性沉寒，入下焦，热血痢则可用。若虚寒人及水泻白痢，即未可轻使。
保定肺气，治嗽多用。白而长于细辛，但粗而脆，不似细辛之柔。以温药相佐使，则
尤佳。余如经。
体如栝楼，其壳径寸。一种长二寸许，上微圆，下尖长，七八月间熟，红赤色。壳中
子如螳螂头者，今人又谓之赤雹子，其根即土瓜根也。于细根上又生淡黄根，三五相连，如
大指许。根与子两用，红子同白土子，治头风。
今陕州采为脯，别有法，甚甘美，兼可寄远。古人以谓荠 似人参者是。此解药毒甚
验。
今南方多有，生阴湿地，不必荆楚。形如水荇而小，面亦光洁，微尖为异。今人谓
之连钱草，盖取象也。其叶各生。捣烂，贴一切热毒痈疽等。秋后收之，荫干为末，水调。
其根上如枣核者，又谓之香附子，亦入印香中，亦能走气，今人多用。虽生于莎草根
，然根上或有或无。有薄皲皮，紫黑色，非多毛也。刮去皮则色白。若便以根为之，则误矣
。其味苦。
恶实是子也，今谓之牛蒡。未去萼时，又谓之鼠粘子，根谓之牛菜。疏风壅涎唾多，
咽膈不利。微炒，同入荆芥穗各一两，甘草炙半两，并为末。食后、夜卧，汤点二钱服，当
缓取效。子在萼中，萼上有细钩，多至百十，谓之芒则误矣。根长一二尺，粗如拇指，煮烂
为菜。
地榆：药性沉降而寒凉，入下焦经，对于血热引起的痢疾可以使用。如果是虚寒体质的人以及水样腹泻或白色脓血的痢疾，就不可轻易使用。
牛蒡子（恶实）：能保固肺气，治疗咳嗽时多用。其质地比细辛粗且脆，不像细辛那样柔韧。如果用温热性质的药物作为辅助，效果尤其好。其他方面如医籍所载。
土瓜根（赤雹子）：外形像栝楼，外壳直径约一寸。有一种长约二寸左右，上部微圆，下部尖长，在七八月间成熟，呈红赤色。壳中的种子形状像螳螂头，现在人又称之为赤雹子，它的根就是土瓜根。在细小的根上又生出淡黄色的块根，三五相连，大小如大拇指。根和种子都可以药用，红色的种子与白色的土瓜根一起使用，可以治疗头风病。
荠苨：现在陕州将其采制成果脯，有独特的制作方法，味道非常甘美，还可以寄送给远方亲友。古人认为长得像人参的荠苨就是这种。它解药毒的效果非常显著。
连钱草：现在南方很多地方都有生长，生长在阴湿的地方，不一定局限于荆楚地区。外形像水荇菜但较小，表面光洁，叶尖微尖是其特征。现在人称之为连钱草，大概是取象于其叶片形状。其叶子各自生长。捣烂后，外贴治疗各种热毒痈疽等症。秋后采收，阴干研成粉末，用水调服。
香附子：根部顶端像枣核形状的，又叫做香附子，也用于印香中，也能行气，现在人常用。虽然生于莎草根旁，但根部有时有有时没有。表皮有薄皲裂，呈紫黑色，并不是多毛。刮去外皮后颜色变白。如果直接用根来代替，那就错了。它的味道苦。
牛蒡子（恶实）：指的是它的果实，现在称为牛蒡。未去掉总苞时，又叫做鼠粘子，根叫做牛菜。用于治疗风邪壅盛、痰涎多、咽喉膈部不利。将果实微炒，与荆芥穗各一两，炙甘草半两，一起研为粉末。饭后、睡前，用汤药冲服二钱，应当缓慢见效。果实藏在总苞中，总苞上有细小的钩刺，多达百十个，如果称之为芒刺则是错误的。根长一二尺，粗细如拇指，煮烂后可作蔬菜食用。
*Di Yu* (Radix Sanguisorbae): The nature is sinking and cold, entering the Lower Jiao. It can be used for dysentery caused by hot blood. If it is a person with deficiency-cold constitution, or watery diarrhea and white purulent dysentery, it should not be used lightly.
*E Shi* (Fructus Arctii): It stabilizes Lung Qi and is often used to treat cough. Compared to *Xi Xin* (Asari Radix et Rhizoma), it is coarser and more brittle, not as flexible as *Xi Xin*. When assisted by warm-natured herbs, the effect is even better. Other aspects are as recorded in medical texts.
*Tu Gua Gen* (Radix Trichosanthis Kirilowii var. Japonica): The body resembles *Gua Lou* (Fructus Trichosanthis), with a shell diameter of about one cun. One variety is about two cun long, slightly round at the top and pointed at the bottom, ripening in July and August with a reddish color. The seeds inside the shell resemble the head of a mantis; people now call them Chi Bao Zi (Red Hail Seeds), and their roots are Tu Gua Gen (Radix Trichosanthis Kirilowii var. Japonica). On the fine roots, pale yellow tubers grow again, connected in groups of three to five, about the size of a thumb. Both the root and seeds are used medicinally; red seeds combined with white Tu Gua seeds treat Head Wind disease.
*Ji Ni* (Radix Adenophorae): Now in Shanzhou Prefecture, it is harvested and made into preserved fruit with a special method, very sweet and delicious, and suitable for sending to distant relatives. The ancients said that the *Ji Ni* resembling Ginseng is this kind. It is very effective in resolving drug toxicity.
*Lian Qian Cao* (Herba Glechomae Longitubae): Now widely available in the South, growing in shady and damp places, not limited to Jingchu region. Its shape is like water mint (*Shui Xing*) but smaller, with a smooth surface, and slightly pointed leaves being its distinctive feature. People now call it Lian Qian Cao, likely named after its leaf shape. The leaves grow separately. Crushed and applied externally, it treats all kinds of heat-toxin carbuncles and sores. Harvested after autumn, dried in shade, ground into powder, and taken with water.
*Xiang Fu Zi* (Rhizoma Cyperi Rotundi): The part of the root resembling a date pit is also called Xiang Fu Zi, used in incense blends, and can move Qi; it is commonly used today. Although it grows near the base of *Sha Cao* (Cyperus rotundus), the root may or may not be present. It has thin cracked skin, purple-black in color, not hairy. After scraping off the skin, the color becomes white. Using the root directly without processing would be a mistake. Its taste is bitter.
*Niu Bang Zi* (Fructus Arctii): Refers to the seed, now called Niu Bang. Before removing the calyx, it is also called Shu Nian Zi (Mouse Bur Seed), and the root is called Niu Cai. It treats wind obstruction with excessive phlegm-saliva and discomfort in the throat and diaphragm. Lightly stir-fried, mixed with equal parts of Jing Jie Sui (Flos Schizonepetae) one liang and roasted Gan Cao (Radix Glycyrrhizae) half a liang, then ground into powder. Taken two qian with decoction after meals and before sleep, effects will gradually appear. The seed is within the calyx, which has fine hooks, up to a hundred or so; calling them "thorns" is incorrect. The root is one to two chi long, as thick as a thumb, boiled soft and eaten as a vegetable.