\r朴硝\pd9.bmp\r
味苦、辛，寒、大寒，无毒。主百病，除寒热邪气，逐六府积聚，结固留癖，胃中食饮
热结，破留血、闭绝，停痰
痞满，推陈致新，能化七十二种石。炼饵服之，轻身、神仙。炼之白如银，能寒能热，能滑
能涩，能辛能苦，能咸能酸，
入地千岁不变。色青白者佳，黄
采无时。（畏麦句姜。）
陶隐居云∶今出益州北部故汶山郡、西川、蚕陵二县界。生山崖上，色多青白，亦杂黑
斑。
俗人择取白软者，以当硝石用之，当烧令汁沸出，状如矾石也。《仙经》唯云∶硝石能化他
石。今此亦云能化石，疑必相似，可试之。唐本注云∶此物有二种，有纵理、缦理，用之无
别。白软者，朴硝苗也，虚软少力，炼为硝石，所得不多，以当硝石，功力大劣也。今注∶
今出
益州，彼人采之，以水淋取汁，煎炼而成朴硝也。一名硝石朴者。硝即是本体之名；石者，
乃坚白之号；朴者，即未化之义也。以其芒硝、英硝皆从此出，故为硝石朴也。其英硝，即
今俗间谓之马牙硝者，是也。臣禹锡等谨按药性论云∶朴硝，君，味苦，咸，有小毒。能
治
腹胀，大小便不通，女子月候不通。日华子云∶主通泄五脏百病及症结，治天行热疾，消肿
毒及头痛，排脓，润毛发。凡入饮药，先安于盏内，搅热药浇服。
图经曰∶朴硝，生益州山谷有咸水之阳。硝石，生益州山谷及武都陇西西羌。芒硝，生
于朴
硝
，今南北皆有之，而以西川者为佳。旧说三物同种，初采得其苗，以水淋取汁，煎炼而成，
乃朴硝也，一名硝石朴。以硝石出于其中。又炼朴硝或地霜而成，坚白如石者，乃硝石也
，
一名芒硝。又取朴硝，以暖水淋汁，炼之减半，投于盆中，经宿而有细芒生，乃芒硝也。虽
一体异名，而修炼之法既殊，则主治之功别矣。然《本经》各载所出，疑是二种。而今医方
家所用，亦不复能究其所来，但以未炼成块，微青色者，为朴硝。炼成盆中上有芒者，为
芒硝，亦谓之盆硝，其芒硝底澄凝者，为硝石。朴硝力紧，芒硝次之，硝石更缓，未知孰为
真者。又按∶苏恭谓晋宋古方，多用硝石，少用芒硝。近代诸医但用芒硝，鲜言硝石，是不
然也。张仲景《伤寒方》∶承气汤、陷胸丸之类，皆用芒硝。葛洪《肘后方》伤寒、时气、
温病
亦多用芒硝，唯治食脍胸膈中不化，方用朴硝。云无朴硝者，以芒硝代皆可用也。是晋宋以
前，通用朴硝、芒硝矣。又《胡洽方》十枣汤用芒硝，大五饮丸用硝石。亦云无硝石用芒硝
。是梁、隋间通用芒硝、硝石矣。以此言之，朴硝、硝石为精，芒硝为粗。故陶隐居引皇甫
士安炼硝石法云∶乃是取芒硝与石脾合煮，成为真
硝石，然石脾无复识者。又注矾石云∶生者名马齿矾，青白色，已炼成绝白，蜀人以当硝石，
是硝石当时已为难得其真矣。故方书罕用，通以相代，若然今所用者，虽非真识，而其功效
既相近，亦可通用无疑矣。其《本经》所以各载所出州土者，乃方俗治炼之法有精粗，故须
分别耳。至如芎 之与蘼芜，大戟之与泽漆，俱是一物，《本经》亦各着州土者，盖根与苗
，土地各有所宜，非别是一物。则朴硝、硝石，别着所出，亦其义也。他同此比，又有英硝
者，亦出于朴硝，其状若白石英，作四、五棱，白色莹澈可爱，功用与芒硝颇同，但不能
下利，力差小耳，亦谓之马牙硝，盖以类得名，近世用之最多。又金石凌法，用马牙硝、芒
硝、朴硝、硝石四种相参次第下之。详此法出于唐世，不知当时如何分别也。又下有生硝条
云∶生茂州西山岩石间，其形块大小不常，色青白，鲜见用者。而今医家又用一种甜消，弥
更精好，或疑是此，乃云出于英硝。炼治之法未闻。又南方医人论消或小异。有着说云∶本
草有朴硝、硝石、芒硝，而无马牙硝，诸家所注本草三种，竟无坚决，或言芒硝、硝石本是
一物，不合重出。又言煎炼朴硝，投于盆中经宿乃有细芒，既如是，自当为马牙硝。又云马
牙硝亦名英硝，自是一物，既以芒硝为朴硝，所出不应更有英硝。今诸硝之体各异，理亦易
明，而至若此之惑也。朴硝味苦而微咸，《本经》言苦，《名医别录》以为辛，盖误谓硝石
也。出蜀部者，莹白如冰雪，内地者小黑，皆苏脆易碎，风吹之则结霜，泯泯如粉，熬之烊
沸，亦可熔铸。以水合甘草、猪胆煮之减半，投大盆中，又下凝水石屑同渍一宿，则凝结如
