（《纲目》）
【集解】时珍曰∶按《唐书》云∶ 宾国贡食蛇鼠，喙尖尾赤，能食蛇。有被蛇螫者，
以鼠嗅而尿之即愈。今虽不闻说此，恐时有贡者，存此以备考证。
尿
【主治】蛇虺伤螫（时珍）。
（《本经》中品）
【校正】旧在虫鱼部，今据《尔雅》移入兽部。
【释名】 （古 字，或作 ）、
时珍曰∶按∶《说文》 字篆文象形，头足似鼠，故有鼠名。
宗 曰∶ 皮治胃逆，开胃气有功。其字从虫从胃，深有理焉。
【集解】《别录》曰∶ 生楚山川谷田野。取无时，勿使中湿。
弘景曰∶处处野中时有此兽。人犯之，便藏头足，毛刺人，不可得捉。能跳入虎耳中，
而见鹊便自仰腹受啄，物相制如此。其脂烊铁，中入少水银则柔如铅锡。《蜀图经》曰∶
状如 、豚。大者如豚，小者如瓜。脚短多刺，尾长寸余，惟苍白色。脚似猪蹄者佳；鼠脚
者次之。去肉，取皮火干。又有山枳鼠，皮正相似，但尾端有两歧为别；又有虎鼠，皮亦相
类，但以味酸为别；又有山豚，颇相似，而皮类兔皮，其色褐，味甚苦，俱不堪用。
时珍曰∶ 之头、嘴似鼠，刺毛似豪猪，蜷缩则形如芡房及栗房，攒毛外刺，尿之即开
。《炙毂子》云∶刺端分两头者为 ，如棘针者为KT 。与蜀说不同。《广韵》云∶似 而
赤尾者，名暨居。
【正误】恭曰∶ 极狞钝。大如豚，小如瓜。恶鹊声，故反腹受啄，欲掩取之，犹鹬、
蚌也。虎耳不受鸡卵，且去地三尺， 何能跳之而入。野俗鄙言，遂为雅记，深可怪也。
宗 曰∶《唐本》注摈陶，理亦当然。
时珍曰∶按《淮南子》云∶ 使虎申，蛇令豹止。又云∶鹊屎中 。《纬书》云∶火烁
金，故鹊啄 。观此则陶说非妄也，而苏氏斥之，寇氏和之，非矣。蜈蚣制龙、蛇，蜒蚰、
蛞蝓制蜈蚣，岂在大小利钝耶？物畏其天耳。《蜀图经》所谓虎鼠即 鼠，亦 中一种也。
孙云∶ ，鼠属，能飞，食虎豹。《谈薮》云∶虎不敢入山林，而居草薄者，畏木上有
鼠
也。鼠见虎过，则咆噪拔毛投之，虎必生虫疮溃烂至死。 、 音相近耳。 能制虎，观此
益可征矣。今正其误。
皮
【修治】细锉，炒黑入药。
【气味】苦，平，无毒。
甄权曰∶甘，有小毒。得酒良。畏桔梗、麦门冬。
【主治】五痔阴蚀，下血赤白，五色血汁不止，阴肿，痛引腰背，酒煮杀之（《本经》）。
疗腹痛疝积，烧灰酒服（《别录》）。治肠风泻血，痔病有头，多年不瘥，炙末，白饮服方寸
匕。烧灰吹鼻，止衄血。甚解一切药力（《药性》）。
【附方】旧五，新八。
五痔下血∶《衍义》云∶用 皮合穿山甲等分烧存性，入肉
豆蔻一半，末之。空腹热米饮服二钱，妙。《外台》∶用 皮方三指大，熏黄如枣大，熟
艾一钱，穿地作坑，调和取便熏之，取口中有烟气为佳。火气稍尽即停，三日将息，更熏之，
三度永瘥。勿犯风冷，羹 将养，切忌鸡、鱼、猪、生冷，二十日后补之。
肠痔有虫∶ 皮烧末，生油和涂。（《简要济众》）
肠风下血∶白刺 皮一枚（铫内 焦，去皮留刺），木贼半两（炒黑），为末。每服二钱，
热酒调下。（《杨氏家藏方》）
蛊毒下血∶ 皮烧末，水服方寸匕，当吐出毒。（《千金翼》）
五色痢疾∶ 皮烧灰，酒服二钱。（《寿域方》）
大肠脱肛∶ 皮一斤（烧），磁石（ ）五钱，桂心五钱，为末。每服二钱，米饮下。（叶
氏《摘玄》）
塞鼻止衄∶ 皮一枚，烧末。每用半钱，绵裹塞之，数易之瘥。（《圣惠方》）
鼻中息肉∶ 皮炙为末，绵裹塞之三日。（《千金》）
眼睫倒刺∶ 刺、枣针、白芷、青黛等分为末。随左右目搐鼻中，口含冷水。（《瑞竹
堂方》）
反胃吐食∶ 皮烧灰，酒服。或煮汁，或五味淹炙食。（《普济》）
小儿惊啼，状如物刺∶用 皮三寸烧末，敷乳头饮儿。（《子母秘录》）
犬咬伤∶ 皮、头发等分烧灰，水服。（《外台方》）
肉
【气味】甘，平，无毒。
藏器曰∶食之去骨。误食令人瘦劣，诸节渐小也。
