（宋《图经》）
颂曰∶苦、辛，寒，有毒。主蛊除风。叶∶疗疮疥。生秦州。叶似桑。三月采叶，五月、
六月采根。
（《拾遗》）
【释名】黄藜芦（《纲目》）、鹿骊。
【集解】藏器曰∶陶弘景注漏芦云∶一名鹿骊。南人用苗，北人用根。按∶鹿骊乃木藜
芦，非漏芦也。乃树生，如茱萸树，高二、三尺，有毒。
时珍曰∶鹿骊，俚人呼为黄藜芦，小树也。叶如樱桃叶，狭而长，多皱纹。四月开细黄
花。五月结小长子，如小豆大。
【气味】苦、辛，温，有毒。
【主治】疥癣、杀虫（藏器）。
（《本经》下品）
【释名】其母名乌头。
时珍曰∶初种为乌头，象乌之头也。附乌头而生者为附子，如子附母也。乌头如芋魁，
附子如芋子，盖一物也。别有草乌头、白附子，故俗呼此为黑附子，川乌头以别之。诸家不
分乌头有川、草两种，皆混杂注解，今悉正之。
【集解】《别录》曰∶附子生犍为山谷及广汉。冬月采为附子，春月采为乌头。
弘景曰∶乌头与附子同根。附子八月采，八角者良。乌头四月采。春时茎初生有脑
头，如乌鸟之头，故谓之乌头。有两歧共蒂，状如牛角者，名乌喙。取汁煎为射罔。天雄
似附子，细而长，乃至三、四寸。侧子即附子边角之大者。并是同根，而《本经》附子出犍
为，天雄出少室，乌头出朗陵，分生三处，当各有所宜也，今则无别矣。
恭曰∶天雄、附子、乌头，并以蜀道绵州、龙州者佳，俱以八月采造。余处虽有造得者，
力弱，都不相似。江南来者，全不堪用。大明曰∶天雄大而长，少角刺而虚；附子大而短，
有角平稳而实。乌喙似天雄，乌头次于附子，侧子小于乌头，连聚生者名为虎掌，并是天雄
一裔，子母之类，气力乃有殊等，即宿根与嫩者尔。
曰∶乌头少有茎苗，身长而乌黑，少有旁尖。乌喙皮上苍色，有尖头，大者孕八、九
个，周遭底陷，黑如乌铁。天雄身全矮，无尖，周匝四面有附子，孕十一个，皮苍色。侧子
只是附子旁，有小颗如枣核者。木鳖子是喙、附、乌、雄、侧中毗患者，不入药用。
保升曰∶正者为乌头；两歧者为乌喙；细长三、四寸者为天雄；根旁如芋散生者，为附子；
旁连生者为侧子，五物同出而异名。苗高二尺许，叶似石龙芮及艾。
宗 曰∶五者皆一物，但按大小长短以象而名之尔。
颂曰∶五者今并出蜀土，都是一种所产，其种出于龙州。冬至前，先将陆田耕五、七遍，
以
猪粪粪之，然后布种，逐月耘耔，至次年八月后方成。其苗高三、四尺，茎作四棱，叶如艾，
其花紫碧色作穗，其实细小如桑椹状，黑色。本只种附子一物，至成熟后乃有四物。以长二、
三寸者为天雄；割削附子旁尖角为侧子，附子之绝小者亦名侧子；元种者为乌头；其余大小
者，皆为附子，以八角者为上。绵州彰明县多种之，惟赤水一乡者最佳。然收采时月与本草
不同。谨按∶本草冬采为附子，春采为乌头。《博物志》言∶附子、乌头、天雄一物也，春
秋冬夏采之各异。而《广雅》云∶奚毒，附子也。一岁为侧子，二年为乌喙，三年为附子，
四年为乌头，五年为天雄。今一年种之，便有此五物。岂今人种莳之法，用力倍至，故尔繁
盛乎？
时珍曰∶乌头有两种∶出彰明者即附子之母，今人谓之川乌头是也。春末生子，故曰春
采为乌头。冬则生子已成，故曰冬采为附子。其天雄、乌喙、侧子，皆是生子多者，因象命
名；若生子少及独头者，即无此数物也。其产江左、山南等处者，乃《本经》所列乌头，今
人谓之草乌头者是也。故曰其汁煎为射罔。陶弘景不知乌头有二，以附子之乌头、注射罔之
乌头，遂致诸家疑贰，而雷 之说尤不近理。宋人杨天惠着《附子记》甚悉，今撮其要，读
之可不辩而明矣。其说云∶绵州乃故广汉地，领县八，惟彰明出附子。彰明领乡二十，惟赤
水、廉水、昌明、会昌四乡产附子，而赤水为多。每岁以上田熟在农地工作垄。取种于龙安、龙州、
