\r矾石\pd6.bmp\r
味酸，寒，无毒。主寒热，泄痢，白沃，阴蚀，恶疮，目痛，坚骨齿，除固热在骨髓，
去鼻中息肉。炼饵服之，轻
身、不老、增年。歧伯云∶久服伤人骨。能使铁为铜。一名羽涅，一名羽泽。生河西山谷及
陇西武都、石门。采无时。（甘草为之使，恶牡蛎。）
陶隐居云∶今出益州北部西川，从河西来。色青白，生者名马齿矾。已炼成绝白，蜀人
又以当硝石名白矾。其黄黑
者名鸡屎矾，不入药，唯堪镀作以合熟铜，投苦酒中，涂铁皆作铜色。外虽铜色，内质不变。
《仙经》单饵之，丹方亦用。
俗中合药，皆先火熬，令沸燥。以疗齿痛，多即坏齿，是伤骨之证，而云坚骨齿，诚为疑也。
唐本注云∶矾石有五种∶
青矾、白矾、黄矾、黑矾、绛矾，然白矾多入药用。青、黑二矾，疗疳及诸疮；黄矾亦疗疮
生肉，兼染皮用之；其绛矾本来绿色，新出窟未见风者，正如琉璃，陶及今人谓之石胆，烧
之赤色，
故名绛矾矣。出瓜洲。今注陶云蜀人用白矾当硝石，误也。臣禹锡等谨按药性论云∶矾石
，使一名理石。畏麻黄，有小毒。能治鼠漏、瘰 ，疗鼻衄，治 鼻，生含咽津，治急喉痹
。日华子云∶白矾，性凉。除风去劳，消痰止渴，暖水脏，治中风失音，疥癣。和桃仁、葱
汤浴，可出汗也。
图经曰∶矾石，生河西山谷及陇西武都、石门，今白矾则晋州、慈州、无为军，绿矾则
隰州温泉县、池州铜陵县，
并煎矾处出焉。初生皆石也，采得碎之，煎炼乃成矾。凡有五种，其
黄矾、黑矾、绛矾也。白
矾则入药，及染人所用者。绿矾亦入咽喉、口齿药及染色。黄矾丹灶家所须，时亦入药。黑
矾唯出西戎，赤谓之皂矾，
染须鬓药或用之。绛矾本来绿色，亦谓之石胆，烧之赤色，故有绛名，今亦稀见。又有矾精、
矾蝴蝶，皆炼白矾时，候
其极沸，盘心有溅溢者，如物飞出，以铁匕接之，作虫形者，矾蝴蝶也。但成块光莹如水晶
者，矾精也。此二种入药，
力紧于常矾也。又有一种柳絮矾，亦出矾处有之，煎炼而成。轻虚如绵絮，故以名之。今医
家
佳。刘禹锡《传信方》治气痢巴石丸，取白矾一大斤，以炭火净地烧令汁尽，则其色如雪，
谓之巴石。取一大两细研，
治以熟猪肝作丸，空腹饮下，丸数随气力加减，水牛肝更佳。如素食人，蒸饼丸之亦通。或
云白矾中青黑者，名巴石。
又治蛇咬蝎
力者数十人。正元十三年，
有两僧流向南到邓州，俱为蛇啮，令用此法救之，敷药了便瘥，更无他苦。
又崔氏方∶治甲疽，或因割甲伤肌，或因甲长侵肉，遂成疮肿痛，复缘窄靴研损四边肿
，黄水出，浸淫相染，五
指俱烂，渐渐引上脚趺泡浆四边起，如火烧疮，日夜倍增，医方所不能疗者。绿矾石五两，
形色似朴硝而绿色。取此一
物置于铁板上，聚炭封之，囊袋吹令火炽，其矾即沸，流出色赤如融金汁者，是真也。看沸
定汁尽，去火待冷，取出挪
为末，色似黄丹，收之。先以盐汤洗疮，拭干，用散敷疮上，唯多为佳，着药讫，以软帛缓
裹，当日即汁断疮干。若患
痛急，即涂少酥，令润。每日一遍，盐汤洗濯有脓处，常洗使净，其痂干处不须近。每洗讫，
敷药如初。但急痛即涂酥，
五日即觉上痂，渐剥起，亦根据前洗敷药，十日即疮渐渐剥尽痂落，软处或更生白脓胞，即擦
破敷药，自然总瘥。刑部张
侍郎亲婴此病，卧经六十日，困顿不复可言，京众医并经造问，皆随意处方，无效验。唯此
法得效如神，故录之，以贻
好事者。又有皂荚矾，亦入药。或云即绿矾也。《传信方》∶治喉痹用之，取皂荚矾入好米醋，
或常用酽醋亦通，二物同
研，咽之立瘥，如若喉中偏一旁痛，即侧卧，就痛处含之勿咽，云此法出于李谟，甚奇。黄
矾入药，见崔元亮《海上方》灭瘢膏，以黄矾石烧令汁出，胡粉炒令黄，各八分，唯须细研，
