\r石钟乳\pd5.bmp\r
味甘，温，无毒。主咳逆上气，明目，益精，安五脏，通百节，
利九窍，下乳汁，益气，补虚损，疗脚弱疼冷，下焦伤竭，强阴。久服延年益寿，好颜色，
不老，令人有子。不炼服之，令人淋。一名公乳，一名芦石，一名夏石。生少室山谷及泰山
。采无时。（蛇床为之使，恶牡丹、玄石、牡蒙，畏紫石英、 草。）
陶隐居云∶第一出始兴，而江陵及东境名山石洞亦皆有。唯通中轻薄如鹅翎管，碎之如
爪甲，中无雁齿，光明者为
善。长挺乃有一、二尺者。色黄，以苦酒洗刷则白。《仙经》用之少，而俗方所重，亦甚贵。
唐本注云∶钟乳第一始兴，其次广、连、澧、朗、郴等州者，
虽浓而光润可爱，饵之并佳。今峡州、青溪、房州三洞出者，亚于始兴。自余非其土地，不
可轻服，多发淋渴，只可捣筛，白练裹之，合诸药草浸酒服之。陶云钟乳一、二尺者，谬说。
今按别本注云∶凡乳生于深洞幽穴，皆龙蛇潜伏，或龙蛇毒瓦斯，或洞口阴阳不匀，或通
风气。雁齿涩，或黄或赤，
乳无润泽，或其煎炼火色不调，一煎以后不易水，则生火毒，即令服人发淋。又乳有三种∶
有石乳、竹乳、茅山之乳。
石乳者，以其山洞纯石，以石津相滋，阴阳交备，蝉翼文成，谓为石乳。竹乳者，以其山洞，
遍生小竹，以竹津相滋，
乳如竹状，谓为竹乳。茅山之乳者，山有土石相杂，遍生茅草，以茅津相滋为乳，乳色稍黑
而滑润。石乳性温，竹乳性
平，茅山之乳微寒。一种之中；有上、中、下色，余处亦有，不可轻信。凡乳，光泽为好也。
臣禹锡等谨按吴氏云∶钟乳，一名虚中。神农∶辛。桐君、黄帝、医和∶甘
扁鹊∶甘，无毒。生山谷阴处岸下。溜汁成如乳汁，黄白色，空中相通，二月、三月采，
阴干。《药性论》云∶钟乳
亦名黄石砂，有大毒。主泄精，寒嗽，壮元气，建益阳事，能通声。忌羊血。萧炳云∶如蝉
翅者上，爪甲者次，鹅管者
下。明白薄者可服。日华子云∶补五劳七伤，通亮者为上。更有蝉翼乳，功亦同前。凡将合
镇驻药，须是一气研七周时，点末臂上，便入肉不见为度。虑人歇，即将铃系于棰柄上，研
常鸣为验。
图经曰∶石钟乳，生少室山谷及泰山，今道州江华县及连、英、韶、阶、峡州山中皆有
之。生岩穴阴处，溜山液而
成，空中相通，长者六、七寸，如鹅翎管状，碎之如爪甲，中无雁齿，光明者善，色白微红。
采无时。旧说乳有三种∶
有石钟乳者，其山纯石，以石津相滋，状如
竹，以竹津相滋，乳如竹状，
谓之竹乳；竹乳性平。有茅山之乳者，其山土石相杂，遍生茅草，以茅津相滋，乳色稍黑而
滑润，谓之茅山之乳；茅山
之乳性微寒。凡此三种，尤难识别。而唐·李补阙炼钟乳法云∶取韶州钟乳，
无问浓薄，但令颜色明净光泽者，即堪入炼。唯黄、赤二色不任用。柳宗元与崔连州论钟乳
书云∶取其色之美而已，不必唯土之信。是此药所重，唯明白者，不必尽如上所说数种也。
今医家但以鹅管中空者为最。又《本经》中品载殷孽云∶钟乳根也，生赵国山谷，又生梁山
及南海。又云∶孔公孽，殷孽根也。生梁山山谷。又云∶石花、石床，并与殷孽同。陶隐居
云∶凡钟乳之类。有三种，同一体。从石室上汁溜积久盘结者，为钟乳床，即此孔公孽也；
其以次小 者，为殷孽，今人呼为孔公孽。殷孽复溜轻好者为钟乳，虽同一类，而疗体为
异。苏恭云∶二孽在上，床花在下。陶谓孔公孽为乳床，非也。又有石脑云∶亦钟乳之类，
凡此五种，今医家稀复用之，但用钟乳耳。又观二孽所出州郡不同，陶云三种同根，而所出
各处，当是随其土地为胜，既云是钟乳同生，则有孽处，皆当有乳，今并不闻有之，岂用之
既寡，则采者亦稀乎？抑时人不知孽中有乳，故不尽采乎？不能尽究也。下品又有土阴孽，
《
出渭州，生平地土窟中。土人云∶服之亦同钟乳，而不发热。又云∶是土之脂液，状如殷孽
，故名之。今亦不见用者。
雷公云∶凡使，勿用头粗浓并尾大者，为孔公石，不用。色黑及经大火惊过并久在地上
收者，曾经药物制者，并不得用。须要鲜明，薄而有光润者，似鹅翎筒子为上，有长五、六
寸者。
凡修事法，以五香水煮过一伏时，然后漉出，又别用甘草、紫背天葵汁渍，再煮一伏时，
凡八两钟乳，用沉香、零
陵、藿香、甘松、白茅等各一两，以水先煮过一度了，第二度方用甘草等二味各二两再煮了，
漉出拭干，缓火焙之，然
后入臼杵如粉筛过，却入钵中。令有力少壮者三、两人不住研，三日夜勿歇。然后用水飞澄
了，以绢笼之，于日中晒令
