《素问·厥论》帝曰∶厥之寒热者，何也？岐伯曰∶阳气衰于下，则为寒厥；阴气衰于下，则为热厥。
阴阳之气根于肾，肾者足少阴也。其气由脏腑出于经脉，升降流行，仍归于脏，循环不休。如气有偏倾，
则升降不调，而经脉郁闭，阴阳相格，不得交通，乃为厥逆。以其根于足少阴经，故厥起于足，阳衰为寒厥，
阴衰为热厥也。
帝曰∶热厥之为热也，必起于足下者，何也？岐伯曰∶阳气起于足五趾之表，阴脉者集于足下，而聚于足
心，故阳气胜则足下热也。
阴脉集于足下而聚足心，足心肾经之涌泉穴也。足三阴经行于趾内，足三阳经行于趾外，而阴阳之气，
交接于指尖，互相通和而流行者，阳气胜则溢于阴位，故足下热也。
帝曰∶寒厥之为寒也，必从五指而上于膝者，何也？岐伯曰∶阴气起于五指之里，集于膝下而聚于膝上，
故阴气胜，则从五指至膝上寒，其寒也，不从外，皆从内也。
阳气行于指表者不热，而阴气行于指里者独寒，以阴气集膝下而聚膝上，故寒不从外，而从五指之内上
于膝，其阴盛阳衰可见矣。
帝曰∶寒厥何失而然也？岐伯曰∶前阴者，宗筋之所聚，太阴、阳明之所合也。春夏则阳气多而阴气少，
秋冬则阴气盛而阳气衰。此人者质壮，以秋冬夺于所
用，下气上争不能复，精气溢下，邪气因从之而上也。气因于中，阳气衰，不能渗营其经络，阳气日损，阴气
独在，故手足为之寒也。
太阴、阳明，统一身之阴阳，而阳明又主润宗筋者也。男女皆有宗筋，而聚于前阴，为太阴、阳明之所会
合者也，故一身阴阳之气，亦聚会于此，以为生育之本也。人身与天地协议气化者，故春夏则阳升而多，阴降
而少；秋冬则阴升而盛，阳降而衰。此人本质强壮，恃强妄作，秋冬阳气本衰而又伤之，夺其所用，迨冬至阳
将升，与阴上争而不能复其元。上争者，如剥卦，剥必转复，阴阳方和。阳气既夺，不能复则不能应时升旺，
其精气散溢而反下泄，阴邪之气，乘虚上僭，夫阴阳和平之元气，因中敷布而达外者也，阳气衰，则不能敷布
渗营其经络，而阳日损，阴气独在，故手足皆寒，而为厥逆也。
帝曰∶热厥何如而然也？岐伯曰∶酒入于胃，则络脉满而经脉虚，脾主为胃行其津液者也，阴气虚则阳气
入，阳气入则胃不和，胃不和则精气竭，精气竭则不营其四肢也。此人必数醉若饱以入房，气聚于脾中不得
散，酒气与谷气相薄，热盛于中，故热遍于身，内热而溺赤也。夫酒气盛而 悍，肾气日衰，阳气独胜，故手
足为之热也。
络脉属卫，卫为阳；经脉属营，营为阴。酒气 悍助卫，故络脉满而经脉虚也。营卫之气出于脾胃，脾主
为胃行其津液者也，阴气虚则阳侵入而胃不和，胃不和则水谷精气耗竭，而不营运于四肢也。此由醉饱欲火劫
烁阴精，阳气变成邪热，聚于脾中不散，脾主肌肉，故热遍于身，内热而溺赤也。肾阴之气因而日衰，邪阳之
气独胜，故手足之热尤甚于身，名为热厥也。
黄帝问道：厥证出现寒象或热象，是什么原因呢？岐伯回答说：阳气在下部衰少，就会发生寒厥；阴气在下部衰少，就会发生热厥。
阴阳之气都根源于肾，肾属于足少阴经。脏腑之气通过经脉运行，升降流通，最终仍回归于脏腑，循环往复，永不停息。如果气机发生偏颇倾斜，就会导致升降失调，经脉郁结闭塞，阴阳相互格拒，不能交通，从而形成厥逆。因为厥证的根源在于足少阴经，所以厥证发作时症状从足部开始，阳气衰少表现为寒厥，阴气衰少表现为热厥。
黄帝问道：热厥之所以发热，必定从足底开始，这是为什么呢？岐伯回答说：阳气起于足五趾的外侧表面，阴脉汇聚于足底，并聚集在足心，所以阳气亢盛则足底发热。
阴脉汇聚于足底并聚集在足心，足心是肾经的涌泉穴（位于足底前部凹陷处）。足三阴经行走在足趾内侧，足三阳经行走在足趾外侧，而阴阳之气在指尖交接，互相通调和畅地流行。当阳气亢盛时，就会溢入阴脉所主的部位，所以足底发热。
黄帝问道：寒厥之所以发冷，必定从五个脚趾向上蔓延到膝盖，这是为什么呢？岐伯回答说：阴气起于五个脚趾的内侧深处，汇聚于膝下并聚集在膝上，所以阴气亢盛时，会从五个脚趾到膝盖以上感到寒冷。这种寒冷并非来自外部，而是全部由内部产生。
行走在足趾外表面的阳气并不觉得热，而行走在足趾内深处的阴气独自感到寒冷。因为阴气汇聚于膝下并聚集在膝上，所以寒冷不是从外部侵入，而是从五个脚趾的内侧向上蔓延至膝盖，这可以看出是阴气盛而阳气衰。
黄帝问道：寒厥是由于什么失误导致的呢？岐伯回答说：前阴部位，是宗筋（男性外生殖器及周围筋膜组织）汇聚的地方，也是太阴经和阳明经会合之处。春夏季节阳气多而阴气少，秋冬季节阴气盛而阳气衰。这个人体质强壮，却在秋冬季节过度使用精气，导致下部之气与上部之气争竞而不能恢复，精气向下漏泄，邪气便随之向上侵犯。气机郁结在中焦，阳气衰少，不能渗透滋养其经络，阳气日益损耗，阴气独存，所以手足变得寒冷。