以腊月猪脂和，更研如泥，先取生布揩令痛，即用药涂五度。又取鹰粪、白燕窠中草，烧作
灰等分，和人乳涂之，其瘢自灭，肉平如故。
雷公云∶凡使，须以瓷瓶盛，于火中 令内外通赤，用钳揭起盖，旋安石蜂窠于赤瓶子
中，烧蜂窠尽为度，将钳夹出放
冷，敲碎入钵中研如粉后，于屋下掘一坑，可深五寸，却以纸裹留坑中一宿，取出再研。每
修事十两，用石蜂窠六两，
尽为度。又云∶凡使，要光明如水精，酸、咸、涩味全者，研如粉。于瓷瓶中盛，其瓶盛得
三升以来，以六一泥，泥于
火畔，炙
矾于中，下火逼令药汁干，
用盖子盖瓶口，更以泥泥上下，用火一百斤 ，从巳至未，去火，取白矾瓶出，放冷敲破，
取白矾，若经大火一 ，色
如银，自然伏火，铢累不失，捣细研如轻粉，方用之。圣惠方∶治小儿脐中汁出不止并赤肿，
用矾烧灰，细研敷之。外
台秘要∶疗胸中多痰瘀癖。矾石一两，以水二升，煮取一升，纳蜜半合，顿服，须臾未吐，
当饮少热汤。又方主目翳及
肉。用矾石最白者，内一黍米大于翳上及 肉上，即令泪出，绵拭之，令恶汁尽，其疾日
日减，翳自消薄便瘥。矾石
须真白好者方可使用。千金方∶治小儿舌上疮，饮乳不得。以白矾和鸡子置醋中，涂儿足底，
二七即愈。又方∶治鼻中
息肉。以矾石末，面脂和，绵裹塞鼻中，数日息肉自随其药出。又方治齿龈间津液血出不止。
以矾石一两，烧水三升，
煮取一升，先拭齿，乃含之。《千金翼》治阴痒脱方∶烧矾石一味，研为末，每日空心酒调
方寸匕
气冲心。白矾二两，以水一斗五升，煎三、五沸，浸洗脚良。肘后方∶救卒死而壮热者。矾
石半斤，水一斗半煮消，以
浸脚及踝，即得苏也。又方∶目中风肿，赤眼方∶矾石二钱熬，和枣丸如弹丸，以摩上下，
食顷止，日三度。又方∶足
大指角忽为甲所入肉，便刺作疮不可着履靴，用矾石一物烧汁尽，取末着疮中，食恶肉，生
好肉。细细割去甲角，旬日
即瘥。此方神效。又方∶疗 犬咬人。掺矾石末内疮中，裹之止痛，其疮速愈。又方∶疗耳
卒
以笔管吹耳内，日三、四度，或以绵裹塞耳中，立瘥。又方∶疗人阴生疮，脓出作臼。取高
昌白矾一两，研作末，用猪
脂相和成膏，槐白皮作汤，洗疮，拭令干即涂
历齿，积久碎坏欲尽，常以
绵裹矾石含嚼之，吐汁也。经验方∶治大小便不通。用白矾细研末，令患人仰卧，置矾末于
脐中满，以新汲水滴之，候
患人觉冷透，腹内即自然通，如为曾灸无脐孔，即于元灸盘上，用纸作环子笼灸盘，高一指
半以来，着矾末在内，仍根据
前法用水滴之。孙真人食忌∶主蝎螫。以矾石一两，醋半升煎之，投矾末于醋中，浸螫处。
王氏博济∶治驴涎、马汗毒
所伤，神效。白矾飞过，黄丹炒令紫色，各等分，相衮合，调贴患处。灵苑∶治折伤，先用
止痛汤法，捣白矾为末，每
用一匙匕，沸汤一碗冲了，以手帕蘸，乘热熨伤处，少时痛止，然后排整筋骨，贴药。孙用
和∶治悬痈垂长，咽中妨闷。
白矾一两，烧灰，盐花一两，上二味，细研为散，以箸头点药在上，瘥。子母秘录治小儿风
疹不止，白矾十二分，暖热酒投化，用马尾 酒涂之。姚和众∶治小儿目睛上白膜。白矾一
分，以水四合，熟铜器中煎取半合，下少白蜜调之，以绵滤过，每日三度，点一芥子大。又
方∶初生小儿产下，有皮膜如榴，
中膜裹舌，或遍舌根。可以指甲刺破令血出，烧矾灰细研敷之半绿豆许。若不摘去，儿必哑。
御药院∶治脚膝风湿，虚
汗，少力，多疼痛及阴汗。烧矾作灰细研末，一匙头，沸汤投之，淋洗痛处。丹房镜源∶紫
矾石可制汞。异苑∶魏武北
征蹋顿升岭，眺瞩见山岗不生百草。王粲曰∶是古冢，此人在世服矾石，而石生热蒸出
