产肃州及陕西。即苁蓉之类。出土如笋。上丰下俭。鳞甲栉比。筋脉联系。绝类男
阳。土人掘取。洗涤去皮。薄切晒干市之。
气味甘咸温。宜入足少阴经。大补阴气。益精血固精。利大便。（虚人燥结者。啖之可
代苁蓉。煮粥弥佳。不燥结者勿用。）润燥养筋。治痿弱。取坚而肥者。烧酒浸七次。焙七
次。为末服之。能益气。
本经曰赤箭。一名定风草。春生苗如芍药。独抽一茎。高三四尺。茎中空。色正赤。
宛如箭干。且有羽者。有风不动。无风自摇。四月梢头成穗。作灰白花。结实如楝子。至秋
不落。却透空入茎中。还筒而下。潜生土内。根如芋。去根三五寸。有游子十二枚。环列如
卫。皆有细根。虽相须而实不相连。大者重半斤。或五六两。皮色黄白。名曰龙皮肉。即天
麻也。本经名概根苗。后入分苗曰赤箭。根曰天麻。功力稍有同异故耳。有御风草与赤箭相
似。独茎。色青斑。叶背黄白。兼有青点。随风动摇。子不还筒。治疗稍合。补益大乖异矣。
味辛甘而缓。气平。浮而升。阳也。肝经气分药。助阳气。主风虚眩晕头痛。（眼黑头
旋。风虚内作。非天麻不能治。）及痰热上壅头痛及眩。并善惊失志。语多恍惚。补劳伤。
利腰膝。强筋力。逐诸风湿。（久服天麻叶。遍身有发红丹者。是祛风之验也。）治麻痹拘挛。
冷气 痹。瘫缓不随。通血脉。利关窍。定小儿风痫惊气。通女子经脉。肝虚不足者。天麻
芎以补之。（能达风化即是补）更疗风热头痛。或语言不遂。
（东垣） 同术半夏黄芩前胡橘皮茯苓。治痰厥头痛。同术橘皮茯苓车前。治饮在心下
作支满。同南星前胡橘皮白前。消一切风痰。
附方 天麻丸。消风化痰。清利头目。宽胸利膈。治心忪烦闷。头晕欲倒。项急肩背拘
倦。神昏多睡。肢节烦痛。皮肤瘙痒。偏正头痛。鼻 。面目虚浮。并宜服之。天麻五钱。
芎二两。为末。炼蜜丸。如芡子大。每食后嚼一丸。茶酒任下。
〔论〕 天麻神于治内风。内风者。虚风也。夫人身惟是阴阳合和以为气。而风木由阴
以达阳。故阴虚则风实。阳虚则风虚。虚风为病。有因清阳不升。浊阴不降。肝木失其生发
之气而致者。有因脾胃为病。使土败木侮而生虚风者。是则虚风之故。不第病于郁而不达。
即侮所不胜而亦然也。此品赤箭为苗。天麻为根。根则抽苗径直而上。有自内达外之理。苗
则结子熟落。还返干中而下。有自表入里之功。其有风不动。无风自摇。与独活同。而所以
畅风化镇风变者则大异。盖能畅风化。乃自内达外之理。升也。能镇风变。乃自表入里之功。
降也。就其为升为降。已并赤箭之功。尽归于天麻。不可谓根之用。止能自内达外。而不擅
归根之妙矣。故治眩晕惊痫。乃风虚之不能达于阳者。用之自内达外。即不外乎自表入里之
体。（疗风证亦曰天麻防风辛温散之。非真散也。就风邪之不得狂即为散耳。）又治风湿挛痹
瘫缓。此风虚之不能宣于阴者。藉之自表入里。即具有自内达外之用。（风脏即血脏。故肝
主经络。风化能宣于阴。即所谓通血脉利关窍是也。）是则天麻之功。可止以治风为言乎。
或问木乘土虚。似木居其实矣。何以亦曰虚风。不知风木之气。虽本于先天生气。实与后天
中气相驭而行。若中土虚衰。即风木之化原已伤。得不谓之风虚乎。（清阳之能升能降。全
藉中土为枢。凡土衰木侮之病。不知补脾育肝。而但事苦寒以伐肝。多致夭枉。所以罗氏治
虚风之义。即助阳气一语足以尽之。）顾何以阳实之风而亦用之。曰。人身风化。与元气并
行。阴即随阳以为守。经曰。虚者属真气。实者属邪气。若真气得所守。而邪气不自散乎。
是以投之阳虚。固为的治。即投之阳实。亦藉其有风不动之气机。以妙夫关捩之用矣。（寇
氏故云必须他药相佐使。盖攻补殊剂。皆得用之以尽其变也。）
〔辨治〕 采后曝干。肉色坚白如羊角。呼羊角天麻。蒸过。黄皱如干瓜者。俗呼酱瓜
天麻。皆可用。一种形尖而空薄如元参状者。不堪用。
〔修事〕天麻十两锉。安于瓶中。用蒺藜子一镒。缓火熬焦。盖于天麻上。以三重纸封
