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味苦、酸，寒、微寒，无毒。主大风在皮肤中如麻豆苦痒，除寒热结，止痢，长肌肉，
利五脏，益气轻身，除胸胁痰癖，逐停水，破结实，消胀满，心下急痞痛逆气，胁风痛，安
胃气，止溏泄，明目。生河内川泽。九月、十月采，阴干。
陶隐居云∶今处处有。采破令干用之。除中核，微炙令香。亦如桔皮以陈者为良。枳树
茎及皮，疗水胀，暴风骨节疼急。枳实，俗方多用，道家不须。唐本注云∶枳实晒干，乃得
阴便湿烂也。用当去核及中瓤乃佳。今或用枳壳乃尔。若称枳实，须合核瓤用者，殊不然也。
今
八月，既浓且辛。旧云江南为桔，江北为枳。今江南俱有枳、桔，江北有枳无桔。此自是种
别，非关变也。臣禹锡等谨按药性论云∶枳实，臣，味苦、辛。解伤寒结胸。入陷胸汤用
，主上气喘咳，肾内伤冷，阴痿而有气，加而用之。
图经曰∶枳实，生河内川泽，枳壳，生商州川谷，今京西、江湖州郡皆有之，以商州者
为佳。如桔而小，高亦五、七尺。叶如枨，多刺。春生白花，至秋成实。九月、十月采，阴
干。旧说七月、八月采者为实，九月、十月采者为壳。今医家多以皮浓而小者为枳实，完大
者为壳，皆以翻肚如盆口唇状、须陈久者为胜。近道所出者，俗呼臭桔，不堪用。张仲景治
心下坚大如盘。水饮所作。枳实术汤主之。枳实七枚，术三两，以水一斗，煎取三升，分三
服，腹中软即稍减之。又胸痹。心中痞坚，留气结胸，胸满胁下，逆气抢心，枳实薤白桂汤
主之。陈枳实四枚，浓朴四两，薤白半斤，切，栝蒌一枚，桂一两，以水五升，先煎枳实、
浓朴，取二升，去滓，纳余药于汤中，煎三两沸，分温三服，当愈。又有桔皮枳实汤、桂生
姜枳实汤，皆主胸痹心痛。葛洪治卒胸痹痛，单用枳实一物，捣末方寸匕，日三夜一。其根
皮治大便下血，末服之。亦可煮汁常饮。又治卒中急风，身直不得，屈伸反复者。刮取枳木
皮屑，谓之枳茹一升，酒一升，渍一宿，服五合，至尽再作良。
外台秘要∶涂风疹。取枳实以醋渍令湿，火炙令热，适寒温用熨上，即消。千金方∶治
胸痹气壅满，心膈不利。枳实二两，麸炒微黄，为末。非时以清粥饮调下二钱。《圣惠方》
同。又方治积痢脱肛。枳实，石上磨令滑钻着柄，蜜涂火炙令暖，更易熨肛，取缩即止。经
验方∶治肠风下血。枳实半斤，麸炒去瓤，绵黄 半斤，洗锉为末。米饮非时下二钱匕。若
难服，以糊丸汤下三、五十丸，效。集验方∶治五痔不以年月日久新。枳实为末，炼蜜丸如
桐子大，空心饮下二十丸。济众方∶治伤寒后，卒胸膈闭痛。枳实一味锉，麸炒黄为末。服
二钱，米饮调下，一日二服。广利方∶治小儿久痢淋沥，水谷不调。枳实六分捣末，以饮汁
调二钱匕，二岁服一钱。《子母秘录》方∶同。子母秘录∶治妇人阴肿坚痛。用半斤，碎炒
令熟，
衍义曰∶枳实，枳壳，一物也。小则其性酷而速，大则其性详而缓。故张仲景治伤寒仓
卒之病，承气汤中用枳实，此其意也。皆取其疏通决泄、破结实之义。他方∶但导败风壅之
气，可常服者，故用枳壳，其意如此。
味苦、酸，性寒、微寒，无毒。主治皮肤中如麻豆般的大风瘙痒，消除寒热互结，止住痢疾，促进肌肉生长，通利五脏，益气轻身，消除胸胁部的痰癖，驱逐停滞的水饮，破除坚硬的积块，消除胀满，缓解心下急迫痞痛及气逆，治疗胁部风痛，安定胃气，止住溏泄，明目。生于河内的川泽地带。九月、十月采收，阴干。
陶隐居说：如今到处都有。采收后破开晒干使用。去除中间的核，微微炙烤至有香气。也像陈皮一样，以陈久的为良。枳树的茎和皮，治疗水胀病，暴风引起的骨节疼痛拘急。枳实，世俗方剂多用，道家不需要。《唐本草》注解说：枳实晒干后，容易因阴湿而腐烂。使用时应当去掉核和中瓤才好。现在有人用枳壳代替这样。如果称枳实，必须连核瓤一起用的话，那就不对了。现在的枳实八月时，皮厚且辛烈。旧时说江南叫桔，江北叫枳。现在江南既有枳也有桔，江北只有枳没有桔。这自然是品种不同，不是转化关系。臣禹锡等人谨按《药性论》说：枳实，臣药，味苦、辛。解除伤寒结胸。加入陷胸汤中使用，主治上气喘咳，肾内受冷，阳痿而有气滞，加入使用。