故卉木焦灭，即令发看，果得大墓，内有矾石满茔。太平广记∶壁镜毒人必死，用白矾治之。
简要济众∶治牙齿肿痛。白矾一两烧灰，大露蜂房一两微炙，为散。每用二钱，水一中
盏，煎十余沸，热炸牙令吐之。
衍义曰∶矾石，今坊州矾，务以其火烧过石，取以煎矾，色唯白，不逮晋州者。皆不可
多服。
用此意尔。火枯为粉，贴嵌甲。
牙缝中血出如衄者，贴之亦愈。
矾石
味酸，性寒，无毒。主治寒热往来、泄泻痢疾、白带过多（白沃）、阴部蚀疮、恶疮、目痛，能坚固骨骼牙齿，清除骨髓中的顽固热邪，去除鼻中息肉。经过炼制后服用，可使人身体轻健、延缓衰老、增加寿命。歧伯说：长期服用会损伤人的骨骼。能使铁变成铜。又名羽涅，又名羽泽。产于河西山谷以及陇西武都、石门等地。采集没有固定时间。（甘草作为其引经药，与牡蛎相畏。）
陶弘景说：现在出产于益州北部西川，从河西地区运来。颜色青白，未炼制的称为马齿矾。已经炼制完成的呈纯白色，蜀地人又把它当作硝石，称为白矾。其中黄黑色的称为鸡屎矾，不入药用，只可用于镀金制作，将熟铜投入苦酒（醋）中，涂抹在铁上都会呈现铜色。外表虽然像铜，但内部质地不变。《仙经》中单用此物服食，炼丹方中也使用。
世俗中配制药物时，都先用火熬煮，使其沸腾干燥。用来治疗牙痛，用量多了就会损坏牙齿，这是伤骨的证据，而书中却说能坚固骨骼牙齿，确实令人怀疑。
《新修本草》注解说：矾石有五种：青矾、白矾、黄矾、黑矾、绛矾，然而白矾多用于入药。青、黑两种矾，治疗疳积及各种疮疡；黄矾也能治疗疮疡生肌，兼用于染皮；那绛矾本来是绿色的，刚从矿坑中取出未见风气的，就像琉璃一样，陶弘景和今人都称之为石胆，烧之后变成红色，所以名叫绛矾。出产于瓜洲。现在注释陶弘景的话说蜀人用白矾当硝石，是错误的。臣禹锡等人谨按《药性论》说：矾石的使药一名理石。畏惧麻黄，有小毒。能治疗鼠瘘、瘰疬，治疗鼻出血，治疗鼻渊（鼻塞流涕），含在口中咽下津液，治疗急性喉痹。
日华子说：白矾，性凉。祛风去劳，消痰止渴，温暖水脏（肾），治疗中风失音，疥癣。与桃仁、葱汤一起洗浴，可以发汗。
《图经本草》说：矾石，产于河西山谷及陇西武都、石门，现在的白矾则产自晋州、慈州、无为军，绿矾则产自隰州温泉县、池州铜陵县，都是煎炼矾的地方出产的。初生时都是石头，采集后捣碎，煎炼才成为矾。共有五种，即黄矾、黑矾、绛矾。白矾则入药，以及染匠所用。绿矾也入咽喉、口齿药及染色。黄矾是丹灶家（炼丹者）所需要的，有时也入药。黑矾只出自西戎，红色的称为皂矾，染发须鬓的药有时也用。绛矾本来是绿色的，也称为石胆，烧后变红，所以有绛名，现在也很少见。又有矾精、矾蝴蝶，都是在炼白矾时，等到极度沸腾，盘心心有溅溢出来的，像物体飞出，用铁勺接住，形成虫形的，叫矾蝴蝶。只是结成块状光莹如水晶的，叫矾精。这两种入药，效力比常矾更猛烈。又有一种柳絮矾，也是出矾的地方有，煎炼而成。轻虚像棉絮，所以以此命名。现在医家中认为这种最好。
刘禹锡《传信方》治疗气痢巴石丸，取白矾一大斤，用炭火在干净的地面上烧直到汁液烧尽，则其颜色像雪，称为巴石。取一两细研，用熟猪肝做丸，空腹饮服，丸数随体力加减，用水牛肝更好。如果是素食的人，用蒸饼做丸也可以。有人说白矾中青黑色的，称为巴石。
又治疗被蛇咬蝎子蜇伤几十人。正元十三年，有两个僧人流放向南到邓州，都被蛇咬，让人用这个方法救他们，敷药后立即痊愈，再无其他痛苦。