齐归、木门、青堆
其花紫瓣黄蕤，长苞而圆。七月采者，谓之早水，拳缩而小，盖未长成也。九月采者乃佳。
其品凡七，本同而末异。其初种之小者为乌头；附乌头而旁生者为附子；又左右附而偶生者
为鬲子；附而长者为天雄；附而尖者为天锥；附而上出者为侧子；附而散生者，为漏篮子，
皆脉络连贯，如子附母，而附子以贵，故专附名也。凡种一而子六、七以上，则皆小；种一
而子二、三，则稍大；种一而子特生，则特大。附子之形，以蹲坐正节角少者为上，有节多
鼠乳者次之，形不正而伤缺风皱者为下。本草言附子八角者为良，其角为侧子之说，甚谬矣。
附子之色，以花白者为上，铁色者次之，青绿者为下。天雄、乌头、天锥，皆以丰实盈握者
为胜。漏篮、侧子，则园人以乞役夫，不足数也。谨按∶此记所载漏篮，即雷 所谓木鳖子，
大明所谓虎掌者也。其鬲子，即乌喙也。天锥，即天雄之类，医方亦无此名，功用当相同尔。
【修治】保升曰∶附子、乌头、天雄、侧子、乌喙，采得，以生熟汤浸半日，勿令灭气，
出以白灰 之，数易使干。又法∶以米粥及糟曲等
颂曰∶五物收时，一处造酿。其法∶先于六月内，造大小面曲。未采前半月，用大麦煮成粥，
以曲造醋，候熟去糟。其醋不用太酸，酸则以水解之。将附子去根须，于新瓮内淹七日，日
搅一遍，捞出以疏筛摊之，令生白衣。乃向慢风日中晒之百十日，以透干为度。若猛日，则
皱而皮不附肉。
时珍曰∶按《附子记》云∶此物畏恶最多，不能常熟。或种美而苗不茂，或苗秀而根不
充，或以酿而腐，或以曝而挛，若有神物阴为之者。故园人常祷于神，目为药妖。其酿法∶
用醋醅安密室中，淹覆弥月，乃发出晾干。方出酿时，其大有如拳者，已定辄不盈握，故及
一两者极难得。土人云∶但得半两以上者皆良。蜀人饵者少，惟秦陕闽浙人宜之。然秦人才
市其下者，闽浙才得其中者，其上品则皆贵人得之矣。
弘景曰∶凡用附子、乌头、天雄，皆热灰微炮令拆，勿过焦。惟姜附汤生用之。俗方每
用附子，须甘草、人参、生姜相配者，正制其毒故也。
曰∶凡使乌头，宜文武火中炮令皴拆，擘破用。若用附子，须底平有九角如铁色，一
个重一两者，即是气全。勿用杂木火，只以柳木灰火中炮令皴拆，以刀刮去上孕子，并去底
尖，擘破，于屋下平地上掘一土坑安之，一宿取出，焙干用。若阴制者，生去皮尖底，薄切，
以东流水并黑豆浸五日夜，漉出，日中晒干用。
震亨曰∶凡乌、附、天雄，须用童子小便浸透煮过，以杀其毒，并助下行之力，入盐少
许尤好。或以小便浸二、七日，拣去坏者，以竹刀每个切作四片，井水淘净，逐日换水，再
浸七日，晒干用。
时珍曰∶附子生用则发散，熟用则峻补。生用者，须如阴制之法，去皮脐入药。熟用者，
以水浸过，炮令发拆，去皮脐，乘热切片再炒，令内外俱黄，去火毒入药。又法∶每一个，
用甘草二钱，盐水、姜汁、童尿各半盏，同煮熟，出火毒一夜用之，则毒去也。
【气味】辛，温，有大毒。《别录》曰∶甘，大热。普曰∶神农∶辛；岐伯、雷公∶甘，
有毒；李当之∶苦，大温，有大毒。
元素曰∶大辛大热，气浓味薄，可升可降，阳中之阴，浮中沉，无所不至，为诸经引用
之药。
好古曰∶入手少阳三焦命门之剂，其性走而不守，非若干姜止而不行。
赵嗣真曰∶熟附配麻黄，发中有补，仲景麻黄附子细辛汤、麻黄附子甘草汤是也。生附
配干姜，补中有发，仲景干姜附子汤、通脉四逆汤是也。
戴原礼曰∶附子无干姜不热，得甘草则性缓，得桂则补命门。
李焘曰∶附子得生姜则能发散，以热攻热，又导虚热下行，以除冷病。
之才曰∶地胆为之使。恶蜈蚣。畏防风、黑豆、甘草、人参、黄 。
时珍曰∶畏绿豆、乌韭、童溲、犀角。忌豉汁。得蜀椒、食盐，下达命门。
