（《本经》下品）
【释名】 蟆（ 音惊，又音加）。
时珍曰∶按王荆公《字说》云∶俗言∶虾蟆怀土，取置远处，一夕复还其所。虽或遐
之，常慕而返，故名虾蟆。或作蛤 ，蛤言其声，
【集解】
藏器曰∶《别录》，蛤蟆一名蟾蜍，误矣。蛤蟆、蟾蜍，二物各别。陶氏以蟾蜍注蛤蟆，
遂
作呷呷声，举动极急。蟾蜍在人家湿处，身大，背黑无点，多痱磊，不能跳，不解作声，行
动迟缓。又有蛙蛤、蝼蝈、长肱、石榜、蠼子之类，或在水田中，或在沟渠侧，未见别功。
《周礼
曰∶蛤蟆有多般，勿误用。有黑虎，身小黑，嘴脚小斑。有 黄，前脚大，后腿小，
斑色，有尾子一条。有黄KT ，遍身黄色，腹下有脐带
汁出。有蝼蝈，即夜鸣，腰细口大，皮苍黑色者。有蟾，即黄斑，头上有肉角。其蛤蟆，皮
上腹下有斑点，脚短，即不鸣叫者是也。
时珍曰∶蛤蟆亦能化鹑，出《淮南子》。蛤蟆、青蛙畏蛇，而制蜈蚣。三物相值，彼此
皆不能动。故关尹子云∶ 蛆食蛇，蛇食蛙，蛙食 蛆。或云∶《月令》“蝼蝈鸣，反舌无声
”，皆谓蛤蟆也。
吴瑞曰∶长肱，石鸡也，一名锦袄子，六、七月山谷间有之，性味同水鸡。
【修治】
曰∶凡使蛤蟆，先去皮并肠及爪子，阴干。每个用真牛酥一分涂，炙干。若使黑虎，
即连头、尾、皮、爪并阴干，酒浸三日，漉出焙用。
【气味】辛，寒，有毒。
大明曰∶冷，无毒。
【主治】邪气，破症坚血，痈肿阴疮。服之不患热病（《本经》）。主辟百邪鬼魅，涂痈
肿及
【发明】
颂曰∶蛤蟆、蟾蜍，二物虽同一类，而功用小别，亦当分而用之。
时珍曰∶古方多用蛤蟆，近方多用蟾蜍，盖古人通称蟾为蛤蟆耳。今考二物功用亦不甚
远，则古人所用多是蟾蜍，且今人亦只用蟾蜍有效，而蛤蟆不复入药矣。按张杲《医说》载
《摭
草上，惹蛇交遗沥，疮中有蛇儿，冬伏夏出故也。以生蛤蟆捣敷之，日三四换。凡三日，一
小蛇自疮中出，以铁钳取之。其病遂愈。
朱震亨曰∶蛤蟆属土与水，味甘性寒，南人喜食之。本草言服之不患热病，由是病患亦
煮食之。本草之意，或炙、或干、或烧，入药用之。非若世人煮羹入椒盐而啜其汤也。此物
本湿化，大能发湿，久则湿化热。此乃土气浓，自然生火也。
【附方】旧三，新三。
风邪为病∶蛤蟆（烧灰）、朱砂等分，为末。每服一钱，水调下，日三四服，甚有神验。
（《圣惠方》）。
狂言鬼语猝死∶用蛤蟆烧末，酒服方寸匕，日三。（《外台秘要》）。
噎膈吐食∶用蛇含蛤蟆，泥包， 存性，研末。每服一钱，酒下。（《寿域方》）
瘰 溃烂∶用黑色蛤蟆一枚，去肠焙研，油调敷之。忌铁器。
头上软疖∶蛤蟆，剥皮，贴之，收毒即愈。（《活幼全书》）
蝮蛇螫伤∶生蛤蟆一枚，捣烂敷之。（《圣惠方》）
肝
【主治】蛇螫人，牙入肉中，痛不可堪。捣敷之，立出（时珍。出《肘后》）。
胆
【主治】小儿失音不语，取汁点舌上，立愈
脑
【主治】青盲，明目（《别录》）。
（收录于《神农本草经》下品）
【释名】 蟆（读音同“惊”，又读音同“加”）。
李时珍说：据王安石《字说》记载，民间俗语说：“虾蟆眷恋故土，将其捉到远处放置，一夜之间它又会回到原来的地方。即使距离遥远，它也常常思念并返回，因此得名‘虾蟆’。”也有人写作“蛤”，“蛤”是形容它的叫声。
【集解】
苏颂（注：原文藏器指苏恭/苏颂等本草学家，此处依文意译为相关本草家观点）说：《名医别录》认为蛤蟆就是蟾蜍，这是错误的。蛤蟆和蟾蜍是两种不同的动物。陶弘景用蟾蜍来注释蛤蟆，导致混淆。蛤蟆发出“呷呷”的叫声，行动非常急促。蟾蜍生活在人家潮湿的地方，身体较大，背部黑色无斑点，身上多疙瘩，不能跳跃，不会发声，行动迟缓。另外还有蛙蛤、蝼蝈、长肱、石榜、蠼子等种类，有的在水田中，有的在沟渠边，未见有其他特殊功效。《周礼》说：蛤蟆有多种类型，不要误用。其中有黑虎，身体小黑，嘴脚有小斑点。有黄[缺字]，前脚大，后腿小，有斑纹，有一条尾巴。有黄KT [缺字]，全身黄色，腹部下有脐带状分泌物流出。有蝼蝈，即夜间鸣叫，腰细口大，皮色苍黑的。有蟾，即黄斑，头上有肉角的。所谓的蛤蟆，皮上有斑点，腹部下方也有斑点，脚短，就是不鸣叫的那种。