【主治】反胃，炙黄食之。亦煮汁饮。又主 （藏器）。炙食，肥下焦，理胃气，令人
能食（孟诜）。
脂
【气味】同肉。诜曰∶可煮五金八石，伏雄黄，柔铁。
【主治】肠风泻血（《日华》）。溶滴耳中，治聋
【附方】新一。
虎爪伤人∶刺 脂，日日敷之。内服香油。
脑
【主治】野狼 （时珍）。
心、肝
【主治】蚁 蜂 ，瘰 恶疮，烧灰，酒服一钱（时珍）。
胆
【主治】点目，止泪。化水，涂痔疮（时珍）。治鹰食病（寇宗 ）。
【附方】新一。
痘后风眼∶发则两睑红烂眵泪。用刺 胆汁，用簪点入，痒不可当，二三次即愈。尤胜
乌鸦胆也。（董炳《集验方》）
（《本草纲目》）
【集解】李时珍说：据《唐书》记载，宾国进贡食蛇鼠，这种鼠嘴尖尾巴红，能吃蛇。有人被蛇咬伤后，用这种鼠嗅其伤口并排尿在伤口上，伤口即刻痊愈。如今虽不再听说此事，但恐怕偶尔仍有进贡，故保留此记载以备考证。
尿
【主治】治疗蛇及毒蛇咬伤（李时珍）。
（《神农本草经》列为中品）
【校正】旧版将其归入虫鱼部，现依据《尔雅》将其移入兽部。
【释名】 （古字，或写作 ）、
李时珍说：按《说文解字》，该字的篆文是象形字，头足像鼠，所以有“鼠”的名称。
苏颂说：该动物的皮能治疗胃气上逆，对开胃气有功。它的字形从“虫”从“胃”，道理很深奥。
【集解】《名医别录》说：该动物生长在楚地的山川、田野。采集没有固定时间，但不要让它受潮。
陶弘景说：野外到处都有这种野兽。人碰到它，它就会把头脚藏起来，身上的刺扎向人，无法捕捉。它能跳进老虎耳朵里，见到喜鹊就会仰起肚子接受啄击，万物相生相克就是这样。它的油脂熔化铁器，如果加入少量水银，就会变得像铅锡一样柔软。《蜀图经》说：形状像 、豚。大的像豚，小的像瓜。脚短多刺，尾巴长一寸多，颜色只有苍白色。脚像猪蹄的最好；像鼠脚的次之。去掉肉，取皮用火烘干。还有山枳鼠，皮非常相似，只是尾巴末端分叉作为区别；又有虎鼠，皮也类似，只是味道酸作为区别；又有山豚，颇相似，但皮像兔皮，颜色褐，味道极苦，都不堪使用。
李时珍说： 的头、嘴像鼠，刺毛像豪猪，蜷缩起来形状像芡实房和栗子房，攒聚的毛向外刺出，排尿后就会张开。《炙毂子》说：刺端分两头的为 ，像棘针的为KT 。这与蜀地的说法不同。《广韵》说：像 而尾巴红的，名叫暨居。
【正误】恭说： 极其凶猛迟钝。大的像豚，小的像瓜。讨厌喜鹊的声音，所以反过肚子接受啄击，想要趁机捕捉它，就像鹬蚌相争一样。老虎耳朵不接受鸡卵，而且离地三尺， 怎么能跳进去呢？这是野俗鄙陋之言，却被记录在雅正的史书中，实在令人奇怪。
苏颂说：《唐本草》注疏排斥陶弘景的观点，道理也是应当的。
李时珍说：按《淮南子》记载： 使老虎伸直身体（屈服），蛇让豹子停止行动。又说：喜鹊屎中有 。《纬书》说：火克金，所以喜鹊啄 。看这些记载，陶弘景的说法并非妄言，而苏颂斥责他，寇宗奭附和苏颂，这是错误的。蜈蚣能制伏龙、蛇，蜒蚰、蛞蝓能制伏蜈蚣，难道在于大小利钝吗？不过是物性畏服其天敌罢了。《蜀图经》所说的虎鼠即 鼠，也是 中的一种。
孙思邈说： ，鼠属，能飞，吃虎豹。《谈薮》说：老虎不敢进入山林，而居住在草丛中的原因，是畏惧树上有 鼠。 鼠看见老虎经过，就咆哮噪叫，拔下毛发投掷过去，老虎必定生虫疮溃烂而死。 、 读音相近罢了。 能制伏老虎，看这个记载更加可以证实了。现在纠正其中的错误。
皮
【修治】细切，炒黑后入药。
【气味】苦，平，无毒。
甄权说：甘，有小毒。得酒良效。畏桔梗、麦门冬。
【主治】治疗五种痔疮引起的阴部腐蚀，便血赤白，五色血汁不止，阴部肿胀，疼痛牵引腰背，用酒煮杀后服用（《神农本草经》）。