【主治】风寒咳逆邪气，温中，寒湿 ，拘挛膝痛，不能行步，破症坚积聚血瘕，金
疮（《本经》）。腰脊风寒，脚疼冷弱，心腹冷痛，霍乱转筋，下痢赤白，强阴，坚肌骨，又
堕胎，为百药长（《别录》）。温暖脾胃，除脾湿肾寒，补下焦之阳虚（元素）。除脏腑沉寒，
三阳厥逆，湿淫腹痛，胃寒蛔动，治经闭，补虚散壅（李杲）。督脉为病，脊强而厥（好古）。
治三阴伤寒，阴毒寒疝，中寒中风，痰厥气厥，柔 癫痫，小儿慢惊，风湿麻痹，肿满
香港脚，
头风，肾厥头痛，暴泻脱阳，久痢脾泄，寒疟瘴气，久病呕哕，反胃噎膈，痈疽不敛，久漏
冷疮。合葱涕，塞耳治聋（时珍）。
（宋代《图经本草》）
苏颂说∶味苦、辛，性寒，有毒。主治蛊毒，祛除风邪。叶∶治疗疮疥。产于秦州。叶子像桑叶。三月采集叶子，五月、六月采集根部。
（唐代《新修本草拾遗》）
【释名】黄藜芦（《本草纲目》）、鹿骊。
【集解】陈藏器说∶陶弘景注释漏芦时说∶一名鹿骊。南方人用其苗，北方人用其根。按∶鹿骊乃是木藜芦，不是漏芦。它是树木生长，像茱萸树一样，高二、三尺，有毒。
李时珍说∶鹿骊，民间称为黄藜芦，是小树。叶子像樱桃叶，狭长，多皱纹。四月开细小的黄花。五月结小长的果实，像小豆那么大。
【气味】味苦、辛，性温，有毒。
【主治】疥癣、杀虫（陈藏器）。
（汉代《神农本草经》下品）
【释名】它的母体名叫乌头。
李时珍说∶初次种植的叫乌头，形状像乌鸦的头。依附在乌头上生长的是附子，就像孩子依附母亲一样。乌头像芋头的块茎，附子像芋头的小芽，本来是一物。另有草乌头、白附子，所以俗称为黑附子，以川乌头来区别它们。各家不分乌头有川、草两种，都混杂注解，现在全部纠正。
【集解】《名医别录》说∶附子产于犍为山谷及广汉。冬季采集做成附子，春季采集做成乌头。
陶弘景说∶乌头与附子同根。附子八月采集，八角的好。乌头四月采集。春天时茎刚长出有脑头，像乌鸦鸟的头，所以叫乌头。有两个分枝共蒂，形状像牛角的，名叫乌喙。取汁液煎煮成射罔。天雄像附子，细长，长达三、四寸。侧子就是附子边角中较大的部分。都是同根，但《本经》说附子出犍为，天雄出少室，乌头出朗陵，分别生于三处，应当各有所适宜，现在则没有区别了。
苏恭说∶天雄、附子、乌头，都以蜀道绵州、龙州的为佳，都在八月采集制作。其他地方虽然有制作的，药力弱，都不相似。江南来的，完全不能药用。孟诜说∶天雄大而长，少角刺且中空；附子大而短，有角平稳且充实。乌喙像天雄，乌头次于附子，侧子小于乌头，连聚生长的名叫虎掌，都是天雄的后代，属于子母之类，气力却有不同等级，不过是宿根与嫩株的区别罢了。
寇宗奭说∶乌头少有茎苗，身长而乌黑，少有旁尖。乌喙皮上苍色，有尖头，大的孕育八、九个，周围底部凹陷，黑得像乌铁。天雄身全矮，无尖，周围四面有附子，孕育十一个，皮苍色。侧子只是附子旁边，有小颗像枣核的。木鳖子是喙、附、乌、雄、侧中毗患（指形态异常或病变）者，不入药用。
苏保升说∶正形的是乌头；两歧的是乌喙；细长三、四寸的是天雄；根旁像芋头散生的是附子；旁连生的是侧子，这五种出自同一物而异名。苗高二尺左右，叶像石龙芮及艾草。
苏颂说∶这五者都是一物，只是按大小长短以形象命名而已。
苏颂说∶这五种现在都出产于蜀地，都是同一种所产，种子出于龙州。冬至前，先将旱田耕五、七遍，用猪粪施肥，然后播种，逐月除草培土，到次年八月后才长成。其苗高三、四尺，茎呈四棱，叶像艾，花紫碧色成穗状，果实细小像桑椹，黑色。原本只种附子一物，成熟后就有四种产物。长二、三寸的叫天雄；割削附子旁尖角为侧子，附子中最小的也叫侧子；原种的叫乌头；其余大小的，都为附子，以八角者为上品。绵州彰明县多种植它，只有赤水一乡的最好。然而采收时间与本草记载不同。谨按∶本草说冬采为附子，春采为乌头。《博物志》说∶附子、乌头、天雄是一物，春夏秋冬采集各不相同。而《广雅》说∶奚毒，就是附子。一年长成侧子，二年长成乌喙，三年长成附子，四年长成乌头，五年长成天雄。现在一年种植，便有此五物。难道是今人种植的方法，用力加倍，所以如此繁盛吗？