《图经》说：枳实，生于河内川泽，枳壳，生于商州川谷，现在京西、江湖各州郡都有，以商州的为佳。像桔树但较小，高约五、七尺。叶子像枨树，多刺。春天开白花，到秋天结果实。九月、十月采收，阴干。旧说七月、八月采收的叫实，九月、十月采收的叫壳。现在医家多以皮厚而小的为枳实，完整大的为壳，都以翻肚状如盆口唇状、须陈久者为优。近道所出的，俗呼臭桔，不堪使用。张仲景治疗心下坚硬大如盘，由水饮所作。用枳实白术汤主治。枳实七枚，白术三两，用水一斗，煎取三升，分三次服用，腹中变软就稍减量。又有胸痹，心中痞硬，留气结胸，胸满胁下，逆气抢心，用枳实薤白桂枝汤主治。陈枳实四枚，厚朴四两，薤白半斤，切碎，栝蒌一枚，桂枝一两，用水五升，先煎枳实、厚朴，取二升，去渣，将其他药放入汤中，煎三沸，分温三次服用，应当痊愈。又有桔皮枳实汤、桂生姜枳实汤，都主治胸痹心痛。葛洪治疗突然胸痹痛，单用枳实一味，捣成末，方寸匕，日服三次夜服一次。其根皮治疗大便下血，研末服用。也可以煮汁常饮。又治疗卒中急风，身体挺直不能屈伸反复者。刮取枳木皮屑，称为枳茹一升，酒一升，浸泡一夜，服用五合，喝完再制作良效。
《外台秘要》：涂敷风疹。取枳实用醋浸湿，火炙令热，适寒温用熨烫患处，即消。《千金方》：治疗胸痹气壅满，心膈不利。枳实二两，麸炒微黄，为末。非时以清粥饮调下二钱。《圣惠方》同。又一方治疗积痢脱肛。枳实，在石上磨令滑钻着柄，蜜涂火炙令暖，更易熨肛，取缩即止。《经验方》：治疗肠风下血。枳实半斤，麸炒去瓤，绵黄芪半斤，洗锉为末。米饮非时下二钱匕。若难服，以糊丸汤下三、五十丸，有效。《集验方》：治疗五痔不以年月日久新。枳实为末，炼蜜丸如桐子大，空心饮下二十丸。《济众方》：治疗伤寒后，突然胸膈闭痛。枳实一味锉，麸炒黄为末。服二钱，米饮调下，一日二服。《广利方》：治疗小儿久痢淋沥，水谷不调。枳实六分捣末，以饮汁调二钱匕，二岁服一钱。《子母秘录》方：同。《子母秘录》：治疗妇人阴肿坚痛。用半斤，碎炒令熟。
《衍义》说：枳实、枳壳，是一物。小则其性酷烈而迅速，大则其性详缓。所以张仲景治疗伤寒仓卒之病，承气汤中用枳实，这是其意。都取其疏通决泄、破除结实的意思。其他方剂：只是引导败风壅滞之气，可常服的，所以用枳壳，其意如此。
Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange)
Bitter, sour; cold, slightly cold; non-toxic. Mainly treats severe wind in the skin causing itching like hemp seeds or beans, eliminates cold-heat nodulation, stops dysentery, promotes muscle growth, benefits the five zang organs, tonifies qi and lightens the body, eliminates phlegm-rheum in the chest and hypochondrium, drives away stagnant water, breaks solid accumulations, reduces distension and fullness, relieves urgency and stifling pain below the heart and rebellious qi, treats wind-pain in the hypochondrium, stabilizes stomach qi, stops loose stools, brightens the eyes. Grows in the rivers and marshes of Henei. Harvested in the ninth and tenth lunar months, dried in the shade.