系。从巳至未。取出蒺藜。炒过。盖系如前。凡七遍。用布拭上气汗。刀劈焙干。单捣用。
（此云 法。治风痹药。须如此修事。）用治肝经风虚。洗净。以湿纸色。于糠火中煨熟。
取出切片。酒浸一宿。焙干用。
产于肃州及陕西。属于肉苁蓉这一类。出土时像竹笋一样，上部丰满下部瘦削，鳞片像梳齿般排列，筋脉相互联系，完全像男性的生殖器。当地人挖掘取出，洗涤去皮，切成薄片晒干后出售。
气味甘、咸，性温。适宜入足少阴肾经。大补阴气，益精血，固精。对于大便干燥（身体虚弱者出现燥结时，食用它可以代替肉苁蓉，煮粥吃更好；如果没有燥结则不要使用）。滋润燥热，滋养筋脉，治疗痿弱无力。选取坚硬而肥大的，用烧酒浸泡七次，焙干七次，研成粉末服用。能益气。
《神农本草经》称其为赤箭。又名定风草。春天生出苗叶像芍药，单独抽出一根茎，高三四尺，茎中空，颜色正红，宛如箭杆，而且带有羽状物。有风时不动，无风时自动摇晃。四月梢头结成穗，开灰白色的花，结的果实像楝树子，到了秋天也不脱落，反而穿透空心进入茎中，顺着筒状茎向下，在土内潜生。根部像芋头，去掉根尖三五寸处，有十二枚侧芽（游子），环绕排列如同护卫，都有细根，虽然互相依靠但实际上并不相连。大的重半斤，或五六两，皮色黄白，名叫龙皮肉，就是天麻。《本经》名称概括了根和苗，后来将苗称为赤箭，根称为天麻，因为功力稍有同异罢了。有一种御风草与赤箭相似，独茎，颜色青斑，叶背黄白，兼有青点，随风动摇，种子不退回茎筒中。治疗效果稍合，但补益作用大相径庭。
味道辛、甘而缓和，气平，浮而升，属阳。是肝经气分的药物。助阳气，主治风虚引起的眩晕头痛。（眼睛发黑头晕，由风虚内生所致，不是天麻不能治愈。）以及痰热上壅引起的头痛和眩晕，并善于治疗易惊、神志丧失、言语多恍惚。补劳伤，利腰膝，强筋力，驱逐各种风湿。（长期服用天麻叶，全身出现发红丹疹的，这是祛风的验证。）治疗麻痹拘挛，冷气痹痛，瘫痪缓纵不用，通血脉，利关窍，安定小儿的风痫惊气，通女子经脉。肝虚不足的人，用天麻配伍川芎来补益。（能通达风化即是补益。）更治疗风热头痛，或者语言不利。
（李东垣）将其与白术、半夏、黄芩、前胡、橘皮、茯苓同用，治疗痰厥头痛。与白术、橘皮、茯苓、车前子同用，治疗水饮停在心下导致的支满证。与南星、前胡、橘皮、白前同用，消除各种风痰。
附方 天麻丸。消风化痰，清利头目，宽胸利膈。治疗心慌烦闷，头晕欲倒，项部紧急肩背拘倦，神志昏沉多睡，肢节烦痛，皮肤瘙痒，偏头痛和正头痛，鼻塞，面目虚浮，都适宜服用。天麻五钱，川芎二两，研成粉末，炼蜜为丸，如芡实大小。每餐饭后嚼服一丸，茶或酒送下均可。
〔论〕 天麻神奇之处在于治疗内风。内风，就是虚风。人身只有阴阳调和才能形成气，而风木之气由阴达阳。所以阴虚则风实，阳虚则风虚。虚风致病，有的因清阳不升，浊阴不降，肝木失去其生发之气而导致；有的因脾胃生病，使土败木侮而生虚风。那么虚风的原因，不仅在于郁滞而不通达，即使是反克其所不胜（肺金）也是如此。此品赤箭为苗，天麻为根，根则抽出苗径直向上，有自内达外的道理；苗则结子成熟落下，返回干中向下，有自表入里的功效。它有风不动，无风自摇，与独活相同，但所以能畅风化、镇风变的作用则大不相同。大概能畅风化，是自内达外的道理，属升；能镇风变，是自表入里的功效，属降。就其为升为降而言，已经并将赤箭的功效，全部归于天麻，不能说根的作用，只能自内达外，而不擅长归根的妙用了。所以治疗眩晕惊痫，乃是风虚不能达于阳的情况，用它自内达外，即不外乎具有自表入里的体用。（治疗风证也说用天麻、防风辛温发散，并非真正的发散，只是借风邪不得狂乱即为散罢了。）又治疗风湿挛痹瘫缓，这是风虚不能宣于阴的情况，借助它自表入里，即具有自内达外的作用。（风脏即血脏，所以肝主经络，风化能宣于阴，即所谓通血脉利关窍是也。）这样看来，天麻的功效，可以只以治疗风病来说吗？