白
石英者，芒硝也。扫地霜煎炼而成如解盐，而味辛苦，烧之成焰都尽，则硝石也。能化金石
，又性畏火而能制诸石使拒火，亦天地之神物也。牙消则芒硝是也。又有生硝不因煮炼而成
，亦出蜀道，类朴硝而小坚也。其论虽辩，然与古人所说殊别，亦未可全信也。张仲景《伤
寒论》疗膀胱急，小腹满，身尽黄，额上黑及足下热，因作黑瘅，大便必黑，腹胪胀满如水
状，大便溏者，女劳得之，非水也。腹满者难疗，硝石矾石散主之。硝石熬黄，矾石烧令
汁尽，二物等之，合夹绢筛，大麦粥汁和服方寸匕，日三，重衣覆取微汗，病随大小便去，
小便正黄，大便正黑也。大麦用无皮者。《千金方》硝石用二分，矾石用一分。刘禹锡《
传
信方》，着石 山人甘露饭∶疗热壅、凉膈上，呕积滞。蜀朴硝成末，每一大斤用蜜，冬
用十三两，春、夏、秋用十二两，先捣筛朴硝成末后，以白蜜和令匀，便入新青竹筒，随小
大者一节，着药得半筒以上即止，不得令满。却入炊甑中，令有药处在饭内，其虚处出其上
，不妨甑箪即得，候饭熟取出，承热绵滤入一瓷钵中，竹蓖搅勿停手，令至凝即药成，收入
合中。如热月即于冷水中浸钵，然后搅，每食后或欲卧时，含一匙、半匙，渐渐咽之。如要
通转亦得。
圣惠方∶治时气头痛不止。用朴硝二两，捣罗为散，用生油调，涂于顶上。又方∶治乳
石发
动烦
闷及诸风热。用朴硝炼成者半两，细研如粉，每服以蜜水调下一钱匕。日三、四服。外台秘
要∶疗喉痹神验。朴硝一两，细细含咽汁，顷刻立瘥。孙真人食忌∶主口疮，取朴硝含之。
简要
济众∶治小便不通，膀胱热。白花散∶朴硝不以多少，研为末，每服二钱匕，温茴香酒调下
，无时服。
衍义曰∶朴硝，是初采扫得，一煎而成者，未经再炼治，故曰朴硝。其味酷涩，所以力
坚急
不和，可以熟生牛、马皮，及治金银有伪。葛洪治食脍不化，取此以荡逐之。腊月中以新瓦
罐，满注热水，用朴硝二升，投汤中，搅散，挂北檐下，俟硝渗出罐外，羽收之。以人乳
汁调半钱，扫一切风热毒瓦斯攻注目睑外，及发于头面、四肢肿痛，应手神验。
味苦、辛，性寒至大寒，无毒。主治各种疾病，消除寒热邪气，驱逐六腑中的积聚之物，破除坚结的痞块和积滞，清除胃中饮食停滞产生的热结，攻破瘀血阻滞及闭塞不通之症，化解停聚的痰饮引起的痞满，推陈出新，能够溶解七十二种矿石。经过炼制后服用，可使人身体轻盈，甚至成仙。炼制后的朴硝色泽洁白如银，性质兼具寒热、滑涩、辛苦咸酸等多种特性，埋入地下千年不改变性质。颜色青白者品质最佳，采集时间不限。（畏惧麦句姜。）
陶弘景说：现在的朴硝出产于益州北部原汶山郡、西川、蚕陵二县交界的地方。生长在悬崖峭壁上，颜色多为青白，也夹杂着黑色斑点。
俗人挑选白色柔软的朴硝，当作硝石来使用，应当烧煮直到汁液沸腾流出，形状像矾石一样。《仙经》只说：硝石能溶解其他石头。现在这里也说能溶解石头，怀疑两者必定相似，可以试验验证。唐代本草注说：这种药有两种，一种有纵纹，一种无纹理，使用时没有区别。白色柔软的是朴硝的幼苗，质地虚软力量弱，炼制成硝石，所得不多，用来代替硝石，药效大大劣于真硝石。现在的注释说：现在出产于益州，当地人用水淋洗提取汁液，煎煮炼制而成朴硝。有一个名字叫“硝石朴”。硝是它的本体名称；石，是坚硬白色的称号；朴，就是未经加工的含义。因为芒硝、英硝都从这里产生，所以称为硝石朴。那个英硝，就是现在民间所说的马牙硝，正是这种。臣禹锡等人谨慎地按照《药性论》记载：朴硝为君药，味苦、咸，有小毒。能治疗腹胀，大小便不通，女子月经不通。日华子说：主治疏通排泄五脏百病及症结，治疗流行性热病，消肿毒及头痛，排脓，润泽毛发。凡是用于饮服的药物，先将朴硝放在盏内，用热药汤浇淋服用。
