\r石膏\pd29.bmp\r
味辛、甘，微寒、大寒，无毒。主中风寒热，心下逆气惊喘，口干舌焦，不能息，腹
中坚痛，除邪鬼，产乳，金疮，除时气，头痛身热，三焦大热，皮肤热，肠胃中隔气，解肌
发汗，止消渴，烦逆，腹胀，暴气喘息，咽热，亦可作浴汤。一名细石，细理白泽者良，黄
者令人淋。生齐山山谷及齐卢山、鲁蒙山。采无时。（鸡子为之使，恶莽草、马目毒公。）
陶隐居云∶二郡之山，即青州、徐州也。今出钱塘县，皆在地中，雨后时时自出，取之
皆如
棋子，白澈最佳。彭城者亦好。近道多有而大块，用之不及彼。《仙经》不须此。唐本注云
∶石膏、方解石，大体相似，而以未破为异。今市人皆以方解石代石膏，未见有真石膏也。
石膏生于石旁，其方解石不因石而生，端然独处，大者如升，小者若拳，或在土中，或生溪
水，其上皮随土及水苔色，破之方解，大者方尺。今人以此为石膏，疗风去热虽同，而解饥
发汗不如真者。臣禹锡谨按药性论云∶石膏，使，恶巴豆，畏铁。能治伤寒头痛如裂，壮
热皮如火燥，烦渴，解肌，出毒汗。主通胃中结，烦闷，心下急，烦躁。治唇口干焦。和葱
煎茶去头痛。萧炳云∶石膏，臣。陈藏器云∶陶云出钱塘县中。按∶钱塘在平地，无石膏，
陶为
错注。苏又注五石脂云∶五石脂中又有石膏，似骨如玉坚润，服之胜钟乳。与此石膏，乃是
二物同名耳，不可混而用之。日华子云∶治天行热狂，下乳，头风旋，心烦躁，揩齿益齿。
通亮，理如云母者上，又名方解石。
图经曰石膏，生齐山山谷及齐卢山、鲁蒙山，今汾、孟、虢、耀州，兴元府亦有之。生
于山
石上，色至莹白，其黄者不堪。此石与方解石绝相类，今难得真者，用时唯取未破者以别之
。其方解石不附石而生，端然独处，外皮有土及水苔色，破之皆作方棱。石膏自然明莹如玉
石，此为异也。采无时。方解石旧出下品，《本经》云∶生方山。陶隐居以为长石，一名方
石
，疗体相似，疑是一物。苏恭云∶疗热不减石膏。若然，似可通用，但主头风不及石膏也。
又今南方医家着一说云∶按本草，石膏、方解石大体相似，但方解石不因石，端然独处。
又
云，今市人皆以方解石代石膏，未见有真石膏也。又陶隐居谓∶石膏皆在地中，雨后时时自
出，取之皆如棋子，此又不附石生也。二说相反，
未知孰是。今详石膏既与方解石肌理、形段、刚柔皆同，但以附石、不附石，岂得功力相异
也。但意今之所用石膏、方解者，自是方解石，石膏乃别是一物尔。今石膏中，时时有莹澈
可爱，有纵理，而不方解者，好事者或以为石膏，然据本草，又似长石。又有议者以谓青石
间，往往有白脉贯澈类肉之有膏肪者，为石膏，此又本草所谓理石也。然不知石膏定是何物
。今且根据市人用方解石，然博物者亦宜坚考其实也。今密州九仙山东南隅，地中出一种
石，青白而脆，击之内有火，谓之玉火石，彼土医人常用之。云味甘、微辛，温。疗伤寒发
汗，止头目昏眩痛，功与石膏等。彼土人或以当石膏，故以附之。
雷公云∶凡使，勿用方解石。方解石虽白，不透明，其性燥。若石膏出剡州茗山县义情
山，
其
色莹净如水精，性良善也。凡使之，先于石臼中捣成粉，以夹物罗过，生甘草水飞过了，水
尽令干，重研用之。外台秘要，骨蒸亦曰内蒸，所以言内者，必外寒内热附骨也。其根在五
脏六腑之中，或皮燥而无光，蒸盛之时，四肢渐细，足趺肿者。石膏十分，研如乳法，和水
服方寸匕，日再，以体凉为度。肘后方葛氏疗小便卒大数非淋，令人瘦。以石膏半斤捣碎，
水一斗，煮取五升，稍饮五合。梅师方∶治熟油、汤、火烧疮，痛不可忍。取石膏捣末细研
