effective formula. Harvest roots in winter. (*Zhouhou Beiji Fang*)
Women's vulvar swelling: Ganju seedlings pounded and decocted in soup, fumigate first then wash. (Wei Shi *Defang*)
Alcohol intoxication not waking: Real chrysanthemum from ninth day of ninth month powdered, drink one fangcunbi. (*Waitai Miyao*)
Blurry vision: Shuangmei Wan: Use one jin Ganju flowers, six liang Hongjiao (remove eyes), powder, mix with fresh Dihuang juice into wutong-sized pills. Each...
Flower Surface Water
[Indications] Benefits complexion, strengthens yang, treats all wind (Daming).