王肯堂曰∶红茧疔，因心火太盛，传于脾经，故毒发于四末，若水珠，若水泡，
与血HT （音 。皮起也。）无异，多生手足胸背之间，今人不识，伪称火丹，或认斑疮，养
成大患。初起红色，宜用针，针去恶血，内服清心败毒黄连丸之类；如紫色则危，灰
黑必死。根行甚速，宜针恶血，以缓毒势，治同疔法。（《准绳》）
王肯堂曰∶瘭疽者，肉中忽生点子如豆粒，小者如黍粟，大者如梅李，或赤或
白，或青或黑，其状不定，有根不浮肿，痛伤之应心，根深至肌，经久便四面悉肿，泡
黯熟紫黑色，能烂筋骨，若毒散逐脉入脏杀人。南人名为拓着毒，浓肉处即割去之，
亦烧铁烙之令焦如炭，或灸百壮，其病喜着十指，故与代指相似，人不识之，呼为
代指，不急治之，亦逐脉上入脏杀人。南方人得之，皆斩去其指。初指头先作黯泡，
后始肿赤黑黯，惨痛入心是也。（《准绳》）
陈实功曰∶瘭疽，又名蛇瘴，凡川广烟瘴地方多有之。初出先作红点，次变黑
色，腐烂筋骨，小者如粟如豆，大者如梅如李，发无定处。初起蟾酥饼膏盖，红肿
游走不定，用真君妙贴散加雄黄敷之，自然截住。破后如脾胃虚弱，补托不应，惟
出清水秽汁者，俱为不治。（《正宗》）
冯鲁瞻曰∶瘭疽者，其发有数种，小者如粟如豆，大者如梅如李，青黑赤白，变
易不常，或臂或肾，或口齿，或肚脐，发无定处，然大概多见于手指之间，根深入
肌，走臂游肿，毒血流注，贯串筋脉，烂肉见骨，出血极多。若至狂言烦躁闷乱者，
皆毒瓦斯攻心之候也，不治。（《锦囊》）
澄曰∶瘭疽随处可生，川广烟瘴地方多有之，疼痛澈心不止，腐烂筋骨，溃破
脓如豆汁，今日拭干，次日脓汁复满，愈而复发。
小指节靠近手掌的部位，出现肿胀、疼痛且发红，这种病症称为冲要节。（出自《外科正宗》）
王肯堂说：红茧疔，是因为心火过于旺盛，传变到脾经，所以毒邪发作在四肢末端，症状像水珠或水泡，与血疱（音同“皮起”，指皮肤下出血形成的疱）没有区别，多生长在手足胸背之间。现在的人不认识，错误地称为火丹，或者误认为是斑疮，从而延误治疗酿成大患。初起时呈红色，适宜用针挑破，放出恶血，内服清心败毒的黄连丸之类的药物；如果颜色变为紫色则病情危重，变成灰黑色必然死亡。病势发展很快，适宜针刺放出恶血，以减缓毒势，治疗方法同疔疮法。（出自《医学准绳六要》）
王肯堂说：瘭疽，是肌肉中突然长出像豆粒大小的点状物，小的像黍米粟粒，大的像梅子李子，颜色有的红、有的白、有的青、有的黑，形状不定，有根基但不浮肿，触碰疼痛牵连心脏，病根深达肌肉，时间久了便四面全部肿胀，水泡暗熟呈现紫黑色，能腐蚀筋骨，如果毒邪扩散沿经脉传入内脏就会杀人。南方人称之为拓着毒，在肉厚的地方就割除它，也用烧红的铁器烙烫使其焦黑如炭，或者灸一百壮，这种病喜欢长在十指上，所以与代指相似，人们不认识，称之为代指，如果不紧急治疗，也会沿经脉向上侵入内脏杀人。南方人得了这个病，都斩断手指。初期指头先出现暗色水泡，随后才肿胀、发红、发黑、发暗，剧烈疼痛深入内心，就是这种情况。（出自《医学准绳六要》）
陈实功说：瘭疽，又名蛇瘴，凡是四川、广东等烟瘴之地多有发生。初起先出现红点，随后变为黑色，腐烂筋骨，小的像粟米豆粒，大的像梅子李子，发病部位不固定。初起时用蟾酥饼膏覆盖，红肿游走不定，用真君妙贴散加雄黄外敷，自然能截断病势。溃破后如果脾胃虚弱，补益托毒无效，只有流出清水秽浊汁液的，都属于不治之症。（出自《外科正宗》）
冯鲁瞻说：瘭疽的发病有好几种类型，小的像粟米豆粒，大的像梅子李子，颜色青黑赤白，变化无常，可能长在手臂、肾脏区域、口齿、肚脐等处，发病部位不固定，但大概多见于手指之间，病根深入肌肉，向手臂游走性肿胀，毒血流注，贯穿筋脉，烂肉见骨，出血极多。如果出现胡言乱语、烦躁闷乱的症状，都是毒瓦斯攻心的征候，属于不治之症。（出自《医宗金鉴·外科心法要诀》注引《锦囊》）
顾世澄说：瘭疽随处都可能生长，四川、广东等烟瘴之地多有发生，疼痛彻心不止，腐烂筋骨，溃破后的脓液像豆汁一样，今天擦拭干净，第二天脓汁又充满，好了之后又复发。
Near the joint of the little finger close to the palm, swelling, pain, and redness occur; this condition is called *Chongyao Jie* (Important Joint). (*Waike Zhengzong*)
Wang Kentang stated: *Hongjian Ding* (Red Coccal Carbuncle) arises from excessive Heart Fire transmitting to the Spleen Meridian, causing toxins to manifest at the four extremities. The lesions resemble water droplets or blisters, indistinguishable from blood blisters (Xue Pao, blisters formed by subcutaneous bleeding), and commonly appear between the hands, feet, chest, and back. Modern people fail to recognize it, misdiagnosing it as *Huodan* (Fire Erysipelas) or *Banchuang* (Spotted Sores), thereby delaying treatment and causing severe complications. In the initial stage, when red in color, it is appropriate to puncture with a needle to evacuate bad blood, and internally administer formulas such as *Qingxin Baidu Huanglian Wan* (Coptis Pill for Clearing Heart Heat and Resolving Toxins). If the color turns purple, the condition is critical; if it becomes grayish-black, death is inevitable. The progression is rapid; puncturing to evacuate bad blood can slow the toxin's spread. The treatment follows the methods for *Ding* (Carbuncles). (*Yixue Zhunsheng*)