，
用粉，疮愈。子母秘录∶治乳不下。以石膏三两，水二升，煮之三沸。三日饮令尽，妙。太
上八帝玄变经∶石膏发汗。丹房镜源∶石膏，桂州者，可结汞。别说云∶谨按陶说出钱塘
山中，雨后
时时自出。今钱塘人乃凿山以取之，甚多，捣为末，作齿药货用。浙人呼为寒水石，然入药
最胜他处者。今既凿山石而取，乃是因石而生，即石膏也。陈藏器谓钱塘县在平地，无石膏
乃知陈不识钱塘，明矣。
衍义曰∶石膏，二书纷辨不决，未悉厥理。详《本经》原无方解石之文，止缘《唐本》
注∶
。《经》曰∶生齐山山谷，及齐鲁山、鲁蒙山。采无时，即知他处者为非。今《图经》中又
以汾州者编入，前后人都不详。《经》中所言细理白泽者良，故知不如是，则非石膏也。下
有理石条中，《经》云∶如石膏顺理而细，又可明矣。今之所言石膏、方解石，二者何等有
顺理细纹又白泽者。有是，则石膏也；无是，则非石膏也。仍须是《经》中所言州土者，方
可入药，余皆偏见，可略不取。仲景白虎汤中，服之如神。新校正仲景《伤寒论》后言，四
月以后，天气热时，用白虎者是也。然四方气候不齐，又岁中气运不一，方所既异，虽其说
甚雅，当此之时，亦宜两审。若伤寒热病，或大汗后，脉洪大，口舌躁，头痛，大渴不已；
或着暑热，身痛倦怠，白虎汤服之无不效。
味辛、甘，性微寒至大寒，无毒。主治中风引起的寒热症状，心下逆气导致的惊悸喘息，口干舌焦，呼吸不畅，腹中坚硬疼痛；能驱除邪祟（指精神异常或不明原因的怪病），治疗产后乳疾，金疮（金属利器造成的创伤），祛除时行疫病，缓解头痛身热，清除三焦大热及皮肤发热，疏通肠胃中的隔阻之气，具有解肌发汗的功效，止消渴，缓解烦闷逆气、腹胀、突发气喘、咽喉灼热，也可用作药浴汤剂。又名细石，纹理细腻、色泽洁白润泽者品质优良，黄色者服用会导致淋证（小便不利）。产于齐山山谷以及齐卢山、鲁蒙山。采集没有固定时间。（鸡蛋清是它的引经药，忌与莽草、马目毒公用。）
陶隐居说：二郡的山，指的是青州和徐州。现在出产于钱塘县，都埋在地中，雨后时常自然冒出，取出的都像棋子大小，白色通透的为最佳。彭城出产的也不错。附近道路出产的虽然多但是块头大，药效不如前者。《仙经》不需要此药。《唐本草》注解说：石膏和方解石大体相似，区别在于是否破碎。现在市井之人常用方解石代替石膏，很少见到真正的石膏。石膏生长在岩石旁边，而方解石不依附岩石生长，独自矗立，大的像升斗，小的像拳头，有的埋在土中，有的生于溪水中，其表面附着泥土和水苔的颜色，敲开后呈方形裂开，大的有一尺见方。现在的人把方解石当作石膏，虽然治疗风热去热的功效相同，但解肌发汗的效果不如真石膏。臣禹锡谨按《药性论》记载：石膏，使药，恶巴豆，畏铁。能治疗伤寒引起的头痛如裂，高热皮肤如火般干燥，烦渴，解肌，排出毒汗。主治胃中结滞，烦闷，心下急迫，烦躁。治疗嘴唇口干舌焦。与葱一起煎茶可去除头痛。萧炳说：石膏，为臣药。陈藏器说：陶隐居说产自钱塘县。考证：钱塘位于平地，没有石膏，陶隐居是错误的注释。苏恭又注五石脂时说：五石脂中又有石膏，形状像骨头一样如玉般坚润，服用它胜过钟乳石。这与这里的石膏，只是名称相同而已，不可混淆使用。日华子说：治疗天行热狂，催产下乳，头风眩晕，心烦急躁，擦齿有益牙齿。通亮，纹理像云母的是上品，又名方解石。