干，又入钵中，研二万遍后，以瓷合子收贮用之。伤寒类要∶治舌瘅，渴而数饮，用钟乳石
主之。柳宗元与崔连州书∶
论石钟乳，直产于石，石之精粗疏密，寻尺特异，而穴之上下，土之薄浓不可知，则其根据而
产者，固不一性。然由其精
密而出者，则油然而清，炯然而辉，其窍滑以夷，其肌廉以微，食之使人荣华温柔，其气宣
流，生胃通肠，寿考康宁。
其粗疏而下者，则奔突结涩，乍大乍小，色如枯骨，或类死灰，淹悴不发，丛齿积 ，重浊
顽璞；食之使偃塞壅郁，
泄火生风，戟喉痒肺，幽关不聪，心烦喜怒，肝举气刚，不能平和。故君子慎取其色之美，
而不必唯土之信，以求其至精，凡为此也，太清石壁记∶炼钟乳法，太清经云∶取好细末，
置金银瓯器中，瓦一片密盖瓯上，勿令泄气，蒸之自然化作水。丹房镜源∶乳石可为外匮。
青霞子∶补髓添精。
衍义曰∶石钟乳，萧炳云∶如蝉翼爪甲者为上，如鹅管者下。《经》既言乳，今复不取
乳，此何义也？盖乳取性下，
不用如雁齿者，谓如乌头、附子不用尖角之义同。但明白光润轻松，色如炼硝石者佳。服炼
别有法。
石钟乳
味甘，性温，无毒。主治咳逆上气（咳嗽气喘），明目，益精，安五脏，通百节（全身关节），利九窍（眼、耳、鼻、口及前后二阴），下乳汁，益气，补虚损，治疗脚弱疼冷（下肢软弱疼痛发凉），下焦伤竭（下焦元气亏损衰竭），强阴（增强性功能或补肾阳）。长期服用可延年益寿，使面色红润，延缓衰老，使人易于生育。若不经过炮制直接服用，会导致淋证（小便频数短涩、滴沥刺痛）。又名公乳，又名芦石，又名夏石。产于少室山谷和泰山。采集没有固定时间。（蛇床子为其引经药/辅助药，忌与牡丹、玄石、牡蒙同用，畏紫石英、[某]草。）
陶隐居说：最好的石钟乳出自始兴，而江陵及东部名山的石洞中也都有出产。只有中间通透、轻薄如鹅毛管，敲碎后像指甲片大小，中间没有雁齿状纹理，色泽光亮的才是上品。长的有一、二尺。颜色发黄，用醋洗刷后变白。《仙经》中用得较少，而民间方剂中很重视它，价格也很昂贵。
《唐本草》注解说：石钟乳以始兴产出的为第一等，其次是广、连、澧、朗、郴等州出产的，虽然质地浓密且光泽可爱，服用效果都很好。现在峡州、青溪、房州三个地方山洞出产的，仅次于始兴产的。其余非其产地者，不可轻易服用，容易引发淋证和口渴，只能捣碎筛粉，用白绢包裹，配合其他草药浸泡在酒中服用。陶隐居说钟乳有一、二尺长的，是谬论。
现在根据别本注解说：凡是钟乳生于深洞幽穴之中，那里常有龙蛇潜伏，或者有龙蛇的毒气，或者洞口阴阳之气不匀，或者通风良好。如果有雁齿状纹理且粗糙，或者颜色黄赤，钟乳缺乏润泽，或者煎炼时火候不调，一次煎炼后不再换水，就会产生火毒，导致服用者发生淋证。另外钟乳有三种：有石乳、竹乳、茅山之乳。石乳，是因为山洞全是石头，以石津（石液）相互滋润，阴阳兼备，形成蝉翼般的纹理，称为石乳。竹乳，是因为山洞里遍生小竹子，以竹津（竹液）相互滋润，钟乳形状像竹子，称为竹乳。茅山之乳，是因为山上有土石混杂，遍生茅草，以茅津（茅草汁液）相互滋润形成钟乳，钟乳颜色稍黑且滑润。石乳性温，竹乳性平，茅山之乳微寒。每一种之中又有上、中、下三种色泽，其他地方也有，不可轻信。凡是钟乳，以光泽为好。
臣禹锡等人谨按吴氏的说法：钟乳，又名虚中。神农认为味辛。桐君、黄帝、医和认为味甘。扁鹊认为味甘，无毒。生于山谷阴处岸下。滴落的汁液凝结成如乳汁状，黄白色，中间空通相连，二月、三月采集，阴干。《药性论》说：钟乳又名黄石砂，有大毒。主治泄精，寒嗽，壮元气，建立阳气功能，能通声音。忌食羊血。萧炳说：像蝉翅膀的是上等，像指甲片的是次等，像鹅管的是下等。明白薄者可服用。日华子说：补五劳七伤，通透光亮的是上品。更有蝉翼乳，功效也相同。凡是准备配合镇潜药物使用时，必须一气研细七周时，点在手臂皮肤上，若粉末立即渗入肉中不见为止。担心人休息，就将铃铛系在研杵柄上，研磨时常发出声响作为验证。