又有崔氏方：治疗甲疽，有的因剪指甲伤及肌肉，有的因指甲长侵入肉里，于是成疮肿痛，又因为窄靴摩擦损伤四边肿胀，黄水流出，浸淫相互传染，五指都烂了，渐渐向上蔓延到脚背起泡浆四边起，像火烧的疮，日夜倍增，医方不能治疗的。绿矾石五两，形色像朴硝但是绿色。取这一物放在铁板上，聚集炭火密封它，用囊袋吹火让它炽热，那矾就沸腾，流出颜色赤红像融化的金汁的，是真的。看沸腾停止汁液烧干，去掉火等待冷却，取出捣为末，颜色像黄丹，收存起来。先用盐汤洗疮，擦干，用散剂敷在疮上，越多越好，敷完药后，用软布轻轻包裹，当天就断流结干。如果患部疼痛紧急，就涂少许酥油，让它滋润。每天一次，盐汤清洗有脓处，经常清洗保持干净，那些结痂干燥的地方不要触碰。每次洗完，敷药如初。只要急痛就涂酥油，五天就觉得上面结痂，渐渐剥起，也根据前面清洗敷药，十天就疮渐渐剥尽痂落，软处或再生白脓胞，就擦破敷药，自然全部痊愈。刑部张侍郎亲身患有此病，卧床六十天，困顿得无法言语，京城众医生都去探视询问，都随意开处方，没有效验。只有这个方法得效如神，所以记录下来，留给喜欢此事的人。又有皂荚矾，也入药。有人说就是绿矾。《传信方》：治疗喉痹用它，取皂荚矾放入好米醋中，或者常用浓醋也可以，两样东西一起研磨，咽下去立即痊愈，如果喉中偏一边痛，就侧卧，靠近痛处含住不要咽下，说这个方法出于李谟，很奇妙。黄矾入药，见崔元亮《海上方》灭瘢膏，以黄矾石烧令汁出，胡粉炒令黄，各八分，必须细研，用腊月猪脂调和，再研如泥，先取生布擦拭令痛，就用药涂五次。又取鹰粪、白燕窠中草，烧作灰等分，和人乳涂之，其瘢痕自然消失，肉平如故。
雷公说：凡是使用，必须以瓷瓶盛装，在火中烧令内外通红，用钳子揭开盖子，随即安放石蜂窠于赤热的瓶子中，烧尽蜂窠为止，用钳子夹出放冷，敲碎放入钵中研如粉后，在屋下挖一个坑，深约五寸，再用纸包裹留在坑中一夜，取出再研。每次处理十两，用石蜂窠六两，烧尽为止。又说：凡是使用，要光明如水精，酸、咸、涩味俱全的，研如粉。在瓷瓶中盛装，那个瓶子盛得三升以来，用六一泥，泥封在火旁，炙烤其中的矾，下火逼迫让药汁干，用盖子盖瓶口，再以泥封上下，用火一百斤，从巳时至未时，去火，取白矾瓶出，放冷敲破，取白矾，如果经过大火一烧，色如银，自然伏火，重量丝毫不失，捣细研如轻粉，才使用。《圣惠方》：治疗小儿脐中汁出不止并红肿，用矾烧灰，细研敷之。《外台秘要》：治疗胸中多痰瘀癖。矾石一两，以水二升，煮取一升，纳蜜半合，顿服，须臾未吐，应当喝少量热汤。又一方主目翳及胬肉。用矾石最白的，内一黍米大于翳上及胬肉上，即令泪出，绵拭之，令恶汁尽，其疾日日减，翳自消薄便愈。矾石须真白好者方可使用。《千金方》：治疗小儿舌上疮，饮乳不得。以白矾和鸡蛋置醋中，涂儿足底，十四天即愈。又一方：治疗鼻中息肉。以矾石末，面脂和，绵裹塞鼻中，数日息肉自随其药出。又一方治齿龈间津液血出不止。以矾石一两，烧水三升，煮取一升，先拭齿，乃含之。《千金翼》治疗阴痒脱方：烧矾石一味，研为末，每日空心酒调方寸匕，气冲心。白矾二两，以水一斗五升，煎三、五沸，浸洗脚良。《肘后方》：救卒死而壮热者。矾石半斤，水一斗半煮消，以浸脚及踝，即得苏也。又一方：目中风肿，赤眼方：矾石二钱熬，和枣丸如弹丸，以摩上下，食顷止，日三度。又一方：足大指角忽为甲所入肉，便刺作疮不可着履靴，用矾石一物烧汁尽，取末着疮中，食恶肉，生好肉。细细割去甲角，旬日即愈。此方神效。又一方：疗狂犬咬人。掺矾石末内疮中，裹之止痛，其疮速愈。又一方：疗耳卒聋。以笔管吹耳内，日三、四度，或以绵裹塞耳中，立愈。又一方：疗人阴生疮，脓出作臼。取高昌白矾一两，研作末，用猪脂相和成膏，槐白皮作汤，洗疮，拭令干即涂历齿，积久碎坏欲尽，常以绵裹矾石含嚼之，吐汁也。