治疗腹痛疝积，烧成灰后用酒送服（《名医别录》）。治疗肠风泻血，痔病有头，多年不愈，炙烤后研末，用白开水送服一方寸匕。烧成灰吹入鼻中，止住鼻出血。能极大解除各种药物的毒性（《药性论》）。
【附方】旧方五个，新方八个。
五痔下血：《衍义》说：用 皮与穿山甲各等分烧存性，加入一半量的肉豆蔻，研末。空腹用热米汤送服二钱，效果奇妙。《外台秘要》：用 皮约三指宽大小，熏黄如枣大，熟艾一钱，在地上挖坑，调和好后在下面熏烤，以口中有烟气为佳。火气稍尽就停止，休息三天，再熏，三次后永远痊愈。不要受风冷，喝羹汤调养，切忌鸡、鱼、猪肉、生冷食物，二十日后再进补。
肠痔有虫： 皮烧成末，用生油调和涂抹。（《简要济众方》）
肠风下血：白刺 皮一枚（在锅中炒焦，去皮留刺），木贼半两（炒黑），研末。每次服二钱，用热酒调下。（《杨氏家藏方》）
蛊毒下血： 皮烧成末，用水送服一方寸匕，应当吐出毒物。（《千金翼方》）
五色痢疾： 皮烧成灰，用酒送服二钱。（《寿域方》）
大肠脱肛： 皮一斤（烧），磁石（ ）五钱，桂心五钱，研末。每次服二钱，用米汤送下。（叶氏《摘玄方》）
塞鼻止衄： 皮一枚，烧成末。每次用半钱，用棉包裹塞入鼻孔，多次更换即可痊愈。（《圣惠方》）
鼻中息肉： 皮炙烤后研末，用棉包裹塞入三日。（《千金方》）
眼睫倒刺： 刺、枣针、白芷、青黛等分为末。根据左右眼搐动情况，将药粉搐入鼻中，口中含冷水。（《瑞竹堂方》）
反胃吐食： 皮烧成灰，用酒送服。或者煮汁，或者用五味淹渍炙烤食用。（《普济方》）
小儿惊啼，状如被物刺：用 皮三寸烧成末，敷在乳头上给婴儿吸吮。（《子母秘录》）
犬咬伤： 皮、头发等分烧成灰，用水送服。（《外台方》）
肉
【气味】甘，平，无毒。
陈藏器说：食用可以去骨。误食使人瘦弱，全身关节逐渐变小。
【主治】治疗反胃，炙黄后食用。也可以煮汁饮用。又主治 （陈藏器）。炙食，能肥厚下焦，调理胃气，让人能进食（孟诜）。
脂
【气味】同肉。孟诜说：可煮五金八石，伏雄黄，柔化铁。
【主治】肠风泻血（《日华子本草》）。溶化滴入耳中，治疗耳聋
【附方】新方一个。
虎爪伤人：涂 脂，每天敷用。内服香油。
脑
【主治】治疗野狼 （李时珍）。
心、肝
【主治】治疗蚁 、蜂 、瘰疬恶疮，烧成灰，用酒送服一钱（李时珍）。
胆
【主治】点入眼中，止泪。化水，涂抹痔疮（李时珍）。治疗鹰食病（寇宗奭）。
【附方】新方一个。
痘后风眼：发作时两眼睑红肿糜烂流泪。用刺 胆汁，用簪子点入眼中，痒不可当，两三次即愈。尤其胜过乌鸦胆。（董炳《集验方》）
(Compendium of Materia Medica)
[Collected Explanations] Li Shizhen said: According to the *Book of Tang*, the Kingdom of Bin paid tribute to "snake-eating rats" (Shishe Shu). These rats have pointed beaks and red tails, and they can eat snakes. If someone is bitten by a snake, applying the urine of this rat after it has sniffed the wound will cure it immediately. Although this is no longer heard of today, there may occasionally still be tributes, so this record is preserved for verification.