李时珍说∶乌头有两种∶出产于彰明的就是附子的母体，今人称为川乌头。春末生子，所以说春采为乌头。冬天则子已长成，所以说冬采为附子。其天雄、乌喙、侧子，都是生子多的，因形象命名；如果生子少及独头的，就没有这些物品了。其出产于江左、山南等地的，是《本经》所列的乌头，今人称为草乌头。所以说它的汁液煎煮成射罔。陶弘景不知道乌头有两种，把附子的乌头、注射罔的乌头混为一谈，导致诸家疑惑，雷敩的说法尤其不合理。宋人杨天惠著《附子记》非常详细，现在摘录其要点，读之可以不辨自明。他说∶绵州是故广汉地，辖八个县，只有彰明出产附子。彰明辖二十个乡，只有赤水、廉水、昌明、会昌四个乡产附子，其中赤水最多。每年以上田熟在农地工作垄。从龙安、龙州、齐归、木门、青堆等地取种。
其花紫瓣黄蕊，长苞而圆。七月采集的，称为早水，拳缩而小，因为未长成。九月采集的才好。其品种凡七种，本同而末异。初种的小的为乌头；依附乌头旁生的为附子；又左右附而偶生的为鬲子；附而长的为天雄；附而尖的为天锥；附而上出的为侧子；附而散生的，为漏篮子，都脉络连贯，如子附母，而附子因珍贵，所以专称附名。凡是种一株而生六、七个以上的，则都小；种一株而生二、三个的，则稍大；种一株而特生的，则特大。附子的形状，以蹲坐正节角少为上品，有节多鼠乳状的次之，形状不正而伤缺风皱的为下品。本草说附子八角者为良，其角为侧子的说法，很荒谬。附子的颜色，以花白的为上品，铁色的次之，青绿的为下品。天雄、乌头、天锥，都以丰实盈握为胜。漏篮、侧子，则是园人用来乞求役夫的，不值得计数。谨按∶此记所载漏篮，即雷敩所谓木鳖子，孟诜所谓虎掌的。其鬲子，即乌喙。天锥，即天雄之类，医方也没有此名，功用应当相同。
【修治】苏保升说∶附子、乌头、天雄、侧子、乌喙，采集后，用生熟汤浸泡半天，不要让药效消散，取出后用白灰覆盖，多次更换使其干燥。又法∶用米粥及糟曲等。
苏颂说∶这五种收采时，在一处酿造。方法∶先在六月内，造大小面曲。未采前半月，用大麦煮成粥，用曲造醋，待熟去糟。这醋不要太酸，酸则以水解之。将附子去根须，在新瓮内淹七日，每天搅一遍，捞出用疏筛摊开，令生白衣。然后向慢风日中晒一百十日，以透干为度。如果是猛日，则皱而皮不附肉。
李时珍说∶按《附子记》说∶此物畏恶最多，不能常熟。有的种得好而苗不茂，有的苗秀而根不充，有的因酿而腐，有的因曝而挛，好像有神物暗中作祟。所以园人常向神祈祷，称之为药妖。其酿法∶用醋醅安密室中，淹覆弥月，然后发出晾干。刚出酿时，大的如拳头，已经定型却不足一手握，所以重一两的极难得。土人说∶只要得半两以上的皆良。蜀人食用的少，只有秦陕闽浙人适宜食用。然而秦人才买其下品，闽浙才得其中品，上品则都是贵人所得。
陶弘景说∶凡用附子、乌头、天雄，都用热灰微炮令拆，不要过焦。只有姜附汤生用。俗方每用附子，须甘草、人参、生姜相配，正是为了制约其毒性。
寇宗奭说∶凡使乌头，宜文武火中炮令皴拆，擘破用。若用附子，须底平有九角如铁色，一个重一两的，即是气全。勿用杂木火，只用柳木灰火中炮令皴拆，用刀刮去上孕子，并去底尖，擘破，在屋下平地上掘一土坑安放，一夜取出，焙干用。若阴制者，生去皮尖底，薄切，以东流水并黑豆浸五日夜，漉出，日中晒干用。