太阴经和阳明经统管全身的阴阳，而阳明经又主司滋润宗筋。男女都有宗筋，且汇聚于前阴，这里是太阴经和阳明经会合的地方，所以全身的阴阳之气也聚会于此，作为生育的根本。人体与天地相协调以顺应气化规律，所以春夏时节阳气上升而增多，阴气下降而减少；秋冬时节阴气上升而旺盛，阳气下降而衰少。这个人本质强壮，倚仗强壮而妄为，在秋冬阳气本已衰少之时又加以损伤，过度耗用精气。等到冬至阳气应当升发时，阳气与阴气向上争竞却不能恢复元气。所谓的“上争”，就像剥卦一样，剥落之后必然转为复卦，此时阴阳方才和谐。既然阳气被夺失，不能恢复就不能顺应时令而升发旺盛，精气散溢反而向下泄脱，阴邪之气乘虚而上僭越。原本平和的元气，因中焦敷布而达于体表，阳气衰少，就不能敷布渗透滋养其经络，阳气日益损耗，阴气独存，所以手足皆寒，形成厥逆。
黄帝问道：热厥又是由于什么原因导致的呢？岐伯回答说：酒进入胃中，则络脉充满而经脉空虚。脾的功能是为胃传输津液，阴气虚弱则阳气内入，阳气内入则胃功能不和，胃不和则精气枯竭，精气枯竭就不能营养四肢。这种人必定经常醉酒或饱食后行房事，气聚积在脾中不得疏散，酒气与谷气相互搏结，热势炽盛于中焦，所以热气遍满全身，出现内热和小便赤涩。酒的性质盛大而剽悍，导致肾气日益衰少，阳气独亢，所以手足发热。
络脉属于卫气，卫气属阳；经脉属于营气，营气属阴。酒的剽悍之气助长卫气，所以络脉充满而经脉空虚。营气和卫气都出于脾胃，脾的功能是为胃传输津液，阴气虚弱则阳气侵入而导致胃不和，胃不和则水谷的精微之气耗竭，不能营运于四肢。这是由于醉酒后饱食，性欲之火劫烁阴精，使阳气变成邪热，聚积在脾中不散。脾主肌肉，所以热势遍满全身，出现内热和小便赤涩。肾阴之气因此日益衰少，邪阳之气独亢，所以手足的热感比身体其他部位更甚，这就叫做热厥。
Huangdi asked: What is the reason for cold or heat manifestations in Jue syndrome (a condition characterized by coldness or heat in the extremities due to counterflow of Qi)? Qibo replied: When Yang Qi (the active, warming energy) is deficient in the lower part, Cold Jue occurs; when Yin Qi (the passive, cooling energy) is deficient in the lower part, Heat Jue occurs.
Yin and Yang Qi are rooted in the Kidney (Zang organ associated with water, essence, and reproduction), which corresponds to the Foot-Shaoyin Meridian. Qi from the Zang-Fu organs emerges into the meridians, ascending and descending, circulating continuously, and eventually returning to the Zang organs. If Qi becomes unbalanced, the ascending and descending mechanisms become disordered, leading to stagnation and closure of the meridians. Yin and Yang repel each other, failing to communicate, resulting in Ni-Jue (counterflow reversal). Since the root lies in the Foot-Shaoyin Meridian, Jue originates in the feet. Deficiency of Yang manifests as Cold Jue, while deficiency of Yin manifests as Heat Jue.
Huangdi asked: Why does Heat Jue, characterized by heat, necessarily begin at the sole of the foot? Qibo replied: Yang Qi arises from the exterior aspect of the five toes. The Yin meridians converge at the sole and gather at the Yongquan point (KI-1, located in the depression of the sole). Therefore, when Yang Qi is excessive, the sole becomes hot.