Urine
[Indications] Treats snake and venomous snake bites (Li Shizhen).
(Classified as Middle Grade in the *Shennong Bencao Jing*)
[Correction] Previously classified in the Insect and Fish section, it is now moved to the Beast section based on the *Erya*.
[Names] (Ancient character, or written as ),
Li Shizhen said: According to the *Shuowen Jiezi*, the seal script of this character is pictographic; its head and feet resemble a rat, hence the name "rat".
Su Song said: The skin of this animal treats rebellious stomach Qi and is effective in opening stomach Qi. Its character consists of the radicals "insect" and "stomach", which holds deep reasoning.
[Collected Explanations] The *Mingyi Bielu* states: This animal grows in the mountains, rivers, fields, and countryside of Chu. It can be collected at any time, but care must be taken not to let it become damp.
Tao Hongjing said: This beast is sometimes found in the wild everywhere. When touched by humans, it hides its head and feet, and its spines prick people, making it difficult to catch. It can jump into a tiger's ear, and when it sees a magpie, it exposes its belly to be pecked. Such is the mutual restraint among things. Its fat melts iron; if a small amount of mercury is added, it becomes soft like lead and tin. The *Shu Tujing* says: It resembles [character missing] and pigs. Large ones are like pigs, small ones like melons. Its legs are short and spiny, its tail is over an inch long, and it is only pale white. Those with hooves resembling pig trotters are best; those with rat-like feet are inferior. Remove the flesh and dry the skin over fire. There is also the "mountain zhi rat," whose skin is very similar, distinguished only by a forked tail tip; there is also the "tiger rat," with similar skin, distinguished by a sour taste; and there is the "mountain pig," which is quite similar but has rabbit-like brown skin and a very bitter taste, none of which are suitable for use.
Li Shizhen said: The head and snout of [the animal] resemble a rat, and its spines resemble those of a hedgehog. When curled up, it looks like the husks of chestnuts or water caltrops, with spines pointing outward; its urine causes it to uncurl. The *Zhi Gu Zi* states: Those with bifurcated spine tips are called [character], while those with spine tips like thorns are called KT. This differs from the Shu description. The *Guangyun* states: Those resembling [character] with red tails are named Ji Ju.
[Correction of Errors] Gong said: [The animal] is extremely fierce yet dull. Large ones are like pigs, small ones like melons. It dislikes the sound of magpies, hence it exposes its belly to be pecked, attempting to ambush them, much like the snipe and clam. A tiger's ear does not accept chicken eggs, and since it is three feet off the ground, how could [the animal] jump into it? This is vulgar folklore mistakenly recorded in elegant texts, which is deeply strange.
Su Song said: The commentary in the *Tang Bencao* rejecting Tao Hongjing is logically appropriate.
Li Shizhen said: According to the *Huainanzi*: "[The animal] makes tigers extend their bodies, and snakes make leopards stop." It also states: "Magpie droppings contain [the animal]." The *Wei Shu* states: "Fire melts metal, therefore magpies peck [the animal]." Based on these records, Tao's statement is not baseless. Su's criticism and Kou's agreement are incorrect. Centipedes control dragons and snakes, and slugs/snails control centipedes; is this due to size or sharpness? It is merely that creatures fear their natural predators. The "tiger rat" mentioned in the *Shu Tujing* is indeed a type of [the animal].
Sun Simiao said: [The animal] belongs to the rat family, can fly, and eats tigers and leopards. The *Tansou* states: Tigers do not dare enter forests but dwell in grass because they fear the [rat] in the trees. When a [rat] sees a tiger pass, it roars and throws shed hairs; the tiger will inevitably develop parasitic sores, ulcerate, and die. The characters for [animal] and [rat] are phonetically similar. [The animal] can control tigers; this evidence further confirms it. I hereby correct this error.
Skin
[Preparation] Finely chop, stir-fry until black, then use in prescriptions.
[Properties and Flavor] Bitter, neutral, non-toxic.
Zhen Quan said: Sweet, slightly toxic. Enhanced by wine. Adversely affected by Platycodon Root (Jiegeng) and Ophiopogon Tuber (Mendong).
[Indications] Treats five types of hemorrhoids with genital erosion, bloody leukorrhea, continuous bleeding of five colors, genital swelling, pain radiating to the lower back. Boil in wine to kill toxicity before use (*Shennong Bencao Jing*).