李时珍说：蛤蟆也能化为鹌鹑，出自《淮南子》。蛤蟆和青蛙害怕蛇，但能克制蜈蚣。这三种生物相遇，彼此都不能动弹。所以关尹子说：“蛆吃蛇，蛇吃蛙，蛙吃蛆。”有人说：《月令》中提到的“蝼蝈鸣，反舌无声”，说的都是蛤蟆。
吴瑞说：长肱，就是石鸡，又名锦袄子，六七月在山谷间有，性味与水鸡相同。
【修治】
雷敩说：凡是使用蛤蟆，先去掉皮、肠子和爪子，阴干。每个蛤蟆用真牛酥一分涂抹，炙烤至干。如果要使用黑虎，就连同头、尾、皮、爪一起阴干，用酒浸泡三天，捞出焙干后使用。
【气味】辛，寒，有毒。
孟诜说：冷，无毒。
【主治】邪气，破除症坚血（积聚坚硬的瘀血），痈肿阴疮。服用后不会患热病（《神农本草经》）。主要功效是辟除各种邪气鬼魅，涂抹治疗痈肿及……
【发明】
苏颂说：蛤蟆和蟾蜍，这两种动物虽然属于同一类，但功用略有不同，应当分开使用。
李时珍说：古方多用蛤蟆，近世方剂多用蟾蜍，大概古人通称蟾为蛤蟆罢了。现在考证二者的功用也不相太远，那么古人所用的多是蟾蜍，而且现在人也只用蟾蜍有效，而蛤蟆不再入药了。据张杲《医说》记载，《摭草上》提到，被蛇交配留下的唾液沾染，疮中有蛇仔，因为冬天潜伏夏天出来。用生蛤蟆捣烂敷在患处，每天换三四次。凡三天，一条小蛇从疮中出来，用铁钳取出。病随即痊愈。
朱震亨说：蛤蟆属土与水，味甘性寒，南方人喜欢食用它。本草说服用它不会患热病，因此病人也煮食它。本草的意思，或者是炙烤、或者是晒干、或者是烧成炭，入药使用。并不是像世人那样煮羹加入椒盐喝汤。这种物原本湿气重，大能引发湿气，久了湿气化热。这是土气浓厚，自然生火的结果。
【附方】旧方三首，新方三首。
风邪致病：蛤蟆（烧成灰）、朱砂各等分，研为末。每次服一钱，水调下，每日三四次，非常有神效。（《圣惠方》）。
狂言乱语猝死：用蛤蟆烧成末，酒送服一方寸匕，每日三次。（《外台秘要》）。
噎膈吐食：用蛇含石包裹蛤蟆，泥封煅存性，研为末。每次服一钱，酒送下。（《寿域方》）
瘰疬溃烂：用黑色蛤蟆一枚，去肠焙干研末，用油调敷患处。忌用铁器。
头上软疖：蛤蟆，剥皮贴敷，收毒后即可痊愈。（《活幼全书》）
蝮蛇螫伤：生蛤蟆一枚，捣烂敷之。（《圣惠方》）
肝
【主治】蛇咬伤人，毒牙留在肉中，疼痛难忍。捣烂敷之，毒牙立刻拔出（李时珍引自《肘后备急方》）。
胆
【主治】小儿失音不语，取胆汁点涂舌上，立即痊愈。
脑
【主治】青盲（视力障碍），明目（《名医别录》）。
(Recorded in the Lower Category of *Shennong Bencao Jing*)
**Names:** Ma (pronounced like "Jing", also pronounced like "Jia").
Li Shizhen states: According to Wang Anshi's *Zishuo*, folk sayings state: "The frog loves its native soil; if taken and placed far away, it returns to its original location overnight. Even if distant, it often longs for and returns, hence named 'Xia Ma' (shrimp-frog)." Some write it as "Ge"; "Ge" refers to its sound.