《经验方》：治疗大小便不通。用白矾细研末，令患者仰卧，置矾末于脐中满，以新汲水滴之，候患者觉冷透，腹内即自然通，如为曾灸无脐孔，即于原灸盘上，用纸作环子笼灸盘，高一指半以来，着矾末在内，仍根据前法用水滴之。孙真人食忌：主治蝎螫。以矾石一两，醋半升煎之，投矾末于醋中，浸螫处。王氏博济：治疗驴涎、马汗毒所伤，神效。白矾飞过，黄丹炒令紫色，各等分，相混合，调贴患处。灵苑：治疗折伤，先用止痛汤法，捣白矾为末，每用一匙匕，沸汤一碗冲了，以手帕蘸，乘热熨伤处，少时痛止，然后排整筋骨，贴药。孙用和：治疗悬痈垂长，咽中妨闷。白矾一两，烧灰，盐花一两，上二味，细研为散，以箸头点药在上，愈。《子母秘录》治疗小儿风疹不止，白矾十二分，暖热酒投化，用马尾酒涂之。姚和众：治疗小儿目睛上白膜。白矾一分，以水四合，熟铜器中煎取半合，下少白蜜调之，以绵滤过，每日三度，点一芥子大。又一方：初生小儿产下，有皮膜如榴，中膜裹舌，或遍舌根。可以用指甲刺破令血出，烧矾灰细研敷之半绿豆许。若不摘去，儿必哑。御药院：治疗脚膝风湿，虚汗，少力，多疼痛及阴汗。烧矾作灰细研末，一匙头，沸汤投之，淋洗痛处。《丹房镜源》：紫矾石可制汞。《异苑》：魏武帝北征蹋顿升岭，眺瞩见山岗不生百草。王粲曰：是古冢，此人在世服矾石，而石生热蒸出故卉木焦灭，即令发看，果得大墓，内有矾石满茔。《太平广记》：壁镜毒人必死，用白矾治之。《简要济众》：治疗牙齿肿痛。白矾一两烧灰，大露蜂房一两微炙，为散。每用二钱，水一中盏，煎十余沸，热炸牙令吐之。《衍义》说：矾石，现在坊州的矾，务必以其火烧过石，取以煎矾，色唯白，不及晋州的。都不可多服。用此意尔。火枯为粉，贴嵌甲。牙缝中血出如衄者，贴之亦愈。
Alum (Fan Shi)
Taste: sour; Nature: cold; Toxicity: non-toxic. It primarily treats alternating chills and fever, diarrhea and dysentery, leukorrhea (white vaginal discharge), genital ulcers, malignant sores, eye pain, strengthens bones and teeth, eliminates persistent heat in the bone marrow, and removes nasal polyps. After refining and taking it orally, it can make the body light, delay aging, and increase longevity. Qibo stated: Long-term consumption damages human bones. It can transform iron into copper. Also known as Yunie (Yu Nie) or Yuze (Yu Ze). It grows in the valleys of Hexi, as well as in Wudu and Shimen of Longxi. It can be harvested at any time. (Gancao [Licorice Root] serves as its guiding herb; it is incompatible with Muli [Oyster Shell].)