Tao Hongjing said: It is now found everywhere. After harvesting, break it open and dry it for use. Remove the central core, lightly roast until fragrant. Like Chen Pi (Aged Tangerine Peel), those that are aged are superior. The stems and bark of the Zhi tree treat edema and acute bone-joint pain caused by sudden wind. Zhi Shi is widely used in secular prescriptions but not required by Daoists. The *Xinxiu Bencao* (Newly Revised Materia Medica) notes: If Zhi Shi is sun-dried, it tends to rot due to dampness. When used, it is best to remove the core and the inner pith. Some people now use Zhi Qiao (Ripe Bitter Orange) instead. If one calls it Zhi Shi, it must be used with the core and pith; otherwise, it is incorrect. Current Zhi Shi in August has thick skin and a pungent flavor. Old texts say that in Jiangnan it is called Ju (Citrus reticulata), while in Jiangbei it is called Zhi. Now, both Zhi and Ju exist in Jiangnan, while only Zhi exists in Jiangbei without Ju. This is naturally due to different species, not transformation. Minister Yuxi et al. according to *Yaoxing Lun* (Treatise on the Properties of Medicinals): Zhi Shi is a minister herb, bitter, pungent. Resolves chest binding from Shanghan (Cold Damage). Used in Xianxiong Tang (Chest-Trap Decoction), mainly treating upper jiao wheezing and cough, cold injury inside the kidney, impotence with qi stagnation, added for use.