《图经》说：朴硝，生长在益州山谷中有咸水的一侧。硝石，生长在益州山谷以及武都陇西西羌地区。芒硝，生于朴硝之中，现在南北都有，以西川产的最好。旧说法这三种药物同一种类，初采得到其苗，用水淋取汁液，煎煮炼制而成，就是朴硝，又名硝石朴。从中析出硝石。又炼制朴硝或地霜而成，坚硬洁白如石的，就是硝石，又名芒硝。又取朴硝，用温水淋取汁液，炼制减半，倒入盆中，过夜后有细芒生成，就是芒硝了。虽然是一体异名，但修炼方法既然不同，主治功效也就有别了。然而《本经》分别记载它们出产的地方，怀疑是两种不同的东西。而现在医方家所用，也不再能追究它们的来源，只是把未炼成块、微青色的，作为朴硝。炼成盆中上面有芒的，作为芒硝，也叫盆硝，其芒硝底部沉淀凝结的，作为硝石。朴硝药力峻猛，芒硝次之，硝石更缓和，不知道哪个才是真的。又按：苏恭说晋宋时期的古方，多用硝石，少用芒硝。近代各位医生只用芒硝，很少提硝石，这是不对的。张仲景《伤寒方》：承气汤、陷胸丸之类，都用芒硝。葛洪《肘后方》治疗伤寒、时气、温病也多使用芒硝，只有治疗吃生肉胸膈中不消化的方子，用朴硝。说如果没有朴硝，用芒硝代替都可以使用。这是晋宋以前，通用朴硝、芒硝了。又《胡洽方》十枣汤用芒硝，大五饮丸用硝石。也说没有硝石可以用芒硝代替。这是梁、隋之间通用芒硝、硝石了。由此说来，朴硝、硝石是精制的，芒硝是粗制的。所以陶弘景引用皇甫士安炼制硝石的方法说：那是取芒硝与石脾合煮，成为真硝石，然而石脾现在已经没有人认识它了。又注解说矾石说：生的叫马齿矾，青白色，已经炼成的绝白，蜀人把它当作硝石，这说明当时硝石已经很难得到真的了。所以方书很少使用，通常互相替代，如果这样，现在所用的，虽然不是真正的识别，但其功效既然相近，也可以通用无疑了。《本经》之所以分别记载它们出产的州土，是因为各地方俗冶炼的方法有精粗之分，所以需要分别罢了。至于像芎䓖与蘼芜，大戟与泽漆，都是一物，《本经》也分别记载州土的，大概是根与苗，土地各有所宜，并非另外是一物。那么朴硝、硝石分别记载出产地，也是这个意思。其他同类相比，又有英硝，也出于朴硝，形状像白石英，呈四、五棱，白色晶莹可爱，功用与芒硝大致相同，但不能引起腹泻，药力稍小罢了，也叫马牙硝，大概是以形态得名，近代使用最多。又有金石凌法，用马牙硝、芒硝、朴硝、硝石四种参杂次第服用。详细考察此法出于唐代，不知道当时如何区分。下面还有生硝条目说：生在茂州西山岩石间，形状块大小不定，色青白，很少见到使用。而现在的医家又用一种甜消，更加精好，有人怀疑是这个，说是出于英硝。炼制的方法没听说过。又南方医生讨论消（硝）可能略有不同。有论述说：本草有朴硝、硝石、芒硝，而没有马牙硝，各家所注本草三种，竟然没有定论，有人说芒硝、硝石本来是一物，不应该重复出现。又说煎炼朴硝，投入盆中过夜就有细芒，既然是这样，自然应当是马牙硝。又说马牙硝也叫英硝，本来是一物，既然以芒硝为朴硝，出产不应再有英硝。现在各种硝的体质各异，道理也容易明白，至于像这样的困惑呢。朴硝味苦而微咸，《本经》说苦，《名医别录》认为是辛，大概是误认为是硝石了。出产于蜀地的，晶莹洁白如冰雪，内地的小黑，都酥脆易碎，风吹则结霜，茫茫如粉，熬煮则熔化沸腾，也可以熔铸。用水配合甘草、猪胆煮至减半，投入大盆中，再下凝水石屑同浸泡一夜，则凝结如白石英的，就是芒硝。扫扫地上的霜煎炼而成像解盐，味道辛苦，烧之火焰燃尽，就是硝石了。能溶解金石，又性畏火却能制约各种石头使其抗拒火，也是天地间的神物啊。牙消就是芒硝。又有生硝不因煮炼而成，也出自蜀道，类似朴硝但较小较坚硬。虽然论述很详尽，但与古人所说截然不同，也不可全信。张仲景《伤寒论》治疗膀胱急，小腹满，全身发黄，额头黑以及足下热，因此形成黑疸，大便必黑，腹部胀满如水状，大便溏薄的，是女劳疸所致，不是水气病。腹满的难治，用硝石矾石散主治。硝石炒黄，矾石烧令汁液流尽，两样等量，混合用双层绢筛过，大麦粥汁送服方寸匕，每天三次，盖厚衣取微汗，病随大小便排出，小便正黄，大便正黑。大麦要用去皮的。《千金方》硝石用二分，矾石用一分。刘禹锡《传信方》，记载石山人甘露饭：治疗热壅、凉膈上，呕吐积滞。蜀地朴硝研成末，每一大斤用蜜，冬天用十三两，春、夏、秋用十二两，先捣筛朴硝成末后，用白蜜调和均匀，就装入新的青竹筒，根据大小选一节，装药得半筒以上就停止，不要让满。再放入蒸饭的甑中，让有药处在饭内，空处露出在上面，不妨碍蒸笼即可，等饭熟取出，趁热用绵过滤进入一个瓷钵中，用竹蓖搅拌不停手，等到凝固就是药成，收入容器中。如果是热月就在冷水中浸钵，然后搅拌，每顿饭饭后或想睡觉时，含一匙、半匙，慢慢咽下。如果想要通便也可以。