Tao Hongjing said: Currently, it is produced in the western rivers of northern Yizhou, coming from the Hexi region. Its color is blue-white; the unrefined form is called Machi Fan (Horse-Tooth Alum). The fully refined form is pure white; people in Shu also use it as Xiaoshi (Saltpeter), calling it Bai Fan (White Alum). The yellow-black variety is called Jishi Fan (Chicken-Dung Alum), which is not used for medicine but is suitable for plating; when mixed with Kujiu (Vinegar) and applied to iron, it turns copper-colored. Although the surface appears copper-like, the internal quality remains unchanged. The *Xian Jing* (Immortal Classic) uses it alone for oral ingestion, and alchemical formulas also employ it.
In secular medicine preparation, it is first boiled over fire until boiling and dry. When used to treat toothache, excessive amounts damage teeth, which is evidence of bone injury, contradicting the claim that it strengthens bones and teeth, thus causing doubt.
The *Xin Xiu Ben Cao* annotation states: There are five types of Alum: Qing Fan (Green Alum), Bai Fan (White Alum), Huang Fan (Yellow Alum), Hei Fan (Black Alum), and Jiang Fan (Red Alum). However, Bai Fan is mostly used in medicine. Qing Fan and Hei Fan treat gan accumulation (malnutrition/parasites) and various sores; Huang Fan also promotes flesh regeneration in sores and is used for leather tanning; Jiang Fan is originally green; when newly mined and not exposed to wind, it resembles glass. Tao Hongjing and modern practitioners call it Shidan (Stone Gall). After roasting, it turns red, hence the name Jiang Fan. It is produced in Guazhou. The current annotation regarding Tao's statement that Shu people use Bai Fan as Xiaoshi is incorrect. Ministers Yuxi et al. respectfully note according to *Yao Xing Lun*: The guiding herb for Alum is named Lishi. It fears Mahuang (Ephedra Herb) and has slight toxicity. It can treat shu lou (scrofula/tuberculous lymphadenitis), luo li (scrofula), epistaxis, bi yuan (nasal sinusitis), by holding in the mouth and swallowing saliva to treat acute throat obstruction (hou bi).
Ri Huazi said: Bai Fan has a cool nature. It dispels wind and fatigue, resolves phlegm and relieves thirst, warms the Water Organ (Kidney), treats stroke-induced aphonia, scabies, and tinea. Bathing with Taoren (Peach Kernel) and Cong Tang (Scallion Decoction) can induce sweating.
*TU Jing Ben Cao* states: Alum grows in the valleys of Hexi and Wudu/Shimen of Longxi. Currently, Bai Fan is produced in Jinzhou, Cizhou, and Wuwei Jun; Lv Fan (Green Alum/Vitriol) is produced in Xizhou Wenquan County and Chizhou Tongling County. These are places where alum is smelted. Initially, it is stone; after harvesting and crushing, it is smelted to become alum. There are five types: Huang Fan, Hei Fan, and Jiang Fan. Bai Fan is used for medicine and dyeing. Lv Fan is also used in throat/dental medicines and dyeing. Huang Fan is required by alchemists and sometimes used in medicine. Hei Fan comes only from Western Regions; the red variety is called Zao Fan, used in hair-dyeing medicines. Jiang Fan is originally green, also called Shidan, turns red when roasted, hence the name Jiang Fan, but is now rare. There are also Fan Jing (Alum Essence) and Fan Hudie (Alum Butterfly). During the refining of Bai Fan, when it boils extremely vigorously, splashes on the pan center fly out like objects. Catching them with an iron spoon forms insect shapes, called Fan Hudie. Those that form blocks bright and clear like crystal are called Fan Jing. Both are used in medicine and are more potent than common alum. There is also Liu Xu Fan (Willow-Catkin Alum), found in alum-producing areas, formed by smelting. It is light and hollow like cotton wadding, hence the name. It is considered the best among current medical materials.
Liu Yuxi's *Chuan Xin Fang* treats Qi Li (Qi-type Dysentery) with Bashishi Pill: Take one large jin of Bai Fan, burn it on a clean ground with charcoal fire until the juice is exhausted, then its color becomes like snow, called Bashishi. Grind one da liang finely, mix with cooked pork liver to make pills, take on an empty stomach with water; dosage varies with strength; buffalo liver is better. For vegetarians, steamed dough pills are also acceptable. Some say the blackish part of Bai Fan is called Bashishi.
