味苦，温。主中风，伤寒头痛，温疟，发表出汗，去邪热气，止咳逆上气，除寒热，破
症坚积聚。一名龙沙。
《吴普》曰∶麻黄，一名卑相，一名卑坚。神农、雷公∶苦，无毒；扁鹊∶酸，无毒；
李氏∶平。或生河东。四月、立秋采（《御览》）。
《名医》曰∶一名卑相，一名卑盐。生晋地及河东。立秋采茎，阴干令青。
案∶《广雅》云∶龙沙，麻黄也。麻黄茎，狗骨也。《范子计然》云∶麻黄，出汉中三
辅。
（《御览》作草）
味辛，平。主去恶虫，除脾胃寒热，通利九窍、血脉、关节，令人不忘。一名附支。生
山谷。
《吴普》曰∶通草，一名丁翁，一名附支。神农、黄帝∶辛；雷公∶苦。生石城山谷，
叶菁蔓延。止汗，自正月采（《御览》）。
《名医》曰∶一名丁翁。生石城及山阳。正月采枝，阴干。
案∶《广雅》云∶附支， 草也。《中山经》云∶升山，其草多寇脱。郭璞云∶寇脱草
，生南方，高丈许，似荷叶，而茎中有瓤正白，零陵人植而日灌之，以为树也。《尔雅》云
∶离南，活 。郭璞注同。又倚商，活脱。郭璞云∶即离南也。《范子计然》云∶ 草，出
三辅。
味苦，平。主邪气腹痛，除血痹，破坚积、寒热、疝瘕，止痛，利小便，益气（《艺文
类聚》引云∶一名白术。《大观本》作黑字）。生川谷及
《吴普》曰∶芍药，神农∶苦；桐君∶甘，无毒；岐伯∶咸；李氏∶小寒；雷公
∶酸。一名甘积，一名解仓，一名诞，一名余容，一名白术。三月三日采（《御览》）。
《名医》曰∶一名白术，一名余容，一名犁食，一名解食，一名铤。生中岳。二
月、八月采根，曝干。
案∶《广雅》云∶挛夷，芍药也；白术，牡丹也。《北山经》云∶绣山，其草多芍药。
郭璞云∶芍药，一名辛夷，亦香草属。《毛诗》云∶赠之以芍药。《传》云∶芍药，香草。《范
子计然》云∶芍药，出三辅。崔豹《古今注》云∶芍药有三种∶有草芍药，有木芍药。木有
花，大则色深，俗呼为牡丹，非
【麻黄】
味苦，性温。主治中风、伤寒引起的头痛，温疟，能发散表邪促使出汗，去除体内的邪热，止咳喘气逆，消除寒热症状，破除症坚和积聚。又名龙沙。
《吴普》说：麻黄，又名卑相，又名卑坚。神农、雷公认为其味苦，无毒；扁鹊认为其味酸，无毒；李氏认为其性平。有的产于河东地区。四月或立秋时采集（《太平御览》记载）。
《名医别录》说：又名卑相，又名卑盐。产于晋地及河东地区。立秋时采集茎部，阴干至青色。
按语：《广雅》说：龙沙，就是麻黄。麻黄的茎，像狗骨一样。《范子计然》说：麻黄，产于汉中三辅地区。
【通草】
味辛，性平。主治去除恶虫，消除脾胃的寒热，通畅九窍、血脉和关节，使人不忘事。又名附支。生长在山谷中。
《吴普》说：通草，又名丁翁，又名附支。神农、黄帝认为其味辛；雷公认为其味苦。产于石城山谷，叶子青翠蔓延。能止汗，自正月采集（《太平御览》记载）。
《名医别录》说：又名丁翁。产于石城及山阳地区。正月采集枝条，阴干。
按语：《广雅》说：附支，是通草。《中山经》说：升山，那里的草多为寇脱。郭璞注解说：寇脱草，生长在南方，高一丈左右，像荷叶，但茎中间有白色的瓤，零陵人种植并每天浇灌它，把它当作树木看待。《尔雅》说：离南，即活脱。郭璞的注解相同。又有倚商，即活脱。郭璞说：就是离南。《范子计然》说：通草，产于三辅地区。
【芍药】
味苦，性平。主治邪气引起的腹痛，消除血痹，破除坚积、寒热、疝瘕，止痛，利小便，益气（《艺文类聚》引用说：又名白术。《大观本》作黑字）。生长在川谷及……
《吴普》说：芍药，神农认为其味苦；桐君认为其味甘，无毒；岐伯认为其味咸；李氏认为其性小寒；雷公认为其味酸。又名甘积，又名解仓，又名诞，又名余容，又名白术。三月三日采集（《太平御览》记载）。
《名医别录》说：又名白术，又名余容，又名犁食，又名解食，又名铤。生长在中岳地区。二月、八月采集根部，晒干。
按语：《广雅》说：挛夷，就是芍药；白术，就是牡丹。《北山经》说：绣山，那里的草多为芍药。郭璞说：芍药，又名辛夷，也属于香草类。《毛诗》说：赠送芍药。《传》说：芍药，是香草。《范子计然》说：芍药，产于三辅地区。崔豹《古今注》说：芍药有三种：有草芍药，有木芍药。木芍药有花，花朵大且颜色深，俗称为牡丹，并非……
[Mahuang (Ephedrae Herba)]
Bitter in taste, warm in nature. Primarily treats headache caused by wind-stroke and cold damage, warm malaria; it releases the exterior and induces sweating, eliminates pathogenic heat, stops cough and rebellious qi, removes cold-heat alternating symptoms, and breaks up masses and accumulations. Also known as Longsha.