**Collection and Explanation:**
Su Gong says: The *Bielu* states that Ge Ma is one name for Chan Chu (Toad), which is incorrect. Ge Ma and Chan Chu are two distinct creatures. Tao Hongjing annotated Ge Ma with Chan Chu, leading to confusion. Ge Ma makes a "ga ga" sound and moves very quickly. Chan Chu lives in damp places around houses, has a larger body, black back without spots, many warts, cannot jump, does not make sounds, and moves slowly. There are also types such as Wa Ge, Lou Guo, Chang Gong, Shi Bang, and Qu Zi, some found in rice fields, others by ditches, with no other observed efficacy. The *Rites of Zhou* states: There are many types of frogs/amphibians, do not use them incorrectly. Among them is Hei Hu (Black Tiger), small black body, small mouth and feet with spots. There is Huang [missing character], large front legs, small hind legs, spotted color, with one tail. There is Huang KT [missing character], yellow all over, with umbilical-like fluid flowing from under the belly. There is Lou Guo, which cries at night, thin waist, large mouth, gray-black skin. There is Chan, which is yellow-spotted with fleshy horns on the head. The so-called Ge Ma has spots on its skin and underbelly, short legs, and is the type that does not croak.
Li Shizhen states: Ge Ma can transform into a quail, as recorded in *Huainanzi*. Ge Ma and Qing Wa (Green Frog) fear snakes but control centipedes. When these three creatures meet, none can move. Thus, Guan Yinzi said: "Leeches eat snakes, snakes eat frogs, frogs eat leeches." Some say: In the *Yueling* ("Lou Guo cries, Fan She falls silent"), this refers to Ge Ma.
Wu Rui states: Chang Gong is Shi Ji (Stone Chicken), also known as Jin Ao Zi, found in valleys during the sixth and seventh months, with nature and flavor similar to Shui Ji (Water Chicken).
**Processing:**
Lei Xiao states: When using Ge Ma, first remove the skin, intestines, and claws, and dry in the shade. For each specimen, apply one fen of true beef suet, roast until dry. If using Hei Hu, dry the head, tail, skin, and claws together in the shade, soak in wine for three days, strain, and bake for use.
**Nature and Flavor:** Acrid, Cold, Toxic.
Meng Shen states: Cold, Non-toxic.
**Indications:** Evil qi, breaking accumulation and hard blood stasis, carbuncles, and yin sores. Taking it prevents heat diseases (*Shennong Bencao Jing*). It primarily repels various evil spirits and demons, and is applied topically for carbuncles and...
**Elucidation:**
Su Song states: Although Ge Ma and Chan Chu belong to the same category, their functions differ slightly and should be used separately.
Li Shizhen states: Ancient formulas mostly used Ge Ma, while recent formulas mostly use Chan Chu, likely because ancients generally referred to Chan as Ge Ma. Now examining their functions, they are not far apart; thus, what ancients used was mostly Chan Chu. Moreover, modern people only find Chan Chu effective, and Ge Ma is no longer used in medicine. According to Zhang Gao's *Yishuo*, recorded in *Zhicao Shang*, being touched by snake mating saliva causes a sore containing snake offspring, which hibernate in winter and emerge in summer. Applying crushed fresh Ge Ma to the site, changing 3-4 times daily, results in a small snake emerging from the sore after three days, which is removed with iron tweezers, curing the disease.
Zhu Zhenheng states: Ge Ma belongs to Earth and Water, with sweet taste and cold nature; southerners enjoy eating it. The Materia Medica states that taking it prevents heat diseases, so patients also boil and eat it. The intent of the Materia Medica is to use it roasted, dried, or charred for medicinal purposes, not like common people who boil it into soup with pepper and salt. This substance is inherently damp, greatly inducing dampness, which eventually transforms into heat due to prolonged exposure. This is because the Earth Qi is dense, naturally generating fire.
**Attached Prescriptions:** Three old prescriptions, three new prescriptions.
Disease caused by Wind Evil: Ge Ma (charred to ash) and Cinnabar in equal parts, ground into powder. Take one qian per dose, mixed with water, 3-4 times daily, highly effective (*Shenghui Fang*).
Manic speech, ghostly talk, sudden death: Use Ge Ma burnt to powder, taken with wine, one fangcun bi per dose, three times daily (*Waitai Miyao*).
Dysphagia and vomiting food: Wrap Ge Ma with Shehan Stone, seal with mud, calcine preserving its nature, grind to powder. Take one qian per dose, washed down with wine (*Shouyu Fang*).
Scrofula ulceration: Use one black Ge Ma, remove intestines, bake and grind, mix with oil for topical application. Avoid iron vessels.
Soft boil on head: Peel Ge Ma and apply to the site; removing the toxin leads to cure (*Huoyou Quan Shu*).
Viper bite: Crush one fresh Ge Ma and apply (*Shenghui Fang*).
Liver
**Indications:** Snake bites where teeth remain in flesh, unbearable pain. Crush and apply; teeth are immediately expelled (Li Shizhen, citing *Zhouhou Beiji Fang*).
Gallbladder
**Indications:** Infantile aphonia. Extract juice and apply to tongue; immediate cure.
Brain
**Indications:** Qing Mang (blindness), brightens eyes (*Bielu*).