《圣惠方》：治疗时气头痛不止。用朴硝二两，捣罗成散剂，用生油调匀，涂在头顶上。又一方：治疗乳石发动烦闷及诸风热。用炼制过的朴硝半两，细研如粉，每次用蜜水调下一钱匕。每天三、四次服用。《外台秘要》：治疗喉痹神效。朴硝一两，细细含咽汁液，顷刻立即痊愈。孙真人《食忌》：主治口疮，取朴硝含在口中。《简要济众方》：治疗小便不通，膀胱热。白花散：朴硝不限多少，研为末，每次服二钱匕，用温茴香酒调下，随时服用。
《衍义》说：朴硝，是初采扫得，一次煎煮而成的，未经再次炼制，所以叫朴硝。它的味道酷涩，所以药力坚固急切而不温和，可以煮熟生牛、马皮，以及鉴别金银是否有伪。葛洪治疗吃生肉不消化，取此药来荡涤驱逐。腊月里用新瓦罐，装满热水，用朴硝二升，投入汤中，搅散，挂在北屋檐下，等待硝渗出罐外，用羽毛收集。用人乳汁调半钱，扫敷一切风热毒瓦斯攻注目睑外部，以及发于头面、四肢肿痛，应手神效。
Puxiao (Raw Glauber's Salt)
Bitter, pungent; cold to very cold; non-toxic. It treats various diseases, eliminates pathogenic factors of cold and heat, expels accumulations in the six fu organs, breaks up firm masses and stagnations, clears heat consolidations from food retention in the stomach, breaks up retained blood and obstructions, resolves stagnant phlegm causing chest fullness, pushes out the old to bring forth the new, and can dissolve seventy-two kinds of minerals. After refining and taking it, one may become light-bodied and achieve immortality. Refined Puxiao is white as silver, possessing properties that are both cold and hot, slippery and astringent, pungent and bitter, salty and sour. It remains unchanged even after being buried in the earth for a thousand years. Those with a bluish-white color are superior; they can be gathered at any time. (It fears Maijujiang.)
Tao Hongjing stated: Currently, it is produced in the former Wenshan Commandery in northern Yizhou, as well as in the borders of Canling County and Xichuan. It grows on mountain cliffs, mostly appearing bluish-white, often mixed with black spots.