《图经》说：石钟乳，产于少室山谷和泰山，现在道州江华县以及连、英、韶、阶、峡州的山中都有出产。生于岩穴阴处，由山液滴流而成，中间空通相连，长的六、七寸，如鹅毛管状，敲碎后像指甲片，中间没有雁齿状纹理，色泽光亮的为好，色白微红。采集没有固定时间。旧说钟乳有三种：有石钟乳者，其山纯石，以石津相滋，状如竹；以竹津相滋，乳如竹状，谓之竹乳；竹乳性平。有茅山之乳者，其山土石相杂，遍生茅草，以茅津相滋，乳色稍黑而滑润，谓之茅山之乳；茅山之乳性微寒。凡此三种，尤其难以识别。而唐代李补阙炼制钟乳的方法说：取韶州的钟乳，无论浓薄，只要颜色明净光泽的，就可以入炼。只有黄、赤两种颜色的不使用。柳宗元给崔连州的信中说：取其颜色美而已，不必完全相信产地。这种药所看重的，只是明白纯净者，不必完全像上面所说的几种那样区分。现在的医生只以鹅管中空者为最好。另外《本经》中品记载殷孽说：钟乳的根，产于赵国山谷，又产于梁山及南海。又说：孔公孽，是殷孽的根。产于梁山山谷。又说：石花、石床，都与殷孽同类。陶隐居说：凡是钟乳之类，有三种，同一体。从石室上方滴落的汁液积聚日久盘结而成的，叫钟乳床，就是这里的孔公孽；其次较小的，叫殷孽，现在人呼为孔公孽。殷孽再滴落轻好者为钟乳，虽然同一类，但疗效不同。苏恭说：二孽在上，床花在下方。陶隐居认为孔公孽是乳床，不对。又有石脑说：也是钟乳之类，凡这五种，现在医生很少再用，只用钟乳罢了。又观察二孽所出的州郡不同，陶隐居说三种同根，而出产各处，应当是随其土地条件而定优劣，既然说是钟乳同生，那么有孽的地方，都应该有乳，现在并没有听说有这种情况，难道是使用的既少，那么采集的人也稀少吗？还是当时的人不知道孽中有乳，所以没有全部采集呢？不能彻底探究了。下品又有土阴孽，《出渭州》，生于平地土窟中。当地人說：服用它也同钟乳一样，但不发热。又说：是土的脂液，形状像殷孽，所以叫这个名字。现在也不见使用。
雷公说：凡是使用，不要用头粗浓并尾大者，那是孔公石，不用。颜色黑及经过大火惊吓过并在地上久收的，曾经被药物处理过的，都不得使用。必须要鲜明，薄而有光润的，似鹅毛管筒子为上，有长五、六寸的。
凡是修整加工方法，用五香水煮过一个时辰（约两小时），然后滤出，另外用甘草、紫背天葵汁浸泡，再煮一个时辰。凡是八两钟乳，用沉香、零陵、藿香、甘松、白茅等各一两，先用水煮过一次，第二次才用甘草等两味各二两再煮，滤出擦干，用慢火焙干，然后放入臼中捣成粉筛过，再放入钵中。让有力气的年轻男子三、两人不停研磨，三昼夜不要休息。然后用清水飞澄沉淀，用绢布过滤，在阳光下晒令干燥，又放入钵中，研磨两万遍后，用瓷盒收藏备用。《伤寒类要》：治疗舌瘅（舌体红肿热痛），口渴多饮，用钟乳石为主药。柳宗元给崔连州的信：论述石钟乳，直接产于石头，石头的精粗疏密，寻尺之间特异，而洞穴上下，泥土的厚薄浓淡不可知，那么依据它产生的钟乳，本来性质不一。然而由精密石头中出来的，则油然清亮，炯然光辉，其窍滑顺平坦，其肌细腻微密，食用使人荣华温柔，其气宣流通畅，生胃通肠，长寿康宁。由粗疏石头中出来的，则奔突结涩，乍大乍小，色如枯骨，或类死灰，暗淡不发，丛齿积垢，重浊顽璞；食用使人偃塞壅郁，泄火生风，戟喉痒肺，幽关不聪，心烦喜怒，肝举气刚，不能平和。所以君子慎重选择其颜色之美，而不必完全相信产地，以求取其至精，都是因为这个原因。《太清石壁记》：炼制钟乳法，《太清经》说：取好的细末，放在金银碗中，盖一片瓦严密覆盖碗口，不让气体泄漏，蒸之自然化作水。《丹房镜源》：乳石可作为外匮（外用容器或材料）。青霞子：补髓添精。
《衍义》说：石钟乳，萧炳说：像蝉翼爪甲的是上等，像鹅管的是下等。《经》既然说是乳，现在又不取乳，这是什么意思呢？大概乳取其性下行，不用像雁齿者，如同乌头、附子不用尖角的意义相同。只要明白光润轻松，色如炼硝石的为佳。服炼另有方法。
Shizhongru (Stalactite / Calcitum)
Taste: Sweet. Nature: Warm. Toxicity: Non-toxic. Indications: Mainly treats ke ni shang qi (cough with rebellious Qi and asthma), brightens the eyes, benefits Jing (Essence), calms the Zang organs (internal organs), unblocks Bai jie (all joints), facilitates Jiu qiao (the nine orifices of the head and body), promotes lactation, tonifies Qi, supplements