\r金屑\pd30.bmp\r
味辛，平，有毒。主镇精神，坚骨髓，通利五脏，除邪毒瓦斯，服之神仙。生益州。采
无时。
陶隐居云∶金之所生，处处皆有，梁、益、宁三州多有，出水沙中，作屑，谓之生金。
辟恶
而有毒，不炼，服之杀人。建平、晋安亦有金砂，出石中，烧熔鼓铸为锅，虽被火亦未熟，
犹
须更炼。高丽、扶南及西域外国成器皆炼熟，可服。《仙经》以醯、蜜及猪肪、牡荆、酒辈
，炼饵柔软，服之神仙。亦以合水银作丹砂外，医方都无用者，当是虑其有毒故也。《仙方
》名金为太真。今注医家所用皆炼熟，金箔及以水煎金器取汁用之，固无毒矣。按∶陈藏器
《
拾遗》云，岭南人云生金是毒蛇屎，此有毒。常见人取金，掘地深丈余，至纷子石，石皆一
头黑焦，石下有金，大者如指，小犹麻豆，色如桑黄，咬时极软，即是真金。夫匠窃而吞者
，不见有毒。其麸金出水沙中，毯上掏取，或鹅、鸭腹中得之，即便打成器物，亦不重炼
。煎取金汁，便堪镇心。此乃藏器传闻之言，全非。按据皇朝收复岭表询其事于彼人，殊无
蛇屎之事，入药当必用熟金，恐后人览藏器之言惑之，故此明辨。臣禹锡等谨按药性论云
∶黄金屑，金箔亦同。主小儿惊，伤五脏，风痫，失志，镇心，安魂魄。杨损之云∶百炼者
堪，生者杀人，水饮合膏，饮之即不炼。日华子云∶金，平，无毒。畏水银。镇心，益五脏
，添精补髓，调利血脉。
图经曰∶金屑，生益州。银屑，生永昌。陶隐居注云∶金之所生，处处皆有，梁、益、
宁三州多有，
出水沙中，作屑，谓之生金。而银所出处，亦与金同，但皆生石中耳。苏恭以为银之与金，
生不同处。金又出水中。陈藏器云∶生金是毒蛇屎，常见人取金，掘地深丈余，至纷子石，
石
皆一头黑焦，石下有金，大者如指，小犹若麻豆，色如桑黄，咬时极软，即是真金。麸金出
水沙中，毯上淘取，或鹅、鸭腹中得之。今注以陈说为非是。然今饶、信、南、剑、登州出
金
处，采得金亦多端，或有若山石状者，或有若米豆粒者，若此类未经火，皆可为生金。其银
在矿中，则与铜相杂，土人采得之，必以铅再三煎炼方成，故不得为生银也。故下别有生银
条云∶出饶州、乐平诸坑生银矿中，状如硬锡，纹理粗错，自然者真。今坑中所得，乃在土
石中，渗溜成条，若丝发状，土人谓之老翁须，似此者极难得。方书用生银，必得此乃真耳
。金屑，古方不见用者。银屑，唯葛洪治痈肿五石汤用之。今人弥不用，唯作金银箔入药甚
便。又金石凌、红雪、紫雪辈，皆取金银取汁，此亦通用经炼者耳。
海药云∶按《广州记》云∶出大食国，彼方出金最多，凡是货易并使金。金性多寒，生
者有
毒
，熟者无毒。主癫痫，风热上气，咳嗽，伤寒，肺损吐血，骨蒸，劳极渴，主利五脏邪气，
补
心，并入箔于丸散服。《异志》云∶金生丽水。《山海经》说∶诸山出金极多，不能备录。
蔡州出瓜子金，云南山出颗块金，在山石间采之。黔南、遂府、吉州水中并产麸金。又《岭
表
录异》云∶广州含 县有金池，彼中居人忽有养鹅、鸭，常于屎中见麸金片，遂多养收屎淘
之，日得一两或半两，因而致富矣。淮南子∶阳燧见日，然而为火。许慎注云∶阳燧金也
。取
金杯无缘者，熟磨令热，日中时日下以艾承气，则燃得火也。太清服炼灵砂法∶金所禀于中
宫
阴已之魄，性本刚，服之伤损肌。宝藏论∶凡金有二十件∶雄黄金、雌黄金、曾青金、硫黄
金
、土中金、生铁金、熟铁金、生铜金、石金、砂子金、土碌砂子金、金母砂子金、白锡金，
黑铅金、朱砂金，以上十五件，唯只有还丹金、水中金、瓜子金、青麸金、草砂金等五件是
真金，余外并皆是假。丹房镜源∶楚金出汉江五溪，或如瓜子形，杂众金，带青色。若天生
牙，
亦曰黄牙。若制水银，朱砂成器为利术，不堪食，内有金气毒也。青霞子《金液还丹论》∶
金未增年。又，黄金，破冷除风。
衍义曰∶金屑，不曰金，而更加屑字者，是已经磨屑可用之义，如玉浆之义同。二《经》
不
解
屑为未尽，盖须烹炼， 屑为箔，方可研屑入药。陶隐居云∶凡用银屑，以水银和成泥，若
非屑成箔，焉能以水银和成泥也？独不言金屑，亦其缺也。生金有毒，至于杀人，仍为难
解。有中其毒者，唯鹧鸪肉可解，若不经 屑，则不可用。颗块金即穴山，或至百十尺，见
伴
金石，其石褐色，一头如火烧黑之状，此定见金也。其金色深赤黄。麸金即在江沙水中，淘
汰而得，其色浅黄。此等皆是生金
也，得之皆当销炼。麸金耗折少，块金耗折多。入药当用块金，色既深，则金气足，余更防
罨制成及点化者；如此，焉得更有造化之气也。若本朝张永德，字抱一，并州人，五代为潞
帅，淳化二年改并州。初寓睢阳，有书生邻居卧病，永德疗之获愈。生一日就永德求汞五两
，即置鼎中，煮成中金。永德恳求药法，生曰∶君当贵，吾不吝此，虑损君福。 工毕升言
∶祥符年，尝在禁中为方士王捷 金，以铁为金，凡百余两为一饼，辐解为八段，谓之鸦嘴