Common people select the white and soft variety to use as Xiaoshi (Niter). It should be heated until the liquid boils out, resembling Fanshi (Alum). The "Immortal Classics" only state that Xiaoshi can dissolve other stones. This text also claims it can dissolve stones, suggesting they must be similar, which can be tested. The Tang Dynasty commentary notes: There are two types of this substance, one with longitudinal grain and one without; there is no difference in their use. The white and soft variety is the sprout of Puxiao; it is void and soft with weak potency. When refined into Xiaoshi, the yield is low, and using it as a substitute for Xiaoshi results in significantly inferior efficacy. Current annotations state: It is currently produced in Yizhou. Locals gather it by leaching with water to extract the juice, which is then boiled and refined into Puxiao. Another name is "Xiaoshi Pu." "Xiao" refers to its original form; "Shi" denotes hardness and whiteness; "Pu" means unrefined. Since Mangxiao (Refined Glauber's Salt) and Yingxiao all originate from it, it is called Xiaoshi Pu. That Yingxiao is what is commonly known today as Mayaxiao (Horse Tooth Niter). Ministers Yu Xi et al. carefully noted according to *Yaoxing Lun*: Puxiao is the sovereign herb, bitter and salty, slightly toxic. It can treat abdominal distension, obstruction of urination and defecation, and amenorrhea in women. Ri Huazi stated: It primarily promotes the discharge of pathogens from the five zang organs and hundred diseases, resolves masses, treats epidemic febrile diseases, reduces swelling and toxins, relieves headaches, discharges pus, and moistens hair and nails. When used in decoctions, place Puxiao in the cup first, pour hot medicinal liquid over it, and take.