Wang Kentang stated: *Biaoju* (Acute Ulcerative Gangrene) manifests as sudden nodules within the flesh, resembling bean grains; small ones are like millet seeds, large ones like plums or peaches. They may be red, white, green, or black, with variable shapes. They have a root but do not initially swell diffusely; touching them causes pain radiating to the heart. The root penetrates deeply into the muscle. After prolonged duration, swelling spreads in all directions, and blisters darken to purple-black, capable of rotting muscles and bones. If the toxin disperses along the meridians into the Zang organs, it is fatal. People in the South call it *Tuo Zhuo Du* (Touching Poison). In areas with thick flesh, it is surgically excised; alternatively, cauterization with hot iron until charred like charcoal, or moxibustion of one hundred cones, may be used. This disease favors the ten fingers, resembling *Daizhi* (Subungual Abscess); because people do not recognize it, they call it *Daizhi*. If not treated urgently, the toxin ascends along the meridians into the Zang organs, causing death. Southerners often amputate the affected finger upon diagnosis. Initially, dark blisters appear on the fingertip, followed by swelling, redness, blackening, and dullness, with excruciating pain penetrating the heart. (*Yixue Zhunsheng*)
Chen Shigong stated: *Biaoju*, also known as *Shezhang* (Snake Miasma), is common in miasma-prone regions such as Sichuan and Guangdong. It begins as red spots that turn black, rotting muscles and bones. Lesions range from small like millet/beans to large like plums/peaches, appearing in unpredictable locations. In the early stage, cover with *Chansu Bing Gao* (Toad Venom Cake Paste). For spreading redness and swelling, apply *Zhenjun Miaotie San* (Miraculous Adhesive Powder of the True Lord) mixed with Realgar (Xionghuang) externally to arrest the disease. After ulceration, if the Spleen and Stomach are weak and tonifying/supportive treatments fail, and only clear, foul fluid is discharged, the condition is incurable. (*Waike Zhengzong*)
Feng Luzhan stated: *Biaoju* presents in several varieties. Lesions are small like millet/beans or large like plums/peaches, varying in color (green, black, red, white) unpredictably. They may appear on arms, kidney regions, mouth/teeth, or umbilicus, with no fixed location, though most frequently occurring between fingers. The root penetrates deep into muscle, with swelling traveling up the arm. Toxic blood flows and accumulates, traversing sinews and vessels, rotting flesh to expose bone, with massive hemorrhage. Symptoms such as delirium, restlessness, and confusion indicate the toxin attacking the Heart, which is incurable. (*Jinnang*)
Gu Shicheng stated: *Biaoju* can arise anywhere and is prevalent in miasma-prone regions like Sichuan and Guangdong. Pain is excruciating and unceasing, rotting muscles and bones. Upon ulceration, pus resembles bean curd dregs; after wiping dry today, the pus refills by tomorrow. It recurs after apparent healing.