The Yin meridians converge at the sole and gather at the Yongquan point, which belongs to the Kidney Meridian. The Three-Yin Meridians of the Foot run along the medial side of the toes, while the Three-Yang Meridians of the Foot run along the lateral side. Yin and Yang Qi intersect at the fingertips, flowing smoothly and harmoniously. When Yang Qi is excessive, it overflows into the Yin regions, causing heat in the sole.
Huangdi asked: Why does Cold Jue, characterized by cold, necessarily start from the five toes and ascend to the knees? Qibo replied: Yin Qi arises from the interior aspect of the five toes, converges below the knee, and gathers above the knee. Therefore, when Yin Qi is excessive, coldness extends from the toes to above the knees. This coldness does not come from the exterior but arises entirely from within.
Yang Qi running on the exterior of the toes does not feel hot, whereas Yin Qi running in the interior of the toes feels distinctly cold. Because Yin Qi gathers below and above the knee, the coldness does not invade from the outside but ascends from the interior of the toes to the knee, indicating an excess of Yin and deficiency of Yang.
Huangdi asked: What error leads to Cold Jue? Qibo replied: The anterior yin (genital area) is where the Zongjin (tendons/membranes, specifically referring to the male external genitalia and surrounding fascia) gather, and it is the convergence point of the Taiyin and Yangming meridians. In spring and summer, Yang Qi is abundant and Yin Qi is scarce; in autumn and winter, Yin Qi is abundant and Yang Qi is scarce. A person with a robust constitution who overexerts themselves during autumn and winter causes the lower Qi to contend upward without recovering. Essence and Qi leak downward, and pathogenic Qi follows upward. Qi becomes stagnant in the middle jiao, Yang Qi declines, and fails to permeate and nourish the meridians. Yang Qi diminishes daily, leaving only Yin Qi, resulting in cold hands and feet.
The Taiyin and Yangming meridians govern the Yin and Yang of the whole body, and the Yangming meridian specifically moistens the Zongjin. Both men and women have Zongjin, which gather at the anterior yin, serving as the meeting point of the Taiyin and Yangming meridians. Thus, the Yin and Yang Qi of the entire body also converge here, forming the basis for reproduction. The human body coordinates with Heaven and Earth to adapt to Qi transformation. In spring and summer, Yang rises and increases, while Yin descends and decreases; in autumn and winter, Yin rises and becomes abundant, while Yang descends and declines. A person with a strong constitution relies on their strength and acts recklessly. In autumn and winter, when Yang Qi is naturally weak, they further damage it through overexertion. By the time of the Winter Solstice, when Yang Qi should rise, it contends with Yin upward but fails to restore its original state. This contention is like the Gua Bo (Hexagram Bo/Peeling); after peeling comes Fu (Hexagram Fu/Return), where Yin and Yang harmonize. However, since Yang Qi has been depleted and cannot recover, it fails to flourish according to the season. Essence and Qi scatter and leak downward, allowing Yin pathogenic Qi to usurp position vacuously. The originally balanced Yuan Qi (Original Qi) spreads from the center to the exterior. With Yang Qi deficient, it cannot spread and permeate the meridians. Yang Qi diminishes daily, leaving only Yin Qi, causing cold hands and feet and resulting in Ni-Jue.
Huangdi asked: How does Heat Jue occur? Qibo replied: When wine enters the stomach, the Luo-connecting vessels become full while the Jing-main meridians become empty. The Spleen’s function is to transport fluids for the Stomach. When Yin Qi is deficient, Yang Qi invades inward. When Yang Qi invades inward, the Stomach becomes disharmonious. When the Stomach is disharmonious, Essence and Qi are exhausted. When Essence and Qi are exhausted, the four limbs are not nourished. Such individuals often engage in sexual intercourse while drunk or after eating until full. Qi accumulates in the Spleen and cannot disperse. The Qi of wine and grain clash, creating intense heat in the middle jiao. Consequently, heat pervades the body, causing internal heat and dark urine. Wine Qi is potent and fierce, causing daily decline of Kidney Qi and excessive dominance of Yang Qi, resulting in hot hands and feet.
Luo vessels belong to Wei Qi (Defensive Qi, yang nature); Jing meridians belong to Ying Qi (Nutritive Qi, yin nature). The fierce nature of wine Qi assists Wei Qi, causing fullness in the Luo vessels and emptiness in the Jing meridians. Ying and Wei Qi originate from the Spleen and Stomach. The Spleen transports fluids for the Stomach. When Yin Qi is deficient, Yang Qi invades, leading to Stomach disharmony. Stomach disharmony causes exhaustion of Grain Essence, preventing circulation to the four limbs. This results from drunkenness and overeating combined with sexual desire, which scorches Yin Essence, transforming Yang Qi into Pathogenic Heat. This heat accumulates in the Spleen and does not disperse. Since the Spleen governs muscles, heat pervades the body, causing internal heat and dark urine. Kidney Yin Qi declines daily, while Pathogenic Yang Qi dominates excessively. Thus, heat in the hands and feet is more severe than in the rest of the body, a condition named Heat Jue.