金。初自治中出，色尚黑。由是言之，如此之类，乃是水银及铁，用药制成，非造化所成，
功治焉得不差殊？如惠民局合紫雪用金，盖假其自然金气尔。然恶锡。又东南方金色深，西
南方金色淡，土地所宜也，入药故不如色深者。然得余甘子则体柔，亦相感尔。
金屑
味辛，性平，有毒。主要功效为镇摄精神，坚固骨髓，通利五脏，祛除邪毒之气，服用后可使人成仙。产于益州。采集没有固定时间。
陶隐居（陶弘景）说：金的产地，到处都有，梁州、益州、宁州三地较多，出产于水沙之中，呈碎屑状，称为生金。生金辟除邪恶但有毒，如果不经过炼制，服用会致人死亡。建平、晋安也有金砂，出产于石头中，烧熔后铸造成锅，虽然经过火炼但未完全熟透，还需要再次炼制。高丽、扶南以及西域外国制成的器物都是经过炼制成熟的，可以服用。《仙经》记载用醋、蜂蜜以及猪油、牡荆、酒等物，炼制使金变得柔软，服用后可使人成仙。除了与水银混合制作丹砂外，医方中都没有使用，这大概是担心它有毒的缘故。《仙方》称金为“太真”。现在医生所用的都是经过炼制成熟的，金箔以及用水煎煮金器取得的汁液来使用，确实没有毒性了。按：陈藏器在《拾遗》中说，岭南人说生金是毒蛇的粪便，这是有毒的。常见人们开采黄金，挖掘地面深达一丈多，到达纷子石层，石头都一头黑焦，石头下面有金，大的像手指，小的像麻豆，颜色像桑黄，咬起来极软，这就是真金。工匠偷偷吞食的人，看不出有毒。那种麸金出产于水沙之中，在毯上淘取，或者从鹅、鸭腹中得到，立刻打成器物，也不需要重新炼制。煎取金汁，就可以用来镇心。这不过是陈藏器的传闻之语，完全不对。根据本朝收复岭表时向当地人询问此事，完全没有蛇屎的说法，入药应当必须使用熟金，恐怕后人看到陈藏器的话被迷惑，所以在此明辨。臣禹锡等人谨按《药性论》说：黄金屑，金箔也相同。主治小儿惊风，损伤五脏，风痫，失志，镇心，安魂魄。杨损之说：经过百炼的可以服用，生的会杀人，用水或合膏剂饮用，就是未经炼制的。日华子说：金，性平，无毒。畏水银。能镇心，补益五脏，添精补髓，调利血脉。
《图经本草》说：金屑，产于益州。银屑，产于永昌。陶隐居注释说：金的产地，到处都有，梁州、益州、宁州三地较多，出产于水沙之中，呈碎屑状，称为生金。而银的出处，也与金相同，只是都出产于石头中罢了。苏恭认为银与金，产地不同。金又出产于水中。陈藏器说：生金是毒蛇的粪便，常见人们开采黄金，挖掘地面深达一丈多，到达纷子石层，石头都一头黑焦，石头下面有金，大的像手指，小的像麻豆，颜色像桑黄，咬起来极软，这就是真金。麸金出产于水沙之中，在毯上淘取，或者从鹅、鸭腹中得到。现在的注释认为陈氏的说法是错误的。然而现在饶州、信州、南剑州、登州出产金的地方，采得的金也有很多种类，有的像山石形状，有的像米豆粒状，像这类未经过火的，都可以称为生金。那些银在矿中，则与铜混杂，当地百姓采得后，必须用铅再三煎炼才能成银，所以不能称为生银。所以下面另有生银条目说：出产于饶州、乐平等处的生银矿中，形状像硬锡，纹理粗糙交错，天然形成的才是真的。现在坑中所获得的，是在土石中，渗透流淌成条状，像丝发一样，当地人称之为老翁须，像这样的极其难得。医书中使用生银，必须得到这种才是真的。金屑，古方中不见使用。银屑，只有葛洪治疗痈肿的五石汤中使用。现在人更加不使用，只有制作金银箔入药非常方便。另外金石凌、红雪、紫雪之类，都是取金银的汁液，这也是通用经过炼制的罢了。
《海药本草》说：按《广州记》说：出产自大食国，那个地方出产金最多，凡是交易都使用金。金性多寒，生的有毒，熟的无毒。主治癫痫，风热上气，咳嗽，伤寒，肺损吐血，骨蒸，劳极渴，主治通利五脏邪气，补心，并加入箔中制成丸散服用。《异志》说：金生于丽水。《山海经》说：诸山出产金极多，不能全部记录。蔡州出产瓜子金，云南山里出产颗块金，在山石间开采。黔南、遂府、吉州的水中都出产麸金。又《岭表录异》说：广州含县有金池，那里的居民忽然有人养鹅、鸭，经常在粪便中看到麸金片，于是多养鹅鸭收集粪便淘洗，每天得一两或半两，因而致富。《淮南子》说：阳燧见到太阳，就能产生火。许慎注释说：阳燧是金属做的。取没有边缘的金杯，仔细磨热，在中午时分对着太阳，下面用艾草承接热气，就能点燃取得火。《太清服炼灵砂法》说：金禀受于中宫阴己的魄，本性刚硬，服用会损伤肌肉。《宝藏论》说：凡金有二十种：雄黄金、雌黄金、曾青金、硫黄金、土中金、生铁金、熟铁金、生铜金、石金、砂子金、土碌砂子金、金母砂子金、白锡金，黑铅金、朱砂金，以上十五种，只有还丹金、水中金、瓜子金、青麸金、草砂金等五种是真金，其余全都是假的。《丹房镜源》说：楚金出产于汉江五溪，有的像瓜子形，混杂众金，带青色。如果是天生牙，也称为黄牙。如果用来制水银，朱砂成器作为利器，不堪食用，因为内有金气毒。青霞子《金液还丹论》说：金未增加年寿。另外，黄金，能破冷除风。