Treats abdominal pain and hernia masses; burn to ash and take with wine (*Mingyi Bielu*). Treats wind-intestinal bleeding and hemorrhoids with protruding heads that have persisted for years; roast, powder, and take one cun-bi with plain water. Burn to ash and insufflate into the nose to stop epistaxis. Greatly resolves the potency of all other drugs (*Yaoxing Lun*).
[Attached Prescriptions] Five old, eight new.
Hemorrhoidal bleeding (Five Hemorrhoids): The *Yanyi* states: Use equal parts of [animal] skin and Pangolin Scales, calcined to retain property, mixed with half the amount of Nutmeg, powdered. Take two qian with hot rice water on an empty stomach; excellent. The *Waitai Mi Yao*: Use [animal] skin about three finger-widths large, Xionghuang (Realgar) the size of a date, and cooked mugwort one qian. Dig a pit, mix ingredients, and fumigate over the pit; aim for smoke to enter the mouth. Stop when fire subsides; rest for three days, then fumigate again. After three times, it is permanently cured. Avoid wind and cold; nourish with soups; strictly avoid chicken, fish, pork, and raw/cold foods; supplement diet after twenty days.
Intestinal hemorrhoids with parasites: Powder the [animal] skin, mix with raw oil, and apply (*Jianyao Jizhong Fang*).
Wind-intestinal bleeding: One piece of White Thorn [animal] skin (roasted in a pot until charred, skin removed, spines kept), half liang of Equisetum Ramulum (Mu Zei, stir-fried black), powdered. Take two qian each time, mixed with hot wine (*Yang Shi Jiacang Fang*).
Gu poison bleeding: Powder the [animal] skin, take one cun-bi with water; poison should be vomited out (*Qianjin Yifang*).
Dysentery of five colors: Burn [animal] skin to ash, take two qian with wine (*Shouyu Fang*).
Rectal prolapse: One jin of [animal] skin (calcined), five qian of Magnetite (Ci Shi, prepared), five qian of Cinnamon Heart (Guixin), powdered. Take two qian each time with rice water (Ye Shi *Zhai Xuan Fang*).
Nasal packing to stop epistaxis: One piece of [animal] skin, burned to powder. Use half a qian, wrapped in cotton, pack into the nose; change frequently until healed (*Shenghui Fang*).
Nasal polyps: Roast [animal] skin to powder, wrap in cotton, pack for three days (*Qianjin Fang*).
Inverted eyelashes: Powder the spines of [animal], Zaozhen (Jujube Spine), Angelica Dahurica (Baizhi), and Indigo Naturalis (Qingdai) in equal parts. Insufflate into the nostril corresponding to the affected eye while holding cold water in the mouth (*Ruizhutang Fang*).
Rebellious stomach and vomiting: Burn [animal] skin to ash, take with wine. Or boil in water, or marinate with five flavors and roast/eat (*Puji Fang*).
Infantile fright crying, feeling like being pricked: Burn three cun of [animal] skin to powder, apply to nipple for infant to suckle (*Zimu Milu*).
Dog bite: Equal parts of [animal] skin and human hair, burned to ash, taken with water (*Waitai Fang*).
Flesh
[Properties and Flavor] Sweet, neutral, non-toxic.
Chen Zangqi said: Eating it removes bones. Accidental ingestion causes emaciation and gradual shrinking of joints.
[Indications] Treats rebellious stomach; roast until yellow and eat. Can also be boiled for drinking. Also treats [condition] (Chen Zangqi). Roasted consumption fattens the lower jiao, regulates stomach Qi, and promotes appetite (Meng Shen).
Fat
[Properties and Flavor] Same as flesh. Meng Shen said: Can melt the five metals and eight minerals, subdue Realgar (Xionghuang), and soften iron.
[Indications] Wind-intestinal bleeding (*Rihuazi Bencao*). Melt and drip into ears to treat deafness.
[Attached Prescriptions] One new.
Tiger claw injury: Apply [animal] fat daily. Internally take sesame oil.
Brain
[Indications] Treats wolf bites (Li Shizhen).
Heart and Liver
[Indications] Treats ant stings, bee stings, scrofula, and malignant sores; burn to ash, take one qian with wine (Li Shizhen).
Gallbladder
[Indications] Drip into eyes to stop tearing. Dilute with water and apply to hemorrhoids (Li Shizhen). Treats hawk-eating disease (Kou Zongshi).
[Attached Prescriptions] One new.
Post-smallpox wind-eye: Onset presents with red, ulcerated eyelids and tearing. Use [animal] gallbladder bile, apply with an hairpin; itching is intense, heals in two or three applications. Superior to crow gallbladder (Dong Bing *Jiyian Fang*).