It also treated dozens of cases of snake bites and scorpion stings. In the 13th year of Zhengyuan, two monks exiled south to Dengzhou were bitten by snakes. Using this method saved them; after applying the medicine, they recovered immediately without other suffering.
Another formula from Dr. Cui: Treats Jia Ju (Paronychia/Ingrown Nail). Caused by cutting nails injuring muscle or long nails invading flesh, leading to painful swelling. Narrow boots rub the swollen edges, causing yellow fluid to ooze, spreading infection, rotting all five fingers, gradually extending to the instep with blisters, resembling burns, worsening day and night, untreatable by standard methods. Use 5 liang of Lv Fan (Green Vitriol), which looks like Puxiao (Mirabilite) but is green. Place this substance on an iron plate, seal with charcoal, blow fire with a bag until hot. The alum boils, flowing out red liquid like molten gold—this is authentic. Wait for boiling to stop and juice to dry, remove from fire, cool, crush into powder, color like Huang Dan (Minium), store. First wash sore with salt water, dry, apply powder generously, wrap loosely with soft cloth. Fluid stops and sore dries on the same day. If pain is urgent, apply some butter to moisten. Once daily, wash pus with salt water, keep clean, avoid dry scabs. After washing, reapply medicine. Apply butter if painful. After five days, scab begins to peel. Continue washing and applying. After ten days, scabs fall off naturally. Soft areas may produce white pus blisters; pierce and apply medicine. Natural recovery ensues. Vice Minister Zhang of the Ministry of Justice suffered this disease for sixty days, too weak to speak. Capital doctors visited and prescribed randomly, with no effect. Only this method worked miraculously, so recorded for enthusiasts. There is also Zao Jia Fan (Soap Pod Alum), used in medicine. Some say it is Lv Fan. *Chuan Xin Fang*: Treats Hou Bi (Throat Obstruction). Mix Zao Jia Fan with good rice vinegar or strong vinegar. Grind both together, swallow for immediate relief. If pain is on one side of the throat, lie on that side, hold near the painful spot without swallowing. Said to originate from Li Mo, very unique. Huang Fan in medicine, see Cui Yuanliang's *Hai Shang Fang* Biao Can Gao (Scar Removal Ointment): Roast Huang Fan until juice flows, stir-fry Hufen (Lead Carbonate) until yellow, each 8 fen, grind finely. Mix with pig fat from the twelfth lunar month, grind into paste. Rub raw cloth on scar to cause pain, then apply medicine five times. Also burn eagle droppings and grass from white swallow nests, mix ashes equally with human milk, apply. Scars disappear naturally, skin smoothens.
Lei Gong said: To process, place in a porcelain bottle, roast in fire until red inside and out. Lift lid with tongs, insert bee comb into the red bottle. Roast until comb is ash. Remove with tongs, cool, crush in mortar, grind to powder. Dig a pit five cun deep under the house. Wrap paper around the powder, leave in pit overnight. Remove and grind again. For every 10 liang processed, use 6 liang of bee combs. Also said: Select alum bright as crystal, with complete sour, salty, and astringent tastes. Grind to powder. Store in porcelain bottle (capacity up to 3 sheng). Seal bottle neck with Liu Yi Ni (Six-One Mud). Roast alum inside, drive off moisture with fire. Cover bottle, seal top and bottom with mud. Fire for 100 jin weight duration, from Si hour to Wei hour. Remove fire, take out Bai Fan bottle, cool, break open, retrieve Bai Fan. If roasted strongly, color becomes silver, naturally "subdues fire," weight unchanged. Grind fine as light powder before use. *Sheng Hui Fang*: Treats infant umbilical oozing and redness/swelling. Burn alum to ash, grind fine, apply externally. *Wai Tai Mi Yao*: Treats chest phlegm-stasis mass. 1 liang Alum, boil in 2 sheng water to 1 sheng, add half he of honey, take at once. If not vomiting soon, drink warm water. Another formula for eye nebula (cataract) and pterygium. Use finest white Alum, place grain-sized piece on nebula/pterygium. Induces tearing, wipe with cotton to remove bad fluids. Disease reduces daily, nebula thins and heals. Must use pure white high-quality Alum. *Qian Jin