化铅为之变黑而白。古人名铅为黑锡。故名粉锡。又名胡粉官粉光粉水粉定粉瓦粉白
粉。金陵杭州韶州辰州皆造之。其色带青。造法。每铅百斤。熔化。削成薄片。卷作筒。安
木甑内。甑下甑中各安醋一瓶。外以盐泥固济。纸封甑缝。风炉安火四面。养一七。便扫入
水缸内。依旧封养。次次如此。铅尽为度。不尽者炒作黄丹。每粉一斤。入豆粉二两。蛤粉
四两。水内搅匀。澄去清水。用细灰按成沟。纸隔数层。置粉于上。将干。截成瓦定形。待
干收起。（濒湖） 桂林所作铅粉最有名。谓之桂粉。以黑铅着糟瓮中罨化之。（虞衡志） 嵩
阳产铅。居民多造胡粉。其法铅块悬酒缸内。封固四十九日。开之则化为粉矣。化不白者。
炒为黄丹。黄丹渣为密陀僧。三物收利甚溥。（余冬录）
味甘辛。气寒凉。入气分。主积聚不消。疗症瘕。去鳖瘕。治久积痢。坠痰消胀。杀虫。
疗恶疮痈肿 烂。疮中出水。汤火干湿癣疮。及股内阴下湿痒且臭。诸狐臭。（或干掺或猪
脂牛脂调敷之）更治小儿疳气。无辜疳痢。（痢而腹胀曰无辜疳）及疳疮耳后月蚀。内服外
敷咸宜。其体用虽与铅及黄丹同。而无硝盐火烧之性。内有豆粉蛤粉杂之。止能入气分。不
能入血分。此为稍异。服之大便色黑者。还其本质。所谓色坏还为铅也。亦可入膏药。代黄
丹用。（濒湖）久痢成疳者。胡粉和水及鸡子白服。以粪黑为度。为其杀虫而止痢也。（藏器）
无辜疳下痢赤白。胡粉熟蒸。熬令色黑。米饮服半钱。小儿腹胀。或腹皮青色。不速治必死。
胡粉盐熬色变。以摩腹上。小儿丹毒。胡粉唾和。从外至内敷之良。久痢赤白。脐腹撮痛。
圣饼子。用定粉密陀僧硫黄各三钱。黄丹二钱。轻粉少许。为末。入白面四钱匕。滴水丸如
指头大。捻成饼。阴干。食前温浆水磨下。大便黑色为效。休息痢羸瘦。黄连去须为末。定
粉研。各半两。大枣二十枚。去核舂如泥。铺纸上。入二味药裹之。烧令通赤。取出候冷。
细研。每服使精羊肉半斤。切片。掺散药三钱于上。湿纸裹。烧熟。放冷食之效。腹中鳖症。
胡粉黍米淋汁。温服大效。妇人心痛急者。官粉为末。葱汁和丸小豆大。每服七丸。黄酒下
即止。火烧疮。胡粉和羊髓涂上封之。干湿癣。胡臭。若股内阴下常湿且臭。或作疮。以定
粉一物掺之瘥。齿缝出血。胡粉半两。麝香半钱。为末。卧时揩牙。从高坠扑。瘀血抢心。
面青气短欲死。胡粉一钱。和水服即安。接骨续筋。止痛活血。定粉当归各一钱。硼砂钱半。
为末。每服一钱。苏木煎汤调下。仍频饮汤。
〔论〕 铅本阴寒重坠之性质。蒸罨为粉。由黑而白。是变化奇矣。第其法或安醋瓶于
内。或着糟 。或悬酒缸中。皆假其气以成变化。致重坠之质轻。阴寒之气和。且色黑化白。
是金在水中者出现金相。以为气分之用。故能消积聚。疗症瘕。盖积聚即阴气凝结之所致。
而症瘕又即积聚之久而成形者也。此味根至阴而有变化。以达夫阴气。故奏效如此。如小儿
疳病。类由于脾阴大伤。阴气伤则有积。积滞不能化。类下恶物而为疳痢。久则化而为虫。
故能治积聚症瘕者。即其能治小儿疳气。并炒焦能止疳痢而杀三虫者也。凡久痢赤白。脐腹
撮痛。及休息痢羸瘦者。为有久积未消之故。非从至阴而有变化之气如兹粉者。不能奏同气
相求之功。第阴气为病。即已不离血分矣。濒湖乃谓止入气分者。宜指血中之气而言。盖凡
有形而成积聚者。皆血之病也。若离血以言气。则人身岂有分离之气血哉。虽能消疳逐积。
杀虫止痢。然其性冷。走而不守。脾胃虚弱者不宜用。娠妇忌之。（仲淳）
将铅熔化后使其发生化学变化，由黑色转变为白色。古人称铅为“黑锡”，因此这种粉末被称为“粉锡”。它还有胡粉、官粉、光粉、水粉、定粉、瓦粉、白粉等别名。金陵、杭州、韶州、辰州等地都有生产。其颜色略带青色。
制作方法：每用铅一百斤，将其熔化，削成薄片，卷成筒状，放入木甑（一种蒸食用的器具）内。在甑的下部和中部各放置一瓶醋，外部用盐泥密封加固，甑的缝隙用纸封好。四周的风炉中点燃火，煨养七天，然后扫入水缸中，再次按照原来的方法密封煨养。每次操作都如此重复，直到铅全部用完为止。未反应完全的铅渣炒制后成为黄丹。每一斤铅粉，加入豆粉二两、蛤粉四两，在水中搅拌均匀，澄清后去掉清水。用细灰堆成沟槽形状，上面铺数层纸，将铅粉置于纸上。待半干时，截取成瓦片状的定形块，晾干后收藏。（出自李时珍《本草纲目》）
桂林生产的铅粉最为著名，称为“桂粉”，是将黑铅放在酒糟瓮中覆盖发酵而成。（出自《虞衡志》）嵩阳出产铅，当地居民多制造胡粉。其方法是把铅块悬挂在酒缸内，密封四十一天，打开时铅就化为粉末了。没有变白的部分，炒制成黄丹；黄丹的残渣则是密陀僧。这三种物品获利非常丰厚。（出自《余冬录》）
铅粉味甘、辛，气性寒凉，归气分。主要治疗体内积聚不消，疗治症瘕（腹内结块），去除鳖瘕（腹部坚硬如鳖形的肿块），治疗长期积累的痢疾，坠痰降逆，消除胀满，杀虫，治疗恶疮痈肿溃烂，疮口流水，汤火烫伤以及干湿癣疮，还有大腿内侧及阴部潮湿瘙痒且伴有臭味，各种狐臭。（可以干掺或猪脂、牛脂调敷）。还能治疗小儿疳气、无辜疳痢（痢疾伴随腹胀称为无辜疳）以及疳疮、耳后月蚀疮。内服外敷均适宜。虽然它的体性与铅及黄丹相同，但没有经过硝石、盐火烧制的性质，且其中混杂有豆粉和蛤粉，只能进入气分，不能进入血分，这是它与铅、黄丹稍有不同的地方。服用后大便变黑，是恢复了铅的本质，即所谓“色坏还为铅”。也可以用于膏药中，代替黄丹使用。（出自李时珍《本草纲目》）
长期痢疾导致疳证的，用胡粉加水及鸡蛋清服用，以大便变黑为度，因为它能杀虫并止痢。（出自陈藏器《本草拾遗》）
无辜疳下痢赤白脓血，将胡粉熟蒸，熬至颜色变黑，用米饮送服半钱。小儿腹胀，或腹皮呈青色，若不迅速治疗必死无疑。可用胡粉加盐炒至变色，摩擦腹部。小儿丹毒，用胡粉配唾液调和，从外向内敷贴效果良好。长期痢疾赤白脓血，脐腹拘急疼痛，可用圣饼子治疗：用定粉、密陀僧、硫黄各三钱，黄丹二钱，轻粉少许，研为末，加入白面四钱匕，滴水泛丸如指头大，捻成饼状，阴干。饭前用温浆水磨化服用，大便变黑即为有效。休息痢导致身体羸瘦，取黄连去须研为末，定粉研细，各半两，大枣二十枚去核捣如泥，铺在纸上，将两种药裹在其中，烧至通红，取出候冷，细研。每次服用精羊肉半斤，切片，撒上散药三钱在上面，用湿纸包裹，烧熟，放冷后食用，效果显著。腹中有鳖症，用胡粉配黍米淋出的汁液，温服，效果极佳。妇人心痛急症，将官粉研为末，葱汁和丸如小豆大，每次服用七丸，黄酒送下即可止痛。火烧疮，用胡粉和羊髓涂抹封住患处。干湿癣、狐臭，若大腿内侧阴部常湿且臭，或生疮，只用定粉单味药干掺即可痊愈。齿缝出血，用胡粉半两、麝香半钱，研为末，睡前刷牙使用。从高坠落跌打，瘀血攻心，面色青紫，气短欲死，用胡粉一钱，加水服用即可安定。接骨续筋，止痛活血，用定粉、当归各一钱，硼砂钱半，研为末，每次服用一钱，用苏木煎汤调下，并频繁饮用汤汁。