有人问：木乘土虚，似乎木居于实处了，为什么也称为虚风？不知道风木之气，虽然本源于先天生气，实际上与后天中气相驾驭而行。如果中土虚衰，那么风木的化源已受伤，能不称之为风虚吗？（清阳的能升能降，全赖中土作为枢纽。凡是土衰木侮的病，不知道补脾育肝，而只用苦寒药来伐肝，多导致夭折。所以罗氏治疗虚风的含义，即“助阳气”一句话足以概括。）那为什么阳实之风也用它呢？回答说：人身的风化，与元气并行，阴即随阳以为守。经说：虚者属真气，实者属邪气。如果真气得所守，而邪气不自散吗？因此投用于阳虚，固然是对症的治疗，即使投用于阳实，也借助其有风不动的气机，以巧妙发挥关捩的作用。（寇氏所以说必须其他药物相佐使，因为攻补殊剂，都能用它来尽其变化。）
〔辨治〕 采挖后曝晒干燥，肉质坚白如羊角，呼为羊角天麻。蒸过后，黄皱如干瓜的，俗呼酱瓜天麻，都可以使用。一种形状尖而空薄如玄参状的，不堪使用。
〔修事〕 天麻十两锉碎，放入瓶中，用蒺藜子一镒，慢火熬焦，盖在天麻上，用三重纸封系，从巳时至未时，取出蒺藜，炒过，盖系如前。凡七遍，用布拭去上面的气汗，刀劈焙干，单捣使用。（这里说的炮制方法，治疗风痹药，须如此修事。）用于治疗肝经风虚，洗净，用湿纸包裹，在糠火中煨熟，取出切片，酒浸一夜，焙干使用。
Produced in Suzhou and Shaanxi. It belongs to the category of *Cistanche* (Rou Cong Rong). When emerging from the soil, it resembles a bamboo shoot, being plump at the top and slender at the bottom, with scales arranged like comb teeth, and sinews and veins interconnected, resembling male genitalia. Locals dig it up, wash and peel it, slice it thinly, dry it in the sun, and sell it.
The flavor is sweet and salty; the nature is warm. It is suitable for entering the Foot-Shaoyin Kidney Meridian. It greatly tonifies Yin Qi, benefits Essence and Blood, and secures Essence. For constipation due to dryness (when deficient individuals suffer from dry accumulation, consuming it can replace *Cistanche*, and cooking it into porridge is even better; if there is no dry accumulation, do not use it). It moistens dryness, nourishes sinews, and treats flaccidity and weakness. Select those that are firm and fleshy, soak them in distilled liquor seven times, and bake them seven times, then grind into powder for oral administration. It can benefit Qi.