《衍义》说：金屑，不说金，而再加屑字，是已经磨成屑可用的意思，如玉浆的意思相同。二部经典不解屑为未尽，大概需要烹炼，屑为箔，才可以研成屑入药。陶隐居说：凡是使用银屑，用水银和成泥，如果不是屑成箔，怎么能用水银和成泥呢？唯独不说金屑，也是其缺漏。生金有毒，至于杀人，仍然难以理解。中有其毒者，只有鹧鸪肉可以解毒，如果不经磨屑，则不可用。颗块金即穴山，或至百十尺深，见到伴生的金石，那种石头褐色，一头像火烧黑状，这一定是有金。那种金色深赤黄。麸金即在江沙水中，淘洗而得，其色浅黄。这些都属于生金，得到后都应该销炼。麸金损耗少，块金损耗多。入药应当使用块金，颜色既深，则金气充足，其余更要防备罨制成及点化者；这样，哪里还有造化之气呢？如果本朝的张永德，字抱一，并州人，五代时为潞帅，淳化二年改任并州。起初寓居睢阳，有个书生邻居卧病，张永德治疗使他痊愈。书生一天就去求张永德要汞五两，就放在鼎中，煮成中金。张永德恳求药法，书生说：您应当富贵，我不吝惜此法，但担心损害您的福报。工毕升说：祥符年间，曾经在禁中为方士王捷炼金，用铁变成金，凡百余两为一饼，辐解为八段，称为鸦嘴金。刚从自治中出来，颜色尚黑。由此而言，像这一类，乃是水银及铁，用药制成，非自然造化所成，功效治疗怎么会不差别很大？如惠民局配制紫雪用金，是借其自然金气罢了。然而厌恶锡。又东南方金色深，西南方金色淡，是土地适宜的原因，入药故不如颜色深的。然而得到余甘子则体质柔和，也是相互感应罢了。
Jin Xie (Gold Foliage/Flakes)
Pungent in flavor, neutral in nature, toxic. Primarily governs calming the spirit, strengthening the bone marrow, unblocking and benefiting the five zang organs, eliminating pathogenic evil qi, and taking it can lead to immortality. Produced in Yizhou. No specific time for collection.
Tao Hongjing stated: The production of gold is found everywhere, with abundant yields in Liangzhou, Yizhou, and Ningzhou. It emerges from water sands in flake form, referred to as Sheng Jin (Raw Gold). Raw Gold repels evil but is toxic; if not refined, ingestion will cause death. Jianping and Jin'an also have gold sand, emerging from stones, smelted and cast into pots; although subjected to fire, it is not fully cooked and requires further refining. Goryeo, Funan, and foreign regions in the Western Regions produce vessels that are fully refined and cooked, suitable for ingestion. The *Xian Jing* (Scripture of Immortals) records using vinegar, honey, pig fat, Mucuna pruriens var. angulata (Mujing), wine, etc., to refine and make gold soft for ingestion, leading to immortality. Aside from combining with Mercury(II) Sulfide (Shuiyin, 水银) to make Cinnabar (Dansha, 丹砂), medical prescriptions do not use it, likely due to concerns