〔论述〕 铅本性属阴寒重坠之物，经蒸煮覆盖变为粉末，由黑变白，变化奇妙。只是其制作法或是安放醋瓶在内，或是置于酒糟中，或是悬挂在酒缸里，都是借助其气味来完成变化，使得重坠的质地变得轻灵，阴寒之气得以调和。而且颜色由黑化白，这是金在水中的状态下显现出金的相状，作为气分之用，所以能消除积聚，疗治症瘕。大概积聚就是阴气凝结所致，而症瘕又是积聚日久形成有形之物的结果。此物根源于至阴而有变化之功，能够通达阴气，所以奏效如此。如小儿疳病，大多由于脾阴大伤，阴气受伤则产生积滞，积滞不能化解，夹杂恶物排出而形成疳痢，久则化而为虫。所以能治疗积聚症瘕的药物，也就是它能治疗小儿疳气，并炒焦后能止疳痢、杀三虫的原因。凡是长期痢疾赤白脓血，脐腹拘急疼痛，以及休息痢导致身体羸瘦的，是因为有长期积聚未消的缘故。如果不是凭借像这种粉末一样源自至阴且有变化之气的药物，就不能达到同气相求的功效。只是阴气致病，就已经离不开血分了。李时珍却说它只入气分，应该是指血中之气而言。大概凡是有形而成的积聚，都是血的病变。如果离开血来谈气，那么人身难道有分离的气血吗？虽然它能消疳逐积，杀虫止痢，然而其性寒冷，走而不守，脾胃虚弱者不宜使用，孕妇忌用。（出自缪希雍《本草经疏》）
By melting lead and inducing a chemical change, it transforms from black to white. The ancients referred to lead as "Black Tin" (Hei Xi), hence this powder is named "Powdered Tin" (Fen Xi). It is also known by various names such as Hu Fen (Vermilion Powder/Lead Carbonate), Guan Fen (Official Powder), Guang Fen (Luminous Powder), Shui Fen (Water Powder), Ding Fen (Fixed Powder), Wa Fen (Tile Powder), and Bai Fen (White Powder). It is produced in Jinling, Hangzhou, Shaozhou, and Chenzhou. Its color carries a slight bluish tint.
Preparation method: For every 100 jin of lead, melt it, shave it into thin slices, roll them into tubes, and place them inside a wooden steamer (Zeng). Place one bottle of vinegar at the bottom and one in the middle of the steamer. Seal the exterior with salt mud for reinforcement, and seal the seams of the steamer with paper. Ignite fires around the wind furnace and let it simmer for seven days. Then, sweep the contents into a water vat, reseal, and continue the process. Repeat this cycle until all the lead is consumed. The unreacted residue is roasted to produce Huang Dan (Minium/Red Lead). For every jin of the resulting powder, add 2 liang of Dou Fen (Bean Powder) and 4 liang of Ge Fen (Clam Shell Powder), stir evenly in water, allow to settle, and discard the clear water. Form a trench with fine ash, layer several sheets of paper over it, and place the powder on top. When half-dry, cut into tile-shaped fixed blocks, dry, and store. (From Li Shizhen's *Bencao Gangmu*)
The lead powder produced in Guilin is most famous, called "Gui Fen." It is made by placing black lead in a jar of wine lees and covering it for fermentation. (From *Yu Heng Zhi*) In Songyang, where lead is produced, residents mostly manufacture Hu Fen. The method involves suspending lead blocks inside a wine jar, sealing it tightly for forty-one days; upon opening, the lead has transformed into powder. The parts that did not turn white are roasted into Huang Dan (Minium); the residue of Huang Dan is Mi Tuo Seng (Litharge). These three items yield substantial profit. (From *Yu Dong Lu*)
Hu Fen tastes sweet and pungent, has a cold and cool nature, and enters the Qi aspect. It primarily treats accumulation and stagnation that does not dissipate, cures Zheng Jia (abdominal masses), removes Bie Jia (hard abdominal masses resembling a turtle shell), treats chronic dysentery, descends phlegm and reduces distension, kills parasites, treats malignant sores and carbuncles with ulceration, discharging fluid from sores, scalds, burns, dry and wet tinea corporis/cruris, and dampness, itching, and odor in the groin and genital areas, as well as various cases of bromhidrosis (fox