《图经》说石膏，产于齐山山谷及齐卢山、鲁蒙山，现在的汾州、孟州、虢州、耀州，兴元府也有出产。生长在山上岩石上，颜色极其莹白，黄色的不堪用。这种石头与方解石非常相似，现在很难得到真的石膏，使用时只选取未破碎的来区分。方解石不依附岩石生长，独自矗立，外皮有泥土和水苔色，敲开后都呈方棱状。石膏自然明亮莹润如玉石，这是不同之处。采集没有固定时间。方解石旧时列在下品，《本经》说：生于方山。陶隐居认为是长石，一名方石，疗效相似，怀疑是一物。苏恭说：治疗热症不亚于石膏。如果是这样，似乎可以通用，只是治疗头风不如石膏。另外现在南方医家有一种说法：按本草，石膏、方解石大体相似，但方解石不依附岩石，独自矗立。又说，现在市人皆以方解石代石膏，未见有真石膏也。还有陶隐居说：石膏都在地中，雨后时时自出，取之皆如棋子，这又不依附岩石生长。两种说法相反，不知谁对。现在详细考察，石膏既然与方解石的肌理、形状、刚柔都相同，只是依附岩石和不依附岩石的区别，难道功力会有差异吗？只是推测现在所用的石膏、方解石，本身就是方解石，石膏乃是另一种东西罢了。现在的石膏中，时常有晶莹清澈可爱，有纵纹，但不呈方形裂开的，好事者有时把它当作石膏，然而根据本草，又像是长石。又有议论者认为青石之间，往往有白色脉络贯通类似肉中有脂肪的，称之为石膏，这又是本草所说的理石。然而不知道石膏到底是什么东西。现在暂且依据市人使用方解石，但博物者也应当严谨考证其实质。现在密州九仙山东南角，地中出产一种石头，青白色且脆，敲击内部有火花，称为玉火石，当地医生常用。据说味甘、微辛，温。治疗伤寒发汗，止头目昏眩痛，功效与石膏相等。当地人有时用它代替石膏，所以附记于此。
雷公说：凡是使用，不要用方解石。方解石虽然白，但不透明，性质燥烈。如果石膏出自剡州茗山县义情山，其色莹净如水精，性质良善。凡是要使用时，先在石臼中捣成粉，用夹物罗筛过，用生甘草水飞研后，水干再重研使用。《外台秘要》说，骨蒸也称为内蒸，之所以叫内，是因为必定外寒内热附着在骨头上。病根在五脏六腑之中，或者皮肤干燥无光泽，蒸盛之时，四肢逐渐消瘦，足背肿胀的。石膏十分，研如乳汁法，和水服一方寸匕，每天两次，以身体凉爽为度。《肘后方》葛氏治疗小便突然频数非淋证，使人消瘦。用石膏半斤捣碎，水一斗，煮取五升，慢慢饮五合。《梅师方》：治疗熟油、开水、火烧疮，痛不可忍。取石膏捣末细研，用粉末敷，疮愈。《子母秘录》：治疗乳汁不下。用石膏三两，水二升，煮三沸。三天内喝完，妙。《太上八帝玄变经》：石膏发汗。《丹房镜源》：石膏，桂州产的，可凝结汞。《别说》说：谨按陶隐居说出自钱塘山中，雨后时时自出。现在钱塘人乃凿山来取它，很多，捣为末，做牙膏药物出售使用。浙江人称为寒水石，然而入药最胜过他处的。现在已经凿山石而取，乃是因石而生，就是石膏了。陈藏器说钱塘县在平地，无石膏，由此可知陈不识钱塘，明矣。
《衍义》说：石膏，两书纷辩不决，未悉其理。详查《本经》原本没有方解石的条文，只因为《唐本草》注：……《本经》说：生齐山山谷，及齐鲁山、鲁蒙山。采无时，就知道他处出产的不是。现在《图经》中又把汾州的编入，前后人都不详细。《本经》中所言细理白泽者良，所以知道如果不是这样，就不是石膏。下面有理石条中，《本经》说：像石膏顺理而细，又可以明白了。现在所说的石膏、方解石，二者何等有顺理细纹又白泽者。有这样的，就是石膏；没有这样的，就不是石膏。仍然必须是《本经》中所言州土出产的，才可入药，其余都是偏见，可以忽略不取。张仲景的白虎汤中，服用如神。新校正张仲景《伤寒论》后言，四月以后，天气热时，用白虎汤是正确的。然而四方气候不齐，又岁中气运不一，方所既异，虽然其说很雅致，在这个时候，也应该双重审察。如果是伤寒热病，或者大汗后，脉洪大，口舌躁动，头痛，大渴不已；或者感受暑热，身痛倦怠，白虎汤服用无不有效。