朱震亨说∶凡乌、附、天雄，须用童子小便浸透煮过，以杀其毒，并助下行之力，入盐少许尤好。或以小便浸二、七日，拣去坏者，用竹刀每个切作四片，井水淘净，逐日换水，再浸七日，晒干用。
李时珍说∶附子生用则发散，熟用则峻补。生用的，须如阴制之法，去皮脐入药。熟用的，以水浸过，炮令发拆，去皮脐，乘热切片再炒，令内外俱黄，去火毒入药。又法∶每一个，用甘草二钱，盐水、姜汁、童尿各半盏，同煮熟，出火毒一夜用之，则毒去也。
【气味】辛，温，有大毒。《名医别录》说∶甘，大热。普曰∶神农∶辛；岐伯、雷公∶甘，有毒；李当之∶苦，大温，有大毒。
张元素说∶大辛大热，气浓味薄，可升可降，阳中之阴，浮中沉，无所不至，为诸经引用之药。
李杲说∶入手少阳三焦命门之剂，其性走而不守，非若干姜止而不行。
赵嗣真说∶熟附配麻黄，发中有补，仲景麻黄附子细辛汤、麻黄附子甘草汤是也。生附配干姜，补中有发，仲景干姜附子汤、通脉四逆汤是也。
戴原礼说∶附子无干姜不热，得甘草则性缓，得桂则补命门。
李焘说∶附子得生姜则能发散，以热攻热，又导虚热下行，以除冷病。
徐之才说∶地胆为之使。恶蜈蚣。畏防风、黑豆、甘草、人参、黄芪。
李时珍说∶畏绿豆、乌韭、童溲、犀角。忌豉汁。得蜀椒、食盐，下达命门。
【主治】风寒咳逆邪气，温中，寒湿痹痛，拘挛膝痛，不能行步，破症坚积聚血瘕，金疮（《神农本草经》）。腰脊风寒，脚疼冷弱，心腹冷痛，霍乱转筋，下痢赤白，强阴，坚肌骨，又堕胎，为百药长（《名医别录》）。温暖脾胃，除脾湿肾寒，补下焦之阳虚（张元素）。除脏腑沉寒，三阳厥逆，湿淫腹痛，胃寒蛔动，治经闭，补虚散壅（李杲）。督脉为病，脊强而厥（李杲）。治三阴伤寒，阴毒寒疝，中寒中风，痰厥气厥，柔痓癫痫，小儿慢惊，风湿麻痹，肿满香港脚，头风，肾厥头痛，暴泻脱阳，久痢脾泄，寒疟瘴气，久病呕哕，反胃噎膈，痈疽不敛，久漏冷疮。合葱涕，塞耳治聋（李时珍）。
(Song Dynasty *Tu Jing Ben Cao*)
Su Song stated: Bitter, pungent, cold in nature, toxic. Mainly treats gu poison (parasitic disease) and dispels wind. Leaves: Treat sores and scabies. Grows in Qinzhou. Leaves resemble mulberry leaves. Harvest leaves in the third lunar month; harvest roots in the fifth and sixth lunar months.
(Tang Dynasty *Xin Xiu Ben Cao Shi Yi*)
[Names] Huang Lilu (*Ben Cao Gang Mu*), Lu Li.
[Collection and Explanation] Chen Cangqi said: Tao Hongjing annotated Loulu as follows: Also known as Lu Li. People in the south use its shoots, while people in the north use its root. Note: Lu Li is actually Muli Lu (Wooden Veratrum), not Loulu. It grows as a tree, resembling a Cornus tree, two to three chi tall, and is toxic.