*Tujing* states: Puxiao grows in the sunny slopes of valleys in Yizhou containing saline water. Xiaoshi grows in valleys in Yizhou and in Wudu, Longxi, and the Western Qiang regions. Mangxiao originates from Puxiao; it is now found throughout the north and south, but those from Xichuan are best. Old theories held that these three substances are of the same species. Initially, the sprouts were harvested, leached with water to obtain juice, and boiled/refined to produce Puxiao, also named Xiaoshi Pu. From within it, Xiaoshi is extracted. Further refining of Puxiao or ground frost produces a hard, white, stone-like substance called Xiaoshi, also known as Mangxiao. Taking Puxiao, leaching it with warm water, refining it until reduced by half, pouring it into a basin, and leaving it overnight yields fine crystals, which is Mangxiao. Although they share one origin and different names, since the refinement methods differ, their therapeutic effects vary. However, *Ben Jing* records them as coming from different places, suspecting they are two distinct things. Current physicians do not trace their origins, simply classifying unrefined, slightly blue-green lumps as Puxiao; refined substances with crystals on top in basins as Mangxiao (also called Panxiao); and the sediment at the bottom of Mangxiao as Xiaoshi. Puxiao has strong potency, Mangxiao is moderate, and Xiaoshi is milder; it is unknown which is authentic. Furthermore, Su Gong stated that ancient formulas from the Jin and Song dynasties used Xiaoshi more frequently and Mangxiao less. Modern physicians use only Mangxiao and rarely mention Xiaoshi, which is incorrect. Zhang Zhongjing’s *Shanghan Fang*: Chengqi Tang and Xianxiong Wan all use Mangxiao. Ge Hong’s *Zhouhou Beiji Fang* uses Mangxiao frequently for Shanghan, Shiqi, and Wenbing. Only for treating undigested raw meat in the chest and diaphragm is Puxiao used. It states that if Puxiao is unavailable, Mangxiao can be substituted. Thus, before the Jin and Song dynasties, Puxiao and Mangxiao were used interchangeably. Also, *Huqia Fang*’s Shizao Tang uses Mangxiao, while Dawuyin Wan uses Xiaoshi. It also states that if Xiaoshi is unavailable, Mangxiao can be used. Thus, during the Liang and Sui periods, Mangxiao and Xiaoshi were used interchangeably. By this reasoning, Puxiao and Xiaoshi are refined, while Mangxiao is crude. Therefore, Tao Hongjing cited Huangfu Mi’s method for refining Xiaoshi: boiling Mangxiao with Shipi to create true Xiaoshi, though Shipi is no longer recognized. He also annotated Fanshi: Raw is called Machi Fan (bluish-white); fully refined is pure white. People in Shu used it as Xiaoshi, indicating that true Xiaoshi was already rare at that time. Consequently, medical texts rarely used it, substituting one for another. If so, although current usage may not identify the true substance, given the similarity in efficacy, general substitution is undoubtedly acceptable. The reason *Ben Jing* recorded different origins for them is likely due to regional differences in refinement techniques (refined vs. crude), necessitating distinction. For example, Xiong and Miwu, Daji and Zekun, are the same plant, yet *Ben Jing* lists different origins, likely because roots and shoots have different geographical preferences, not because they are different entities. Similarly, Puxiao and Xiaoshi listing different origins follows this logic. Comparatively, there is Yingxiao, also derived from Puxiao. It resembles white quartz, having four or five edges, bright white and attractive. Its function is similar to Mangxiao but lacks purgative power and is weaker. It is also called Mayaxiao, named for its shape, and is widely used in recent times. Another method, Jinshi Ling, uses Mayaxiao, Mangxiao, Puxiao, and Xiaoshi in sequence. This method dates to the Tang dynasty; it is unclear how they distinguished them then. Below, there is an entry for Shengxiao: Grows among rocks in western Maozhou. Lumps vary in size, color is bluish-white, rarely used. Current physicians also use a type called Tianxiao, which is finer and better; some suspect this is Yingxiao. Refinement methods are unknown. Southern physicians discuss Xiao differently. One theory states: Materia Medica lists Puxiao, Xiaoshi, and Mangxiao, but not Mayaxiao. Commentaries on these three lack consensus. Some say Mangxiao and Xiaoshi are the same and should not be listed separately. Others argue that leaching Puxiao overnight produces fine crystals, implying it is