Shigao (Gypsum Fibrosum)
Taste: Acrid, Sweet. Nature: Slightly Cold to Greatly Cold. Toxicity: Non-toxic. Indications: Mainly treats wind-stroke with alternating cold and heat, rebellious Qi in the epigastrium causing palpitations and panting, dry mouth and scorched tongue, inability to breathe smoothly, hardness and pain in the abdomen; expels evil spirits (referring to mental abnormalities or inexplicable strange diseases), treats postpartum lactation disorders, metal wounds (traumas caused by metal instruments), eliminates seasonal epidemics, relieves headache and fever, clears excessive heat in the San Jiao (Triple Burner) and skin heat, unblocks stagnant Qi in the intestines and stomach, has the effect of resolving the muscle layer and inducing sweating, stops thirst (Xiao Ke), relieves irritability and rebellious Qi, abdominal distension, sudden panting, burning sensation in the throat, and can also be used as a medicinal bath decoction. Also known as Xi Shi (Fine Stone). Those with fine texture and bright white luster are of good quality; yellow ones cause Lin syndrome (dysuria). Originates from the valleys of Qi Mountain, as well as Qilu Mountain and Lumen Mountain. Collection time is unrestricted. (Egg white acts as an adjuvant; incompatible with Mangcao (Aconitum brachypodum root) and Maimu Du Gong.)