Li Shizhen said: Lu Li is colloquially called Huang Lilu; it is a small tree. The leaves resemble cherry leaves, narrow and long, with many wrinkles. Small yellow flowers bloom in the fourth lunar month. Small, elongated fruits form in the fifth lunar month, about the size of mung beans.
[Flavor and Nature] Bitter, pungent, warm in nature, toxic.
[Main Actions] Treats tinea and parasites (Chen Cangqi).
(Han Dynasty *Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing*, Lower Grade)
[Names] Its mother plant is named Wutou (Aconitum carmichaelii lateral root prepared).
Li Shizhen said: When first planted, it is called Wutou, resembling the head of a crow. The lateral root attached to Wutou is called Fuzi (Prepared Aconite Root), like a child attached to its mother. Wutou resembles a taro tuber, while Fuzi resembles a taro sprout; they are essentially one substance. There are also Caowutou (Wild Aconite) and Baifuzi (Typhonium Rhizome), hence it is commonly called Hei Fuzi (Black Prepared Aconite) to distinguish it from Chuan Wutou (Sichuan Aconite). Previous authors did not distinguish between Chuan and Cao varieties of Wutou, mixing annotations; this is now corrected.
[Collection and Explanation] *Bie Lu* states: Fuzi grows in the valleys of Jianwei and Guanghan. Collected in winter for Fuzi; collected in spring for Wutou.
Hongjing said: Wutou and Fuzi share the same root. Fuzi is harvested in the eighth lunar month; those with eight angles are superior. Wutou is harvested in the fourth lunar month. In spring, when the stem first emerges, it has a "brain" or head resembling a crow's head, hence the name Wutou. Those with two diverging tips sharing a base, resembling ox horns, are named Wu Hui (Aconitum raddeanum). Juice extracted and boiled yields She Wang (Aconite Poison). Tianxiong resembles Fuzi but is thinner and longer, up to three or four chi. Cezi refers to the larger corner pieces of Fuzi. All share the same root, yet *Ben Jing* states Fuzi comes from Jianwei, Tianxiong from Shaoshi, and Wutou from Langling, implying different origins have specific suitability, though distinctions are lost today.
Gong said: Tianxiong, Fuzi, and Wutou are best sourced from Mianzhou and Longzhou along the Shu Road, all processed in the eighth lunar month. Those from other places have weaker potency and differ significantly. Those from Jiangnan are unusable. Dasheng said: Tianxiong is large and long, with few angle spines and hollow inside; Fuzi is large and short, with angles, stable, and solid. Wu Hui resembles Tianxiong; Wutou is inferior to Fuzi; Cezi is smaller than Wutou. Those growing clustered are named Hu Zhang (Typhonium rhizome); all are descendants of Tianxiong, belonging to parent-child categories, differing in potency due to being old roots versus young shoots.
Kong Zangsai said: Wutou rarely has stems/shoots; the body is long and blackish, rarely having side spikes. Wu Hui has bluish skin with pointed tips; large ones bear eight or nine buds, with a depressed surrounding base, black like iron. Tianxiong is shorter, without tips, surrounded by Fuzi on all sides, bearing eleven buds, with bluish skin. Cezi are merely small, date-seed-sized nodules beside Fuzi. Mugua Zi (Muscari seeds) are abnormal forms among Hui, Fu, Wu, Xiong, and Ce, and are not used medicinally.
Baosheng said: The regular shape is Wutou; the bifurcated shape is Wu Hui; the slender, three-to-four-chi shape is Tianxiong; the root spreading like taro is Fuzi; the laterally connected is Cezi. These five items come from one source but have different names. Shoots grow about two chi high; leaves resemble *Ranunculus ternatus* and mugwort.
Song said: These five are all one substance, named according to size and length.