about its toxicity. The *Xian Fang* (Immortal Prescription) names gold as "Tai Zhen" (Great Truth). Currently, physicians use fully refined gold, gold foil, or juice extracted by boiling gold vessels in water, which is indeed non-toxic. Note: Chen Cangqi in *Shi Yi* (Supplementary Records) claimed that people in Lingnan said raw gold is venomous snake feces, implying toxicity. Commonly, people mine gold by digging over a zhang deep to Fenzi Stone layers, where stones are blackened on one end like scorched earth; beneath these stones lies gold, large as a finger, small as hemp seeds, colored like mulberry yellow, extremely soft when bitten, which is true gold. Craftsmen who secretly swallow it show no signs of toxicity. Fu Jin (Bran Gold) emerges from water sands, panned from mats, or obtained from goose or duck stomachs, immediately hammered into vessels without re-refining. Boiling to extract gold juice can calm the heart. This is merely Chen Cangqi's hearsay and is entirely incorrect. According to inquiries made during the Song Dynasty's recovery of Lingbiao with locals, there was absolutely no mention of snake feces. Medicinal use must employ cooked gold. To prevent later generations from being confused by Chen Cangqi's words, this clarification is provided. Minister Yuxi et al. respectfully note according to *Yao Xing Lun* (Discussion on Drug Properties): Huang Jin Xie (Yellow Gold Flakes) and Jin Bo (Gold Foil) are the same. They treat pediatric convulsions, damage to the five zang organs, wind epilepsy, loss of will, calm the heart, and stabilize the soul and魂魄 (ethereal soul). Yang Sunzhi stated: Only hundred-refined gold is usable; raw gold kills. Ingesting with water or ointments refers to unrefined gold. Ri Huazi stated: Gold is neutral and non-toxic. It fears Mercury(II) Sulfide (Shuiyin, 水银). It calms the heart, benefits the five zang organs, replenishes essence and marrow, and regulates blood vessels.