Mayaxiao. Still others claim Mayaxiao is Yingxiao, meaning they are identical. If Mangxiao is equated with Puxiao, Yingxiao should not appear as a separate origin. Currently, the bodies of various xiao are distinct, making the logic clear, yet such confusion persists. Puxiao is bitter and slightly salty. *Ben Jing* says bitter; *Mingyi Bielu* says pungent, likely confusing it with Xiaoshi. Those from Shu are crystal white like ice and snow; those from inland are dark black. All are brittle and easily crushed. Wind causes them to frost over, becoming powdery. Heating melts them; they can be cast. Boiling with water, Licorice Root, and pig bile reduces volume by half. Pouring into a large basin and soaking with Ninghuai Shi powder overnight yields crystals resembling white quartz, which is Mangxiao. Scrape frost off the ground, refine into salt-like pieces, taste bitter and pungent. Burning leaves no residue, yielding Xiaoshi. It can dissolve metals and stones. Though fearing fire, it can suppress other stones from resisting fire, making it a divine object of heaven and earth. Yaxiao is Mangxiao. There is also Shengxiao, formed without boiling/refining, also from Shu roads, similar to Puxiao but smaller and harder. Although the discussion is detailed, it differs significantly from ancient descriptions and cannot be fully trusted. Zhang Zhongjing’s *Shanghan Lun* treats bladder urgency, lower abdominal fullness, generalized jaundice, black forehead, and heat in the soles, resulting in Heidan (Black Jaundice). Stool will be black, abdomen distended like water, loose stool. This is caused by female exhaustion (Nulao), not water accumulation. Abdominal fullness is difficult to treat; prescribe Xiaoshi Fanshi San. Fry Xiaoshi until yellow, roast Fanzhi until juices run out. Mix equal parts, sieve through double-layer silk, mix with barley gruel, take one cun-bi dose, three times daily. Cover with thick clothing to induce slight sweating. The disease exits via urine and stool; urine becomes normal yellow, stool normal black. Use hulled barley. *Qianjin Fang* uses two parts Xiaoshi and one part Fanzhi. Liu Yuxi’s *Chuanxin Fang* records Stone Mountain Man’s Ganlu Fan: Treats heat congestion, cools the upper jiao, stops vomiting of stagnation. Take Shu Puxiao powder, one large jin, mixed with honey: thirteen liang in winter, twelve liang in spring, summer, autumn. Sift Puxiao powder, mix evenly with white honey. Place in fresh green bamboo segments (half-full max, do not fill completely). Steam inside a rice steamer, ensuring the medicine is surrounded by rice, with empty space above. Do not obstruct the steamer grate. Once rice is cooked, remove while hot, filter through cotton into a porcelain bowl. Stir continuously with a bamboo whisk until solidified. Store in containers. In hot months, soak the bowl in cold water before stirring. Take half to one spoonful after meals or before bed, swallowing slowly. Can also promote bowel movement.
*Shenghui Fang*: Treats persistent headache from epidemic qi. Two liang of Puxiao, pounded and sifted into powder. Mix with raw oil, apply to the vertex. Another formula: Treats restlessness and oppression from Rushi activation and various wind-heat patterns. Half liang of refined Puxiao, finely ground to powder. Take one qian-bi dose mixed with honey water, three to four times daily. *Waitai Miyao*: Miraculous treatment for Houbi (throat obstruction). One liang of Puxiao, hold in mouth and swallow juice slowly; relief occurs instantly. Sun Simiao’s *Shiji*: Treats oral ulcers; hold Puxiao in mouth. *Jianyao Jizhong Fang*: Treats urinary obstruction and bladder heat. Baihua San: Puxiao, amount unspecified, ground to powder. Take two qian-bi doses, mixed with warm fennel wine, taken at any time.
*Yanyi* states: Puxiao is obtained by initial sweeping and single boiling, without further refinement, hence named "raw" (Pu). Its taste is extremely astringent, giving it strong, urgent, and unharmonious properties. It can cure raw cow and horse hides and detect counterfeit gold and silver. Ge Hong used it to purge indigestion from raw meat. In the twelfth lunar month, fill a new clay pot with hot water, add two sheng of Puxiao, stir until dissolved, and hang under the north eaves. Wait for crystals to seep out of the pot, collect with feathers. Mix half a qian-bi dose with human milk, apply externally to eyelids affected by wind-heat toxins, or for swelling and pain on the head, face, and limbs. It works miraculously.