Song said: Currently, all five are produced in Shu, originating from the same species, with seeds from Longzhou. Before the Winter Solstice, dry fields are plowed five to seven times, fertilized with pig manure, then seeded. Weeding and hilling are done monthly until the following August. Shoots grow three to four chi high; stems are quadrangular; leaves resemble mugwort; flowers are purple-blue and spike-like; fruits are small, black, and mulberry-like. Originally only Fuzi was planted, but upon maturity, four products appear. Those two to three chi long are Tianxiong; side corners cut from Fuzi are Cezi; the smallest Fuzi are also called Cezi; the original seed is Wutou; others are Fuzi, with eight-angled ones being superior. Many are grown in Zhangming County, Mianzhou, with the best from Chishui. However, harvesting times differ from herbal texts. Note: Herbal texts say winter harvest yields Fuzi, spring harvest yields Wutou. *Bowu Zhi* states Fuzi, Wutou, and Tianxiong are one substance, harvested differently across seasons. *Guangya* says Xi Du is Fuzi. One year yields Cezi, two years Wu Hui, three years Fuzi, four years Wutou, five years Tianxiong. Now, planting for one year yields all five. Is this due to intensified cultivation methods?
Li Shizhen said: There are two types of Wutou: Those from Zhangming are the mother of Fuzi, known today as Chuan Wutou. They produce offspring in late spring, hence "spring harvest for Wutou." By winter, offspring are formed, hence "winter harvest for Fuzi." Tianxiong, Wu Hui, and Cezi are all from plants producing many offspring, named by shape; plants with few or single heads do not yield these. Those from Jiangzuo and Shannan are the Wutou listed in *Ben Jing*, known today as Caowutou (Wild Aconite). Hence, its juice is boiled into She Wang. Tao Hongjing did not know there were two types of Wutou, confusing the Wutou of Fuzi with that of She Wang, causing confusion among scholars; Lei Xiao's theory is particularly unreasonable. Yang Tianhui of the Song Dynasty wrote *Fu Zi Ji* in detail. Extracting key points clarifies matters: Mianzhou was ancient Guanghan, governing eight counties, only Zhangming produces Fuzi. Zhangming governs twenty townships, only Chishui, Lianshui, Changming, and Huichang produce Fuzi, with Chishui being the most productive. Seeds are taken from Long'an, Longzhou, Qigui, Mumen, Qingdui. Flowers have purple petals and yellow stamens, long capsules, round. Harvested in July, called "early water," shriveled and small, immature. Harvested in September is best. Seven varieties exist, same origin, different ends. The smallest initial plant is Wutou; lateral growth attached to Wutou is Fuzi; occasional lateral growth is Gezi; long attachment is Tianxiong; pointed attachment is Tian Zhui; upward projection is Cezi; scattered growth is Lou Lanzi. All are connected like children to mothers, but Fuzi is prized, hence the name. If one seed produces six or more, they are small; two or three are slightly larger; a single special production is largest. Fuzi shape: squatting, straight joints, few angles is superior; many joints/rat-milk-like is secondary; irregular, damaged, wrinkled is inferior. Text saying eight angles are good and angles are Cezi is erroneous. Color: Flower-white is superior; iron-colored is secondary; green-blue is inferior. Tianxiong, Wutou, Tian Zhui: full and firm is best. Lou Lan, Cezi: given to laborers, negligible. Note: Lou Lan in this record is Lei Xiao's Mugua Zi and Dasheng's Hu Zhang. Gezi is Wu Hui. Tian Zhui is similar to Tianxiong; no such name in medical formulas, function likely identical.
[Processing] Baosheng said: After harvesting Fuzi, Wutou, Tianxiong, Cezi, Wu Hui, soak in raw/boiled water for half a day to preserve qi. Remove and cover with white ash, changing frequently until dry. Another method: Use rice porridge and yeast dregs.
Song said: Process all five together. Method: Make large and small yeast cakes in June. Half a month before harvest, boil barley into porridge, make vinegar with yeast, remove dregs when ripe. Vinegar should not be too sour; dilute with water if necessary. Remove rootlets from Fuzi, soak in new urns for seven days, stirring daily. Remove, spread on sieves to grow a white layer. Dry in slow wind/sun for 100-110 days until thoroughly dry. Direct strong sun causes wrinkling and skin separation.
Li Shizhen said: According to *Fu Zi Ji*: This herb has many incompatibilities and cannot be easily cultivated. Good planting may yield poor shoots; lush shoots may yield empty roots; fermentation may cause rot; drying may cause contraction, as if haunted. Gardeners pray to gods, calling it "Medicine Demon." Fermentation method: Place vinegar lees in a sealed room, submerge for a month, then dry. Large ones at this stage are fist-sized but shrink to less than a handful, making one-liang specimens rare. Locals say anything over half a liang is good. Few in Shu consume it; preferred in Qin, Shan, Min, Zhe. Qin buyers get inferior grades; Min/Zhe get medium; superior grades go to nobles.
