味甘，平。主大小便不通，利水道，除邪气。久服，轻身、不饥。其实尤良。一名零榆。
生山谷。
《名医》曰∶生 川，三月采皮，取白，曝干；八月采实。
案∶《说文》云∶榆，白 榆也。《广雅》云∶柘榆，梗榆也。《尔雅》云∶榆，白
。郭璞云∶ 榆，先生叶，却着荚，皮色白。又枢 ，郭璞云∶今云刺榆。《毛诗》云∶
东门之 ；《传》云∶ ，白榆也。又山有 ，《传》云∶枢， 也。陆玑云∶其针刺如柘
，其叶如榆，渝为茹，美滑如白榆之类，有十种，叶皆相似，皮及木理异矣。
味酸，平。主心腹寒热，邪结气聚，四肢酸疼，湿痹。久服，安五脏，轻身、延年。生
川泽。
《名医》曰∶生河东，八月采实，阴干，四十日成。
案∶《说文》云∶ ，酸枣也。《尔雅》云∶ ，酸枣。郭璞云∶味小实酢。孟子云∶养
其棘。赵岐云∶ 棘，小棘，所谓酸枣是也。
味苦，寒。主五脏、肠胃中结热，黄胆，肠痔，止泄利，女子漏下赤白，阴阳蚀创，一
名檀桓。生山谷。
《名医》曰∶生汉中及永昌。
案∶《说文》云∶檗，黄木也， 木也。《司马相如赋》有 。张揖云∶檗木，可染者
，颜师古云∶ ，黄薜也。
味辛，温，无毒。主绝伤，补中，续筋骨，填髓脑，安五脏，五缓六急，风寒湿痹。生
漆，去长虫。久服，轻身、耐老。生川谷。
《名医》曰∶生汉中，夏至后采，干之。
案∶《说文》云∶ ，木汁，可以 物。象形。 如水滴而下，以漆为漆水字。《周礼
》载师云∶漆林之征。郑元云∶故书漆林为 林。杜子春云∶当为漆林。
榆皮：味甘，性平。主治大小便不通畅，通利水道，祛除邪气。长期服用，能使人身体轻健、不易感到饥饿。其果实（榆荚）疗效更佳。又名零榆。生长在山谷中。《名医别录》记载：生长在川地，三月采集树皮，取白色部分，晒干；八月采集果实。考证：《说文解字》说：榆，是白榆树。《广雅》说：柘榆，即梗榆。《尔雅》说：榆，即白榆。郭璞注释说：榆树先生叶，后结荚，树皮颜色白。又有枢榆，郭璞说：现在称为刺榆。《毛诗》中说：东门之榆；《传》注说：榆，是白榆。又说山上有榆，《传》注说：枢，就是榆树。陆玑说：它的刺像柘树一样，叶子像榆树，榆荚可作蔬菜食用，味道美滑如同白榆之类，共有十种，叶子都相似，但树皮和木质纹理不同。
干漆：味酸，性平。主治心腹部的寒热症状，邪气结聚形成的肿块，四肢酸痛疼痛，湿痹。长期服用，能安定五脏，使身体轻健、延年益寿。生长在川泽之地。《名医别录》记载：生长在河东，八月采集果实，阴干，四十天制成。考证：《说文解字》说：棘，是酸枣树。《尔雅》说：棘，是酸枣。郭璞注释说：味道稍酸。孟子说：养其棘。赵岐注释说：棘是小棘，所说的酸枣就是这种。
黄柏：味苦，性寒。主治五脏、肠胃中的结热，黄疸，肠痔，止住泄泻痢疾，女子赤白带下，阴阳部位蚀烂疮疡，又名檀桓。生长在山谷中。《名医别录》记载：生长在汉中及永昌。考证：《说文解字》说：檗，是黄木，也是黄柏树。《司马相如赋》中有檗。张揖注释说：檗木，是可以用来染色的。颜师古注释说：檗，是黄薜（黄柏）。
干漆：味辛，性温，无毒。主治严重外伤，补益中气，接续筋骨，填补髓脑，安定五脏，治疗五缓六急，风寒湿痹。使用生漆，可以去除长虫（寄生虫）。长期服用，能使身体轻健、抗老。生长在川谷之中。《名医别录》记载：生长在汉中，夏至后采集，晒干。考证：《说文解字》说：漆，是木汁，可以用来涂物。字形象形。漆液如水滴落下，以“漆”为漆水字。《周礼·载师》记载：漆林之税。郑玄注释说：古本《周礼》中“漆林”写作“桼林”。杜子春注释说：应当读作“漆林”。
**Ulmus Pterocarpa Cortex (Yupi):** Sweet in flavor, neutral in nature. It primarily treats obstruction of urination and defecation, promotes the flow of water passages, and eliminates pathogenic factors. Long-term consumption lightens the body and suppresses hunger. Its fruit (Ulmus pterocarpa fruits) is particularly effective. Also known as Lingyu. Grows in mountains and valleys. *Mingyi Bie Lu* records: Grows in Chuan regions; bark is harvested in the third lunar month, taking only the white part and drying it in the sun; fruits are harvested in the eighth lunar month. **Textual Research:** *Shuowen Jiezi* states: "Yu" refers to Ulmus pterocarpa. *Guaya* states: "Zhe Yu" is Geng Yu. *Erya* states: "Yu" is Bai Yu. Guo Pu comments: "Yu" produces leaves first, then pods, with white bark. There is also Shu Yu; Guo Pu says it is now called Ci Yu (Thorny Elm). *Mao Shi* mentions: "The elm at the east gate"; the commentary notes: "Yu" is Bai Yu. It also mentions elms on mountains; the commentary notes: "Shu" is the elm. Lu Ji states: Its thorns resemble those of Zhe trees, its leaves resemble elm leaves, and its pods can be eaten as vegetables, being smooth and delicious like Bai Yu. There are ten varieties, all similar in leaves but differing in bark and wood grain.