*Tujing* says: Zhi Shi grows in the rivers and marshes of Henei; Zhi Qiao grows in the valleys of Shangzhou. Now they are available in Jingxi and various prefectures in Jianghu, with those from Shangzhou being the best. Similar to Ju trees but smaller, about 5-7 chi high. Leaves resemble Cheng leaves, thorny. White flowers bloom in spring, fruits mature in autumn. Harvested in the ninth and tenth lunar months, dried in the shade. Old theories state that harvested in the seventh and eighth months are "Shi" (immature), while those in the ninth and tenth are "Qiao" (ripe). Currently, physicians consider those with thick skin and small size as Zhi Shi, and those complete and large as Zhi Qiao. Those that turn inside out like a bowl rim and are aged are considered superior. Those from nearby regions,俗称 stinking ju, are unsuitable. Zhang Zhongjing treated hardness and fullness below the heart the size of a plate, caused by fluid retention, using Zhi Shi Bai Zhu Tang (Immature Bitter Orange and Atractylodes Macrocephala Decoction). Seven pieces of Zhi Shi, three liang of Bai Zhu, decocted in ten sheng of water to yield three sheng, divided into three doses. Reduce dosage slightly when the abdomen softens. Also for Xiongbi (Chest Bi syndrome), with palpable hardness in the heart, trapped qi forming chest binding, chest fullness, sub-hypochondrial pain, and rebellious qi rushing to the heart, use Zhi Shi Xiebai Guizhi Tang (Immature Bitter Orange, Allium Macrostemon, and Cinnamon Twig Decoction). Four pieces of aged Zhi Shi, four liang of Houpo (Magnolia Bark), half a jin of Xiebai (Allium Macrostemon), chopped, one Gua Lou (Trichosanthes Fruit), one liang of Guizhi (Cinnamon Twig). Decoct in five sheng of water, first decoct Zhi Shi and Houpo to yield two sheng, strain, add remaining herbs, boil for three boils, divide into three warm doses, should heal. There are also Jupi Zhi Shi Tang (Tangerine Peel and Immature Bitter Orange Decoction) and Guishengjiang Zhi Shi Tang (Cinnamon, Fresh Ginger, and Immature Bitter Orange Decoction), both treating Xiongbi and heart pain. Ge Hong treated sudden Xiongbi pain using single Zhi Shi, pounded into powder, one fangcun bi per dose, three times daily and once at night. The root bark treats hematochezia, taken as powder. Can also be boiled as juice for regular drinking. Also treats sudden wind stroke where the body is straight and cannot bend or stretch. Scrape Zhi wood bark dust, called Zhi Ru, one sheng, soak in one sheng of wine overnight, take five ge, repeat if necessary for good effect.
*Waitai Miyao*: Apply for Fengzhen (Wind Rash). Take Zhi Shi, soak in vinegar until wet, roast over fire until hot, apply at moderate temperature as a compress, which will dissipate. *Qianjin Fang*: Treats Xiongbi with qi oppression and fullness, discomfort in the heart and diaphragm. Two liang of Zhi Shi, bran-fried until slightly yellow, powdered. Taken with clear porridge drink, two qian per dose, as needed. *Shenghui Fang* is the same. Another formula treats chronic dysentery with rectal prolapse. Zhi Shi, ground smooth on a stone, attached to a handle, coated with honey, roasted warm, applied repeatedly to the anus until retraction occurs. *Jingyan Fang*: Treats Changfeng Xiaxue (Intestinal Wind with Bleeding). Half a jin of Zhi Shi, bran-fried, pith removed; half a jin of Huangqi (Astragalus Root), washed, cut, and powdered. Taken with rice drink, two qianbi per dose, as needed. If difficult to swallow, make into pills with paste, take 30-50 pills with soup, effective. *Jiyan Fang*: Treats Wuzhi (Five Hemorrhoids) regardless of duration. Powder Zhi Shi, refine honey, make pills like tung seeds, take twenty pills on an empty stomach with water. *Jizhong Fang*: Treats sudden chest and diaphragm closure pain after Shanghan. One ingredient Zhi Shi, chopped, bran-fried yellow, powdered. Take two qian, mixed with rice drink, twice daily. *Guangli Fang*: Treats prolonged dripping dysentery in children with indigestion. Six fen of Zhi Shi, powdered, mixed with juice, two qianbi per dose; one qian for two-year-olds. *Zimu Milu* formula is the same. *Zimu Milu*: Treats firm and painful swelling of the female yin. Use half a jin, crushed and fried thoroughly.
*Yanyi* says: Zhi Shi and Zhi Qiao are the same substance. Small ones have a harsh and rapid nature; large ones have a mild and slow nature. Therefore, Zhang Zhongjing used Zhi Shi in Chengqi Tang (Order-Quieting Decoction) to treat sudden Shanghan diseases, reflecting this intent. Both aim to unblock, drain, and break solid accumulations. Other formulas: merely guiding obstructed qi from wind, suitable for long-term use, thus use Zhi Qiao, such is the intent.