*Tu Jing Ben Cao* (Illustrated Materia Medica) states: Jin Xie is produced in Yizhou. Yin Xie (Silver Flakes) is produced in Yongchang. Tao Hongjing's annotation says: Gold production is found everywhere, abundant in Liangzhou, Yizhou, and Ningzhou, emerging from water sands in flake form, called Sheng Jin. Silver sources are similar to gold but emerge from stones. Su Gong believed silver and gold have different origins, with gold emerging from water. Chen Cangqi said: Raw gold is venomous snake feces... [details repeated above regarding mining and characteristics]. Current annotations consider Chen's statement incorrect. However, in current gold-producing areas such as Raozhou, Xinzhou, Nanjianzhou, and Dengzhou, mined gold varies greatly: some resemble mountain rocks, others rice or bean grains. Those not subjected to fire can all be called Sheng Jin. Silver in ore mixes with copper; locals must smelt it repeatedly with lead to form silver, so it cannot be called Sheng Yin (Raw Silver). Thus, a separate entry for Sheng Yin states: Produced in Sheng Yin mines in Raozhou, Leping, etc., resembling hard tin, with coarse, interlacing textures; naturally formed ones are true. What is currently obtained from pits seeps through soil and stone into thread-like strands, hair-thin, locally called Laoweng Xu (Old Man's Beard); such forms are extremely rare. Medical texts requiring Sheng Yin must obtain this specific type to be authentic. Jin Xie is not seen in ancient prescriptions. Yin Xie is used only in Ge Hong's Wu Shi Tang (Five Minerals Decoction) for treating carbuncles and swellings. Modern usage has largely abandoned it, preferring gold and silver foils for medicinal convenience. Additionally, Jin Shi Ling, Hong Xue (Red Snow), Zi Xue (Purple Snow), etc., all utilize juices extracted from gold and silver, which are generally refined products.
*Hai Yao Ben Cao* (Marine Drugs Materia Medica) states: According to *Guangzhou Ji*, Dashi Country produces the most gold, using it as currency. Gold nature is predominantly cold; raw is toxic, cooked is non-toxic. It treats epilepsy, wind-heat rising qi, cough, Shanghan (Cold Damage), lung damage with hemoptysis, bone-steaming fever, extreme exhaustion with thirst, unblocks pathogenic evil in the five zang organs, tonifies the heart, and is taken in pill/powder forms with foil. *Yi Zhi* states: Gold is born in Lishui. *Shan Hai Jing* (Classic of Mountains and Seas) says mountains produce abundant gold, too numerous to record. Caizhou produces Guazi Jin (Melon Seed Gold); Yunnan mountains produce Kuaikuai Jin (Chunk Gold), mined from rock crevices. Qinnan, Suifu, and Jizhou waters produce Fu Jin. *Lingbiao Lu Yi* states: Hanzhou County in Guangzhou has a Gold Pool. Locals raising geese or ducks often find Fu Jin flakes in feces, leading them to raise many birds, collect feces, and pan daily for half to one tael, thereby becoming wealthy. *Huainanzi* states: Yangsui (Bronze Mirror) catches sunlight to create fire. Xu Shen's annotation says: Yangsui is made of metal. Take a rimless gold cup, polish it until hot, hold it at noon facing the sun, place mugwort below to catch the heat, and it will ignite. *Taiqing Fu Lian Lingsha Fa* states: Gold inherits the yin-yi (Yin-Ji)魄 (corporeal soul) from the Central Palace; its nature is rigid, and ingestion damages muscles. *Baozang Lun* states: There are twenty types of gold: Xiong Huangjin, Ci Huangjin, Zengqingjin, Liu Huangjin, Tu Zhongjin, Sheng Tiejin, Shu Tiejin, Sheng