*Shennong Bencao Jing* refers to it as Chijian (Red Arrow). Also known as Dingfeng Cao (Wind-Calming Grass). In spring, the seedlings emerge like *Paeonia lactiflora* (Shaoyao), drawing out a single stem alone, three or four chi high. The stem is hollow inside, with a true red color, resembling an arrow shaft, and possessing feather-like structures. It does not move when there is wind, but sways spontaneously when there is no wind. At the tip in April, it forms spikes bearing grayish-white flowers, producing fruits similar to *Melia azedarach* (Lianzi) seeds, which do not fall even in autumn. Instead, they penetrate through the hollow stem downwards, growing secretly underground. The root resembles a taro tuber. Removing three or five cun from the root tip, there are twelve lateral buds (Youzi), arranged in a ring like guards, each having fine roots. Although they lean on each other, they are not actually connected. Large ones weigh half a jin, or five to six liang. The skin color is yellowish-white, named Longpi Rou (Dragon Skin Meat), which is Tianma (*Gastrodiae Rhizoma*). The *Bencao Jing* name covered both root and shoot. Later, the shoot was distinguished as Chijian, and the root as Tianma, because their therapeutic powers have slight similarities and differences. There is a plant called Yufeng Cao (Wind-Defying Grass) similar to Chijian, with a single stem, green-spotted color, yellowish-white leaf backs with green spots, swaying with the wind, and seeds that do not return into the stem tube. Its therapeutic effects are somewhat compatible, but its tonic properties are vastly different.
The taste is pungent, sweet, and mild; the nature is neutral. It floats and ascends, belonging to Yang. It is a drug for the Qi aspect of the Liver Meridian. It assists Yang Qi and primarily treats vertigo and headache caused by Wind-Deficiency (Eye blackouts and dizziness caused internally by Wind-Deficiency cannot be treated effectively without Tianma). It also treats headaches and vertigo due to Phlegm-Heat obstructing upwards, and is good at treating fright, loss of will, and hesitant speech. It tonifies labor injuries, benefits the waist and knees, strengthens sinews and muscles, and expels various Wind-Dampness (Long-term consumption of Tianma leaves results in erythematous rashes all over the body, which is a sign of expelling Wind). It treats numbness, spasm, cold Qi Bi syndrome, paralysis and flaccidity, unblocking blood vessels and benefiting joint orifices, calming infantile Wind-Epilepsy and fright Qi, and regulating the menses in women. For Liver deficiency and insufficiency, Tianma combined with *Chuanxiong Rhizoma* (Xiongxue) is used to tonify it (Ability to facilitate Wind transformation is itself a form of tonification). It further treats Wind-Heat headache or dysarthria.
(Li Dongyuan) Combined with *Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma* (Baizhu), *Pinelliae Rhizoma* (Banxia), *Scutellariae Radix* (Huangqin), *Peucedani Radix* (Qianhu), *Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium* (Chenpi), and *Poria* (Fuling), it treats Phlegm-Jue headache. Combined with Baizhu, Chenpi, Fuling, and *Plantaginis Semen* (Cheqianzi), it treats fluid retention in the heart region causing fullness and distension. Combined with *Aconiti Lateralis Preparata Radix* (Nanxing), Qianhu, Chenpi, and *Baiqian*, it eliminates various types of Wind-Phlegm.
Attached Formula: Tianma Wan (Gastrodia Pill). Expels Wind and resolves Phlegm, clears and benefits the head and eyes, broadens the chest and benefits the diaphragm. Treats palpitations and vexation, dizziness feeling as if falling, neck stiffness and shoulder/back fatigue, mental confusion and excessive sleepiness, painful joints, skin itching, lateral and frontal headaches, nasal congestion, and puffy face and eyes. All are suitable for taking this pill. Tianma 5 qian, Xiongqiong 2 liang, ground into powder, made into pills with refined honey, the size of *Euryale ferox* seeds (Qianshi). Chew one pill after each meal, taken with tea or wine as preferred.