odor). (It can be applied dry or mixed with lard or beef tallow for topical application.) It also treats pediatric malnutrition (Gan syndrome), Wugu Gan Dysentery (dysentery accompanied by abdominal distension is called Wugu Gan), Gan sores, and post-auricular eczema (moon erosion). Both internal use and external application are suitable. Although its physical properties are similar to those of lead and Huang Dan, it lacks the caustic nature induced by roasting with saltpeter and salt. Furthermore, due to the admixture of bean powder and clam shell powder, it only enters the Qi aspect and cannot enter the Blood aspect, which is a slight difference from lead and Huang Dan. After ingestion, if the stool turns black, it indicates the restoration of the lead's original essence, described as "when the color is destroyed, it returns to lead." It can also be used in plasters to replace Huang Dan. (From Li Shizhen's *Bencao Gangmu*)
For chronic dysentery leading to Gan syndrome, mix Hu Fen with water and egg white for oral administration, stopping when the stool turns black, as it kills parasites and stops dysentery. (From Chen Cangqi's *Bencao Shiyi*)
For Wugu Gan presenting with bloody and purulent diarrhea, steam Hu Fen thoroughly, roast until it turns black, and take half a qian with rice water. If a child has abdominal distension or a bluish-green abdominal skin, failure to treat promptly will result in death. Roast Hu Fen with salt until the color changes, then rub it onto the abdomen. For pediatric erysipelas (Dan Du), mix Hu Fen with saliva and apply externally from the outside inward for good effect. For chronic bloody and purulent dysentery with cramping pain in the umbilical and abdominal region, use Sheng Bing Zi: Mix 3 qian each of Ding Fen, Mi Tuo Seng, and Liu Huang, 2 qian of Huang Dan, and a small amount of Qing Fen. Grind into powder, add 4 qian-bi of white flour, make pills with water the size of a finger, shape into cakes, and air-dry. Before meals, grind with warm fermented grain water and ingest; efficacy is indicated by black stools. For rest dysentery causing emaciation, remove the roots of Huang Lian and grind into powder, grind Ding Fen finely, take half a liang of each. Take 20 jujubes, remove pits, and pound into a paste. Spread on paper, wrap the two powders inside, and burn until completely red. Remove and let cool, then grind finely. For each dose, take half a jin of lean mutton, slice it, sprinkle 3 qian of the powder on top, wrap in wet paper, roast until cooked, let cool, and eat for efficacy. For abdominal Bie syndrome, mix Hu Fen with juice extracted from millet rinsing water, take warm, and it is highly effective. For acute heart pain in women, grind Guan Fen into powder, mix with green onion juice to form pills the size of soybeans, take 7 pills per dose with yellow wine to stop pain immediately. For burns, mix Hu Fen with sheep marrow, apply, and cover the wound. For dry/wet tinea and bromhidrosis, if the groin/genital