Hongjing said: For using Fuzi, Wutou, Tianxiong, roast lightly in hot ashes until cracked, not burnt. Only Jiang Fu Tang uses them raw. Common prescriptions pair Fuzi with Gancao, Renshen, Shengjiang to mitigate toxicity.
Kong Zangsai said: For Wutou, roast over mild-strong fire until wrinkled/cracked, break open. For Fuzi, choose flat-bottomed, nine-angled, iron-colored, one-liang specimens for full qi. Do not use mixed wood fire; use willow ash fire to roast until cracked. Scrape off upper buds, remove bottom tip, break open. Dig a pit under eaves, place overnight, then bake dry. For raw processing: Peel skin/tips/base, slice thinly, soak in east-flowing water and black soybeans for five days/nights, strain, sun-dry.
Zhenheng said: For Wu, Fu, Tianxiong, soak thoroughly in boy's urine, boil to reduce toxicity and aid downward movement; add salt. Alternatively, soak in urine for 2-7 days, discard bad ones, slice each into four with bamboo knife, wash with well water, change water daily, soak another 7 days, sun-dry.
Li Shizhen said: Raw Fuzi disperses; cooked Fuzi strongly tonifies. Raw use requires peeling skin/navel per raw processing method. Cooked use: Soak in water, roast until cracked, peel skin/navel, slice while hot, stir-fry until内外 yellow, remove fire toxicity before use. Another method: Boil one specimen with 2 qian Gancao, salt water, ginger juice, boy's urine each half cup, cook thoroughly, remove fire toxicity overnight.
[Flavor and Nature] Pungent, warm, highly toxic. *Bie Lu* says: Sweet, extremely hot. Pu says: Shen Nong: Pungent; Qibo, Lei Gong: Sweet, toxic; Li Dangzhi: Bitter, extremely warm, highly toxic.
Yuansu said: Extremely pungent and hot, dense qi, thin flavor, ascending and descending, Yin within Yang, floating/sinking, reaching all meridians, a guiding herb for various meridians.
Haoguo said: Enters Shaoyang Sanjiao and Mingmen; nature moves rather than stays, unlike Ginger which stops and does not move.
Zisizhen said: Cooked Fu paired with Mahuang provides tonification within dispersion (Zhongjing's Mahuang Fuzi Xixin Tang, Mahuang Fuzi Gancao Tang). Raw Fu paired with Ganjiang provides dispersion within tonification (Zhongjing's Ganjiang Fuzi Tang, Tongmai Sini Tang).
Yuanli said: Fu without Ganjiang is not hot; with Gancao, nature becomes mild; with Guizhi, tonifies Mingmen.
Lidao said: Fu with Shengjiang disperses; attacks heat with heat; guides deficient heat downward to cure cold diseases.
Zhicai said: Didan is the assistant. Dislikes Centipede. Feared by Fangfeng, Heidou, Gancao, Renshen, Huangqi.
Li Shizhen said: Feared by Ludou, Wujiu, Tongxiao, Xijiao. Taboo with Douzhi. With Shujiao, Yanshi, reaches Mingmen.
[Main Actions] Wind-cold coughing against Qi, evil Qi, warms the middle, cold-damp bi pain, spasmodic knee pain, inability to walk, breaks masses/stagnation/blood accumulations, metallic wounds (*Ben Jing*). Wind-cold of waist/spine, leg pain/cold weakness, heart/abdominal cold pain, cholera with cramps, dysentery with red/white discharge, strengthens Yin, firms muscle/bone, induces abortion, chief of hundred herbs (*Bie Lu*). Warms spleen/stomach, removes spleen dampness/kidney cold, tonifies lower jiao yang deficiency (Yuansu). Removes deep cold of zang/fu, jue ni of Three Yang, dampness-induced abdominal pain, stomach cold with ascariasis, treats amenorrhea, tonifies deficiency, dissipates stagnation (Haoguo). Du Mai disease, stiff spine with jue ni (Haoguo). Treats Three Yin Shanghan, yin du cold hernia, cold stroke/phlegm/jue qi, Rou Ji epilepsy, pediatric slow convulsion, wind-damp paralysis, swelling/Hong Kong foot (gout), head wind, kidney jue headache, sudden diarrhea with yang collapse, chronic dysentery/spleen leakage, cold malaria/miasma, chronic vomiting/regurgitation, fanwei/yige, non-healing carbuncles/ulcers, chronic leaking cold sores. Mix with onion juice, insert in ear to treat deafness (Li Shizhen).