Fang*: Treats infant tongue sores preventing breastfeeding. Mix Bai Fan with egg white, dip in vinegar, apply to infant's soles. Heals in 14 days. Another formula for nasal polyps: Mix Alum powder with facial fat, wrap in cotton, insert into nose. Polyps expelled with medicine over several days. Another formula for gum bleeding: 1 liang Alum, boil in 3 sheng water to 1 sheng. Wipe teeth, hold in mouth. *Qian Jin Yi Fang* for genital itching/prolapse: Roast single ingredient Alum, grind to powder. Take on empty stomach with wine, causes qi rushing to heart. Bai Fan 2 liang, boil in 15 sheng water for 3-5 boils, soak feet. *Zhou Hou Fang*: Resuscitate sudden death with high fever. 0.5 jin Alum, boil in 1.5 dou water, soak feet and ankles until revival. Another formula for wind-stroke eye swelling/red eye: Roast 2 qian Alum, mix with date to make pill size of bullet. Rub on eyelids, stops after one meal period, three times daily. Another formula for ingrown nail on big toe causing ulcer unable to wear shoes: Roast Alum until juice dry, apply powder to ulcer. Consumes necrotic tissue, generates healthy flesh. Trim nail corner carefully, heals in ten days. Miraculous efficacy. Another formula for rabid dog bite: Sprinkle Alum powder into wound, bandage to stop pain, accelerates healing. Another formula for sudden deafness: Blow into ear with brush tube, 3-4 times daily, or pack cotton with alum in ear, immediate cure. Another formula for genital sores with pus: 1 liang Gaochang Bai Fan, grind to powder, mix with pig fat into ointment. Wash sore with Sophora root bark decoction, dry, apply. For loose teeth due to long-term decay: Wrap Alum in cotton, chew/suck, expectorate fluid. *Jing Yan Fang*: Treats urinary/fecal retention. Grind Bai Fan fine, have patient lie supine, fill navel with powder, drip fresh water. When patient feels cold penetration, abdomen naturally opens. If navel obliterated by moxibustion, draw ring on original moxa site with paper, fill with powder, drip water as above. Sun Simiao's Dietary Taboos: Treats scorpion sting. 1 liang Alum, half sheng vinegar, boil, drop Alum powder into vinegar, soak sting site. Wang Shi Bo Ji: Treats poisoning from donkey saliva/horse sweat. Flown Bai Fan, stir-fried Huang Dan (Minium) until purple, equal parts, mix, apply to lesion. Ling Yuan: Treats fractures. First use pain-relief method: Grind Bai Fan to powder, one spoonful, dissolve in bowl of boiling water, soak handkerchief, apply hot compress to injury. Pain stops shortly, then realign bones/tendons, apply plaster. Sun Yonghe: Treats prolapsed perineum/throat fullness. 1 liang Bai Fan, burn to ash, 1 liang Salt Flower. Grind fine, apply with chopstick tip to affected area, heals. *Zi Mu Mi Lu* for infant wind-rash: 12 fen Bai Fan, dissolve in warm wine, apply horse-tail hair wine. Yao Hezhong: Infant white membrane on eyeball. 1 fen Bai Fan, 4 he water, simmer in copper vessel to half he, add little white honey, filter through cotton, apply mustard-seed size drops, three times daily. Another formula: Newborn with skin membrane wrapping tongue/root. Pierce with fingernail to bleed, apply burnt Alum ash (half mung bean size). If not removed, child will be mute. Imperial Medical Bureau: Treats wind-dampness of legs/knees, deficiency sweating, weakness, pain, genital dampness. Burn Alum to ash, grind, one spoonful, dissolve in boiling water, wash painful areas. *Dan Fang Jing Yuan*: Zi Fan (Purple Alum/Vitriol) can refine mercury. *Yi Yuan*: Emperor Wu of Wei marched north against Tuntun, climbed ridge, saw barren hillside. Wang Can said: Ancient tomb; person took Alum in life, stone heat vaporized plants. Excavated, found large tomb filled with Alum. *Tai Ping Guang Ji*: Mirror poison kills humans, treated with Bai Fan. *Jian Yao Ji Zhong*: Tooth swelling/pain. 1 liang Bai Fan burned to ash, 1 liang Honeycomb slightly roasted, grind to powder. Use 2 qian, 1 cup water, boil ten times, rinse mouth with hot solution. *Yan Yi* states: Current Fanzhou Alum requires burning stone to extract, color only white, inferior to Jinzhou. Do not take in excess. This is the intent. Burnt to powder, applied to ingrown nails. Bleeding gums like epistaxis, application also heals.