area is constantly damp, odorous, or developing sores, applying Ding Fen alone as a dusting powder will cure it. For bleeding gums, mix half a liang of Hu Fen with half a qian of She Xiang (Musk), grind into powder, and brush teeth before bed. For trauma from falls, where blood stasis attacks the heart, causing cyanosis, shortness of breath, and near-death state, take 1 qian of Hu Fen mixed with water to stabilize the condition. For setting bones and knitting sinews, relieving pain and invigorating blood, mix 1 qian each of Ding Fen and Dang Gui, and 1.5 qian of Peng Sha (Borax). Grind into powder, take 1 qian per dose,調 with Su Mu decoction, and frequently drink the soup.
[Discussion] Lead naturally possesses Yin-cold and heavy-sinking properties. Through steaming and covering to become powder, transforming from black to white, the change is miraculous. However, whether vinegar bottles are placed inside, it is buried in wine lees, or suspended in a wine jar, all methods rely on borrowing the qi of these substances to facilitate the transformation, making the heavy substance light and harmonizing the Yin-cold qi. Moreover, the color changing from black to white represents the Metal element appearing within Water, manifesting the image of Metal, serving the function of the Qi aspect. Therefore, it can eliminate accumulations and treat Zheng Jia. Accumulation is caused by the condensation of Yin qi, while Zheng Jia is the formation of tangible masses after accumulation persists for a long time. This substance originates from extreme Yin but possesses transformative power to reach and resolve Yin qi, thus achieving such effects. Pediatric Gan diseases often arise from severe injury to Spleen Yin. Injury to Yin qi leads to accumulation; if stagnation cannot transform, it mixes with foul matter and is discharged as Gan dysentery. Over time, it transforms into parasites. Thus, the ability to treat accumulation and Zheng Jia explains its efficacy in treating pediatric Gan qi, and when roasted, its ability to stop Gan dysentery and kill three types of parasites. Cases of chronic bloody/purulent dysentery, cramping abdominal pain, and rest dysentery with emaciation are due to long-standing accumulations that have not dissipated. Without the transformative qi derived from extreme Yin, like this powder, one cannot achieve the effect of seeking resonance with similar energies. However, since diseases caused by Yin qi inherently involve the Blood aspect, Li Shizhen's statement that it only enters the Qi aspect should refer to the Qi within the Blood. Generally, any tangible accumulation is a disease of the Blood. If one speaks of Qi apart from Blood, how can human Qi and Blood be separated? Although it can reduce Gan syndrome, expel accumulation, kill parasites, and stop dysentery, its nature is cold and mobile without staying put. It is unsuitable for those with weak Spleen and Stomach, and contraindicated for pregnant women. (From Miao Xiyong's *Bencao Jing Shu*)