Tao Hongjing stated: The mountains of the two commanderies refer to Qingzhou and Xuzhou. Currently, it is produced in Qiantang County, all found underground, often emerging naturally after rain. The collected pieces resemble chess pieces, with those that are white and translucent being the best. Those from Pengcheng are also good. Although there is much production along nearby roads, the large blocks are not as effective as the former. The *Immortal Classics* do not require this herb. The *Tang Bencao* annotation notes: Shigao (Gypsum Fibrosum) and Fangjieshi (Calcitum) are largely similar, differing mainly in whether they are broken. Currently, market people use Fangjieshi to replace Shigao, and true Shigao is rarely seen. Shigao grows beside rocks, whereas Fangjieshi does not grow attached to rocks but stands alone. Large pieces are like sheng (a unit of volume), small ones like fists; some are buried in soil, others grow in streams. Their surfaces have colors from soil and water moss. When broken, they split into square shapes, with large pieces being one chi square. People now use this as Shigao; although treating wind-heat and removing heat are similar, its ability to resolve the muscle layer and induce sweating is inferior to true Shigao. Chen Yuxi, according to *Yaoxing Lun*, states: Shigao, adjuvant, incompatible with Badou (Crotonis Fructus), fears iron. It can treat headache like splitting due to Shanghan (Cold Damage), high fever with skin hot and dry like fire, irritability and thirst, resolves the muscle layer, and expels toxic sweat. It treats stagnation in the stomach, irritability, urgency in the epigastrium, and restlessness. Treats dry lips and scorched tongue. Decocted with green onion and drunk as tea to remove headaches. Xiao Bing said: Shigao is a minister herb. Chen Cangqi said: Tao mentioned it comes from Qiantang County. Verification: Qiantang is in flat land and has no Shigao; Tao's note is incorrect. Su Gong further annotated Wushizhi (Five Earth Minerals): Among Wushizhi, there is another Shigao, resembling bone and jade-like in firmness and moisture; taking it surpasses Zhongru (Stalactite). This Shigao is merely named the same as the latter; they should not be confused. Ri Huazi said: Treats epidemic heat mania, promotes lactation, dizziness from head wind, heart irritability, rubbing teeth benefits them. Transparent ones with textures like Yunmu (Mica) are superior, also known as Fangjieshi.
*Tujing* states: Shigao originates from the valleys of Qi Mountain, Qilu Mountain, and Lumen Mountain. Currently, it is also found in Fenzhou, Mengzhou, Guozhou, Yaozhou, and Xingyuan Prefecture. It grows on mountain rocks, with colors extremely bright white; yellow ones are unsuitable. This stone is very similar to Fangjieshi, and true Shigao is hard to obtain nowadays. When using, only select unbroken pieces to distinguish them. Fangjieshi does not grow attached to rocks but stands alone; its outer skin has soil and water moss colors, and when broken, it forms square edges. Shigao is naturally bright and lustrous like jade, which is the difference. Collection time is unrestricted. Fangjieshi was previously listed in the lower grade. *Benjing* states: Grows in Fangshan. Tao Hongjing considered it Changshi (Longstone), also named Fangshi, with similar therapeutic effects, suspecting it to be the same substance. Su Gong said: Its heat-clearing effect is not inferior to Shigao. If so, it seems interchangeable, but it is less effective for head wind than Shigao. Additionally, southern physicians currently hold a view: According to Materia Medica, Shigao and Fangjieshi are largely similar, but Fangjieshi does not grow attached to rocks and stands alone. It is also said that market people use Fangjieshi to replace Shigao, and true Shigao is rarely seen. Tao Hongjing also said: Shigao is all underground, emerging after rain like chess pieces, which implies it does not grow attached to rocks. These two statements contradict each other, and it is unknown which is correct. Upon detailed examination, since Shigao shares the same texture, shape, and rigidity/flexibility with Fangjieshi, differing only in attachment to rocks, how could their efficacy differ? It is speculated that what is currently used as Shigao or Fangjieshi is actually Fangjieshi, while Shigao is a different substance. In current Shigao, there are occasionally pieces that are crystal clear and lovely, with longitudinal grains but not splitting into squares; enthusiasts sometimes mistake these for Shigao, yet according to Materia Medica, they resemble Changshi. Others argue that between bluish stones, there are often white veins penetrating through, resembling meat with fat, called Shigao; this is what Materia Medica refers to as Lishi (Marble). However, it is unknown what Shigao definitely is. For now, we follow the market practice of using Fangjieshi, but scholars of natural history should rigorously verify the facts. Currently, in the southeast corner of Jiuxian Mountain in Mizhou, a type of stone emerges from the ground, blue-white and brittle, producing sparks when struck, called Yuhuoshi (Jade Fire Stone), commonly used by local doctors. It is said to taste sweet and slightly acrid, be warm in nature. It treats Shanghan by inducing sweating and stops dizziness and headache, with efficacy equal to Shigao. Locals sometimes use it instead of Shigao, so it is appended here.
