仲景以风、湿、寒、暑四气为感症之大数，既自以《伤寒》着其论，以名其书，而不辨
夫风
、湿、暑之为病若何，即无以明己之独为伤寒设，于是又出类伤寒之论。首列 、次湿，次
，若恪循风、湿、暑之序，而汇为一篇。其所谓 者，即风家之专病也。《千金》云∶太
阳中风，重感寒湿，则为 。于此知 病虽有自伤寒变来者，要自有其正主。推之湿、 ，
义亦复然。所谓与伤寒相似者，谓其形证之似，非谓其感受之似也。其形证之似，则 之恶
寒
，湿之体痛， 之恶寒发热是也。此篇之旨，与平霍乱、平呕哕等篇不同。彼数篇所列之病
，虽亦各有正主，第正主之初起，绝不似乎伤寒。且凡风、湿、寒、暑四气所致皆得有之，
故但择其关于寒者为论，以尽寒病之发，不必皆始于恶寒发热也。其始于恶寒发热，若 、
湿、 三者，反不自伤寒来，则各列正病区而别之，曰太阳所致 、湿、 三者，宜应别
论。
夫曰“应别”，则《伤寒论》之专为寒，因可知已。向尝谓仲景为寒因尽其变者以此。
《伤寒论》太阳篇，大书寒因三条。先中风者，是于有寒有热之邪据其一端言；次伤寒
者，
以寒之正言；终温者，则以热而兼寒之病，就其所兼言。寒因必列此三者而始备。温与风温
虽殊，其为不即发而名温则不殊，故合为一条，而统冠之以太阳病。太阳病则头项强痛矣，
以其因寒乃发，故有此证。其文法先言温而后以风温隶焉，何等谨严！夫热而兼寒，自当以
温为主，不以所兼为主，故但列脉症于此，以后更不言温病若何，风温若何，如中风、伤寒
之必屡屡言之也。义例自分轩轾，不得执是而谓其兼论温热也。若中湿之体痛，中热之恶寒
，则皆以其形似伤寒，而因于湿、因于热皆非寒也，与大书之三条悬绝，故另出辨之，不与
中风、伤寒、温病同篇。观其分合，可知其指矣。或据《难经》伤寒有五之文，派入此书，
遂以湿温当中湿，而罔顾阳濡而弱、阴小而急之脉，与沉而细者不合；以热病当中热，而不
顾阴阳俱浮，浮之而滑、沉之散涩之脉，与若微弱、若弦细、若迟者不合。岂知《难经》是
约举其类，配合成论，视专为寒因尽其变者，其精粗不可同日语乎！
张仲景将风、湿、寒、暑四种外邪视为导致疾病的主要类别，既然已经撰写了《伤寒论》并以“伤寒”命名该书，却未详细辨析风、湿、暑致病的具体情形，这就无法明确表明自己的论述是专门针对伤寒而设的。因此，他又提出了区别于伤寒的论述。首先列出中风，其次是湿病，再次是温病（注：原文此处有缺字，根据上下文及中医理论，通常指温病或热病，结合后文“中热”、“温与风温”，此处暂译为温病/热病类），如果严格遵循风、湿、暑的顺序，将它们汇编为一篇。其中所谓的风病，就是风邪所致疾病的专称。《千金方》说：“太阳中风，如果再感受寒湿，就会变成风湿痹证。”由此可知，这类疾病虽然也有由伤寒转化而来的情况，但终究有其独立的主体病因。推及湿病和温病，道理也是一样的。所谓与伤寒相似，是指症状表现上的相似，而不是指致病原因上的相似。其症状表现的相似，例如中风之恶寒，湿病之身体疼痛，温病之恶寒发热等。这一篇的主旨，与平篇论霍乱、平篇论呕吐呃逆等篇章不同。那些篇章所列的疾病，虽然也各有其主要的致病因素，但这些主要致病因素在初起时，绝不像伤寒。而且凡是风、湿、寒、暑四种外邪所致疾病都可能出现的症状，所以只选择与寒邪有关的进行论述，以穷尽寒邪致病的演变，不一定都始于恶寒发热。而那些始于恶寒发热的，如中风、湿病、温病这三者，反而不是从伤寒来的，那么就分别列出它们各自的正主病因并加以区分，说：“这是太阳经所致的中风、湿病、温病，应当另外讨论。”
既然说“应当另外讨论”，那么《伤寒论》是专门为寒邪而设的，就可以知道了。我曾经认为张仲景之所以能详尽阐述寒邪致病的各种变化，原因就在于此。
《伤寒论》太阳篇，大字标题下列出三条关于寒邪致病的内容。先讲中风，是从有寒有热的邪气中选取其一端而言；其次讲伤寒，是以寒邪的正统概念而言；最后讲温病，则是从热邪兼夹寒邪的角度，就其所兼夹的部分而言。关于寒邪致病，必须列出这三种情况才算完备。温病与风温虽然不同，但它们都是潜伏一段时间后才发作且名称中都带有“温”字，所以合为一条，并统称为太阳病。既然是太阳病，就会出现头项强痛的症状，因为它是因寒邪引发，所以有此证候。其行文法度先言温病而后将风温附属于其后，何等严谨！热邪兼夹寒邪，自然应当以温病为主，不以所兼夹的风邪为主，所以只在此处列出脉象和症状，以后不再详细论述温病如何、风温如何，不像中风、伤寒那样反复提及。义理体例自有高下之分，不能据此就说它兼论温热病。至于中湿的身体疼痛，中热的恶寒，都是因为它们的形似伤寒，但实际上是由于湿、由于热，而非寒邪，这与大字列出的三条截然不同，所以另外拿出来辨析，不与中风、伤寒、温病同列一篇。观察其分合编排，就可以知道其意图所在。有人依据《难经》中“伤寒有五”的说法，将湿温等派入此书，于是把湿温当作中湿，却不顾阳脉濡弱、阴脉小急，与沉细脉不合；把热病当作中热，却不顾阴阳俱浮、浮取滑利、沉取散涩的脉象，与微弱、弦细、迟脉不合。哪里知道《难经》只是概括列举其类别，配合成论，与专门针对寒邪详尽阐述其变化的著作相比，其精妙与粗疏不可同日而语！
Zhang Zhongjing regarded wind, dampness, cold, and summerheat as the four major categories of pathogenic factors causing disease. Since he had already written *Shanghan Lun* (Treatise on Cold Damage) and named the book after "cold damage," yet failed to distinguish clearly how wind, dampness, and summerheat cause diseases, it was impossible to clarify that his discussion was specifically designed for cold damage. Therefore, he presented discussions distinct from cold damage. He first listed wind strike (Zhongfeng), then dampness, then warm disease (Wenbing). If one strictly follows the sequence of wind, dampness, and summerheat and compiles them into one chapter, the so-called wind disease refers specifically to diseases caused by wind pathogens. The *Qianjin Yaofang* states: "In Taiyang wind strike, if one is additionally affected by cold and dampness, it becomes wind-damp bi syndrome." From this, we know that although such diseases may also originate from transformation of cold damage, they ultimately have their own primary etiology. By extension, the same logic applies to dampness and warm diseases. When it is said that they are similar to cold damage, it refers to similarity in clinical manifestations, not in the mode of infection. The similarities in manifestations include aversion to cold in wind strike, body pain in dampness, and aversion to cold with fever in warm diseases. The purport of this chapter differs from chapters discussing Huoluan (cholera-like