Wu Pu states: Mahuang is also called Beixiang or Beijian. Shennong and Leigong considered it bitter and non-toxic; Bian Que considered it sour and non-toxic; Li considered it neutral. Some grow in Hedong. Harvested in April or at Start of Autumn (recorded in *Taiping Yulan*).
*Bencao Jing Mingyi Bie Lu* states: Also called Beixiang or Beiyen. Grows in Jin and Hedong regions. The stems are harvested at Start of Autumn and dried in shade until green.
Note: *Guangya* states: Longsha is Mahuang. The stem of Mahuang resembles dog bone. *Fanzi Jiran* states: Mahuang grows in the Sanfu region of Hanzhong.
[Tongcao (Tetrapanacis Medulla)]
Pungent in taste, neutral in nature. Primarily removes harmful insects, eliminates cold-heat alternating symptoms in the spleen and stomach, unblocks the nine orifices, blood vessels, and joints, and prevents forgetfulness. Also known as Fuzhi. Grows in mountain valleys.
Wu Pu states: Tongcao is also called Dingweng or Fuzhi. Shennong and the Yellow Emperor considered it pungent; Leigong considered it bitter. It grows in the stone city valleys, with lush, spreading leaves. It stops sweating and is harvested starting from the first lunar month (recorded in *Taiping Yulan*).
*Bencao Jing Mingyi Bie Lu* states: Also called Dingweng. Grows in Shicheng and Shanyang regions. The branches are harvested in the first lunar month and dried in shade.
Note: *Guangya* states: Fuzhi is Tongcao. *Shan Hai Jing (Classic of Mountains and Seas)* states: On Mount Zhongshan, the herbs are mostly Koutuo. Guo Pu’s commentary notes: Koutuo grass grows in the south, about one zhang high, resembling lotus leaves, but with white pith inside the stem. People in Lingling plant and irrigate it daily, treating it as a tree. *Erya* states: Linan is Huotuo. Guo Pu’s commentary agrees. Also known as Yishang, which is Huotuo. Guo Pu says: This is Linan. *Fanzi Jiran* states: Tongcao grows in the Sanfu region.
[Shaoyao (Paeoniae Radix)]
Bitter in taste, neutral in nature. Primarily treats abdominal pain caused by pathogenic factors, eliminates blood bi, breaks up firm accumulations, cold-heat alternating symptoms, hernia and masses, stops pain, promotes urination, and benefits qi (cited in *Yiwen Leiju* as: also known as Baizhu. *Daguan Ben* reads black character). Grows in river valleys and...
Wu Pu states: Shaoyao. Shennong considered it bitter; Tongjun considered it sweet and non-toxic; Qibo considered it salty; Li considered it slightly cold; Leigong considered it sour. Also known as Ganji, Xiecang, Dan, Rurong, or Baizhu. Harvested on the third day of the third lunar month (recorded in *Taiping Yulan*).
*Bencao Jing Mingyi Bie Lu* states: Also known as Baizhu, Rurong, Lishi, Jieshi, or Ting. Grows in the Central Peak (Zhongyue) region. The roots are harvested in the second and eighth lunar months and sun-dried.
Note: *Guangya* states: Luanyi is Shaoyao; Baizhu is Mudan. *Beishan Jing* states: On Mount Xiu, the herbs are mostly Shaoyao. Guo Pu says: Shaoyao is also called Xinyi and belongs to the category of fragrant herbs. *Mao Shi (Book of Songs)* states: Presenting Shaoyao as a gift. The Commentary states: Shaoyao is a fragrant herb. *Fanzi Jiran* states: Shaoyao grows in the Sanfu region. Cui Bao’s *Gujin Zhu* states: There are three types of Shaoyao: herbal Shaoyao and woody Shaoyao. Woody Shaoyao has flowers; when large, the color is deep, commonly referred to as Mudan, which is not...