Lei Gong said: When using, do not use Fangjieshi. Although Fangjieshi is white, it is not transparent and has a drying nature. If Shigao comes from Yiqing Mountain in Ming Shan County, Yan Zhou, its color is clean and bright like rock crystal, and its nature is excellent. When preparing it, first pound it into powder in a stone mortar, sieve it through a cloth bag, fly-grind it with raw Gancao (Licorice Root) water, let the water dry, and grind it again before use. *Waitai Miyao* states: Bone-steaming is also called internal steaming. The term "internal" implies external cold and internal heat attaching to the bones. The root lies within the five zang and six fu organs, or the skin is dry without luster. During peak steaming, limbs gradually thin, and the dorsum of the foot swells. Take 10 parts of Shigao, grind like milk method, mix with water, and take one cun cube dose, twice daily, until the body feels cool. *Zhouhou Beifang* by Ge Shi treats sudden frequent urination (not Lin syndrome) causing emaciation. Use half a jin of Shigao, crushed, boiled in ten dou of water to yield five sheng, drink slowly five he. *Meishi Fang*: Treats burns from hot oil, boiling water, or fire, unbearable pain. Take Shigao, crush into fine powder, and apply as dust; the wound heals. *Zimu Milu*: Treats lack of lactation. Use three liang of Shigao, boil in two sheng of water for three boils. Drink completely over three days; miraculous. *Taishang Badi Xuansheng Jing*: Shigao induces sweating. *Danfang Jingyuan*: Shigao from Guizhou can precipitate mercury. *Bieshuo* says: Carefully following Tao's statement that it comes from mountains in Qiantang, emerging after rain. Now people in Qiantang mine mountains to extract it, producing much, grinding it into powder for dental products. Zhejiang people call it Hanshui Shi (Cold Water Stone), but it is most superior for medicinal use compared to other regions. Since it is now mined from rocks, it grows attached to rocks, thus it is Shigao. Chen Cangqi said Qiantang County is in flat land with no Shigao; thus, it is clear that Chen did not know Qiantang.
*Yanyi* states: Regarding Shigao, the two books debate without resolution, and the principle is not fully understood. Detailed examination shows *Benjing* originally had no text on Fangjieshi, solely because of the *Tang Bencao* annotation... *Benjing* states: Grows in valleys of Qi Mountain, and Qilu Mountain, Lumen Mountain. Collection time is unrestricted, indicating that sources from other places are incorrect. Now *Tujing* includes those from Fenzhou, and previous and later scholars were not detailed. *Benjing* states that those with fine texture and bright white luster are good; thus, if not so, it is not Shigao. In the section on Lishi below, *Benjing* says: Fine like Shigao with顺着 grain, which clarifies this. What is currently referred to as Shigao and Fangjieshi, how many have fine顺着 grains and bright white luster? Having these means it is Shigao; lacking them means it is not. Furthermore, it must be from the provinces mentioned in *Benjing* to be suitable for medicine; the rest are biased views and can be ignored. In Zhang Zhongjing's Baihu Tang (White Tiger Decoction), it works miraculously. The New Correction of Zhang Zhongjing's *Shanghan Lun* postscript states that using Baihu Tang after April when weather is hot is correct. However, climates vary across regions, and annual qi movements differ. Given different locations, although the theory is elegant, at this time, double scrutiny is appropriate. If it is Shanghan heat disease, or after profuse sweating, with surging pulse, restless mouth and tongue, headache, and incessant great thirst; or suffering from summer-heat, body ache and fatigue, Baihu Tang taken will invariably be effective.