**Dried Lacquer (Ganqi):** Sour in flavor, neutral in nature. It primarily treats cold-heat sensations in the heart and abdomen, accumulation of pathogenic qi forming masses, soreness and pain in the four limbs, and damp-bi syndrome. Long-term consumption stabilizes the five zang organs, lightens the body, and prolongs life. Grows in river marshes. *Mingyi Bie Lu* records: Grows in Hedong; fruits are harvested in the eighth lunar month, dried in shade, and processed over forty days. **Textual Research:** *Shuowen Jiezi* states: "Ji" is the sour jujube tree. *Erya* states: "Ji" is the sour jujube. Guo Pu comments: The taste is slightly sour. Mencius says: "Nourish its ji." Zhao Qi comments: "Ji" is small ji, referring to the sour jujube.
**Phellodendron Bark (Huangbai):** Bitter in flavor, cold in nature. It primarily treats internal heat accumulation in the five zang organs and intestines/stomach, jaundice, intestinal hemorrhoids, stops diarrhea and dysentery, treats leukorrhea (red and white discharge) in women, and erosive sores in the genital areas. Also known as Tanhuan. Grows in mountains and valleys. *Mingyi Bie Lu* records: Grows in Hanzhong and Yongchang. **Textual Research:** *Shuowen Jiezi* states: "Bo" is Huangmu (yellow wood), specifically Phellodendron bark. Sima Xiangru's fu mentions "Bo". Zhang Yi comments: Bo wood can be used for dyeing. Yan Shigu comments: "Bo" is Huangbi (Phellodendron).
**Dried Lacquer (Ganqi):** Pungent in flavor, warm in nature, non-toxic. It primarily treats severe injuries, tonifies the middle jiao, reconnects bones and sinews, fills the marrow and brain, stabilizes the five zang organs, treats the "five slacknesses and six urgencies," and wind-cold-damp bi syndrome. Using raw lacquer helps expel parasitic worms. Long-term consumption lightens the body and delays aging. Grows in river valleys. *Mingyi Bie Lu* records: Grows in Hanzhong; harvested after the Summer Solstice and dried. **Textual Research:** *Shuowen Jiezi* states: "Qi" is tree sap, which can be used to coat objects. The character is pictographic, resembling sap dripping down like water droplets. *Rites of Zhou - Zaishi* records: Tax on lacquer forests. Zheng Xuan comments: In ancient texts, "lacquer forest" was written as "Qi forest." Du Zichun comments: It should be read as "lacquer forest."