disorder) and Ouyue (vomiting and hiccups). Although the diseases listed in those chapters also have their own primary etiologies, these primary causes do not resemble cold damage at the onset. Moreover, symptoms caused by any of the four pathogens—wind, dampness, cold, and summerheat—may occur; thus, only those related to cold are discussed to exhaustively cover the variations of cold-induced diseases, which do not necessarily begin with aversion to cold and fever. In contrast, conditions beginning with aversion to cold and fever, such as wind strike, dampness, and warm diseases, do not necessarily originate from cold damage. Therefore, each is listed separately with its specific primary cause and distinguished accordingly: "Taiyang-induced wind strike, dampness, and warm diseases should be discussed separately."
The phrase "should be discussed separately" indicates that *Shanghan Lun* is specifically dedicated to cold damage. This is why I once stated that Zhang Zhongjing's ability to thoroughly expound the variations of cold damage lies in this distinction.
In the Taiyang Chapter of *Shanghan Lun*, three main points regarding cold-induced diseases are prominently listed. First is wind strike, which addresses one aspect of pathogens involving both cold and heat; second is cold damage (Shanghan), representing the orthodox concept of cold pathogens; and third is warm disease (Wenbing), addressing diseases where heat is combined with cold, focusing on the combined aspect. To fully cover cold-induced diseases, these three must be listed. Although warm disease and wind-warm disease (Fengwen) differ, they share the characteristic of latent onset and the name "warm," so they are combined into one section under the general heading of Taiyang disease. As a Taiyang disease, it presents with stiffness and pain in the head and neck because it arises due to cold pathogens. The textual structure places warm disease first and subordinates wind-warm disease to it, demonstrating rigorous methodology. Since heat combined with cold should primarily be categorized as warm disease rather than by the combined pathogen, only pulse and symptom descriptions are provided here, without further detailed discussion on warm or wind-warm diseases as frequently done for wind strike and cold damage. The principles and stylistic conventions clearly show hierarchy; one cannot claim it discusses warm-heat diseases based solely on this. Conditions like body pain in dampness or aversion to cold in heat are included only because they mimic cold damage clinically, whereas their actual causes are dampness and heat, not cold. These are fundamentally different from the three prominent categories and are therefore discussed separately, not in the same chapter as wind strike, cold damage, or warm disease. Observing this arrangement reveals the author's intent. Some scholars, citing the *Nan Jing* statement that "there are five types of cold damage," attempt to categorize wet-warm (Shiwen) within this text, ignoring that the pulse of dampness (floating and weak yang, small and rapid yin) does not match the deep and fine pulse; similarly, they classify heat disease as internal heat, ignoring that the pulse of heat (floating and slippery when pressed lightly, scattered and choppy when pressed deeply) does not match the weak, string-taut and fine, or slow pulses. How can they realize that the *Nan Jing* merely summarizes categories for theoretical pairing? Compared to works specifically dedicated to exhaustively detailing cold damage variations, its precision and roughness cannot be compared.