Tongjin, Shijin, Shazi Jin, Tulu Shazi Jin, Jinmu Shazi Jin, Baixijin, Heiqianjin, Zhushajin. Of these fifteen, only Huandan Jin, Shuizhong Jin, Guazi Jin, Qingfu Jin, and Caoshajin are true gold; the rest are fake. *Danfang Jingyuan* states: Chu Jin originates from the Five Streams of the Han River, sometimes melon-seed shaped, mixed with other golds, carrying a bluish tint. If naturally formed teeth, also called Huangya (Yellow Teeth). If used to process Mercury(II) Sulfide (Shuiyin, 水银) or make Cinnabar (Dansha, 丹砂) vessels as tools, they are inedible due to internal gold qi toxicity. Qingxiazi's *Jinye Huandan Lun* states: Gold does not add years. Furthermore, Huangjin (Yellow Gold) breaks cold and dispels wind.
*Yanyi* states: Jin Xie uses the character 'xie' (flakes/shavings) rather than just 'jin' because it implies the material has been ground into shavings ready for use, similar to the meaning of Yujiang (Jade Paste). The two classics do not explain 'xie' as incomplete; rather, it requires cooking/refining, or being beaten into foil, before grinding into powder for medicine. Tao Hongjing said: Whenever using Yin Xie, mix with Mercury(II) Sulfide (Shuiyin, 水银) to form paste; unless it is flaked/foiled, how can it mix with mercury? He唯独 did not mention Jin Xie, which is an omission. Sheng Jin is toxic enough to kill, which remains difficult to understand. Poisoning can be resolved only with Partridge Meat (Zhegu Rou). If not processed into flakes/foil, it is unusable. Kuaikuai Jin involves mining shafts up to hundreds of chi deep, finding associated mineral stones that are brownish-black on one end like scorched fire, indicating the presence of gold. This gold is deep red-yellow. Fu Jin is obtained by washing river sands, appearing light yellow. These are all Sheng Jin and must be smelted upon acquisition. Fu Jin has less waste; Kuaikuai Jin has more waste. For medicinal use, Kuaikuai Jin should be employed; its deep color indicates sufficient gold qi. One must guard against artificially treated or alchemically transformed gold; otherwise, where is the natural creative energy? For example, Zhang Yongde of the Song Dynasty, courtesy name Baoyi, from Bingzhou, served as Military Governor of Lu in the Five Dynasties period, and was appointed to Bingzhou in Chuanhua Year 2. Initially residing in Suiyang, he cured a neighboring scholar student. The student asked for five liang of Mercury(II) Sulfide (Shuiyin, 水银), which Zhang placed in a tripod and boiled into Zhong Jin (Middle Gold). Zhang earnestly requested the method; the student said: "You will be noble; I do not withhold this, but fear it may harm your fortune." Gong Bisheng stated: During Xiangfu years, while in the palace refining gold for Alchemist Wang Jie, iron was turned into gold, forming cakes of over one hundred liang, split into eight segments called Yazui Jin (Crow Beak Gold). Freshly made, the color was still black. Thus, such things are made from Mercury(II) Sulfide (Shuiyin, 水银) and iron via drug processing, not natural creation; their therapeutic efficacy would inevitably differ significantly. When Huimin Bureau prepares Zi Xue (Purple Snow) using gold, it borrows the natural gold qi. However, it dislikes Tin (Xi). Also, gold from the southeast is darker in color, while southwest gold is lighter, due to geographical suitability; for medicinal use, darker is preferred. However, obtaining Phyllanthus emblica (Yuganzi, 余甘子) makes the body soft, indicating mutual resonance.