[Discussion] Tianma is miraculous in treating Internal Wind. Internal Wind is Deficient Wind. The human body relies on the harmony of Yin and Yang to generate Qi, while Wood-Wind Qi reaches Yang from Yin. Therefore, Yin deficiency leads to Excess Wind, and Yang deficiency leads to Deficient Wind. Diseases caused by Deficient Wind arise either from Clear Yang failing to ascend and Turbid Yin failing to descend, causing Liver Wood to lose its generating and ascending Qi; or from Spleen-Stomach pathology leading to Earth failure and Wood insulting, generating Deficient Wind. Thus, the cause of Deficient Wind lies not only in stagnation and failure to communicate, but also in insulting what it cannot overcome (Metal). In this herb, Chijian is the shoot, and Tianma is the root. The root draws the shoot straight upward, embodying the principle of moving from interior to exterior. The shoot produces seeds that mature and fall back into the stem tube downward, embodying the merit of moving from exterior to interior. It remains still when there is wind and sways spontaneously when there is none, similar to *Angelica pubescens* (Duhuo), but its ability to promote Wind transformation and suppress Wind changes is greatly different. Generally, promoting Wind transformation follows the principle of moving from interior to exterior, which is Ascending. Suppressing Wind changes follows the merit of moving from exterior to interior, which is Descending. Regarding its ascending and descending actions, it has already incorporated all the merits of Chijian into Tianma. One cannot say that the root's function is limited to moving from interior to exterior and lacks the subtlety of returning to the root. Therefore, treating vertigo and epileptic convulsions, which are cases where Wind-Deficiency fails to reach Yang, using it to move from interior to exterior inherently possesses the quality of moving from exterior to interior. (Treating Wind syndromes also mentions using Tianma and *Saposhnikoviae Radix* (Fangfeng) with acrid-warm dispersing methods, which is not true dispersion, but rather dispersing by preventing the Wind pathogen from becoming chaotic.) Furthermore, treating Wind-Damp spasms, Bi syndrome, and paralysis, which are cases where Wind-Deficiency fails to circulate in Yin, relying on it to move from exterior to interior inherently possesses the function of moving from interior to exterior. (The Wind Zang is the Blood Zang; thus, the Liver governs meridians and collaterals. Wind transformation circulating in Yin is what is meant by unblocking blood vessels and benefiting joint orifices.) Can the efficacy of Tianma be described solely by its treatment of Wind?
One might ask: If Wood insults deficient Earth, Wood seems to reside in excess. Why is it still called Deficient Wind? It is unknown that although the Qi of Wind-Wood originates from the congenital vital Qi, it actually travels in conjunction with the acquired Middle Qi. If the Middle Earth is deficient and declining, the source of Wind-Wood transformation is damaged. How can this not be called Wind-Deficiency? (The ability of Clear Yang to ascend and descend relies entirely on the Middle Earth as the pivot. In diseases of Earth decline and Wood insult, failing to tonify the Spleen and nurture the Liver, and instead merely using bitter-cold drugs to attack the Liver, often leads to premature death. Thus, the meaning of Luo’s treatment of Deficient Wind is fully summarized by the phrase "assisting Yang Qi".) Then why is it used for Excess Wind of Yang? I reply: Human Wind transformation travels alongside Yuan Qi (Original Qi); Yin guards Yang. The Classics state: Deficiency belongs to True Qi, Excess belongs to Pathogenic Qi. If True Qi has proper guardianship, will Pathogenic Qi not disperse on its own? Therefore, administering it for Yang deficiency is indeed a targeted treatment. Even when administered for Yang excess, it utilizes the qi mechanism of "remaining still amidst wind" to cleverly apply the function of the pivotal point. (Kou Zhenchang stated that it must be assisted by other drugs, as attacking and tonifying agents differ, yet all can utilize it to maximize variability.)
[Differentiation and Treatment] After harvesting, sun-dry until the flesh is firm and white like sheep horn, called Yangjiao Tianma. Steamed until yellow and wrinkled like a dried melon, commonly called Jianggua Tianma, both are usable. A variety that is pointed in shape, hollow and thin like *Scrophulariae Radix* (Xuanshen), is unsuitable for use.
[Processing] Take ten liang of Tianma, cut into pieces, place in a jar. Use one yi of *Tribuli Fructus* (Jili), slowly roast until scorched, cover it over the Tianma, seal tightly with triple-layered paper, from Si hour to Wei hour. Remove Tribulus, stir-fry it, cover and seal again as before. Repeat this process seven times. Wipe off the moisture/sweat with cloth, split with a knife, bake dry, and crush singly for use. (This processing method is required for Wind-Bi medicines.) To treat Liver Meridian Wind-Deficiency, wash clean, wrap in wet paper, roast in chaff fire until cooked, take out, slice, soak in wine overnight, bake dry, and use.