deficiency and damage, treats jiao ruo teng leng (weakness, pain, and cold in the lower limbs), Xia jiao shang jie (exhaustion of the Lower Jiao), and strengthens Yin. Long-term use extends life and longevity, improves complexion, prevents aging, and enhances fertility. If taken without processing (pao zhi), it causes Lin syndrome (dysuria). Alternative names: Gong ru, Lu shi, Xia shi. Habitat: Grows in the valleys of Mount Shishi and Mount Tai. Harvesting time: No fixed season. (Interactions: Shechuangzi (Cnidii Fructus) acts as an assistant; contraindicated with Mudan (Moutan Cortex), Xuan shi (Lapis Haematites), Mumeng (Puerariae Radix); opposed to Zhi shiying (Fluoritum) and [missing herb name].)
Tao Hongjing stated: The best quality comes from Shixing, but it is also found in stone caves of famous mountains in Jiangling and the eastern regions. Only those that are hollow, thin and light like goose feather quills, break into pieces resembling fingernails, lack "goose tooth" textures inside, and possess a luminous appearance are considered superior. Some long specimens reach one or two chi. They are yellow in color and turn white when washed with vinegar (Ku jiu). It is rarely used in Daoist alchemical texts (Xian jing) but is highly valued in folk prescriptions and commands a high price.
The Tang Bencao annotation notes: Shizhongru from Shixing is first grade; those from Guang, Lian, Li, Lang, and Chen prefectures are second grade. Although dense and lustrous, they are also good for consumption. Those from caves in Xiazhou, Qingxi, and Fangzhou are inferior to Shixing ones. Specimens from other non-native regions should not be taken lightly, as they may easily induce Lin syndrome and thirst. They can only be ground into powder, wrapped in white silk, and soaked in wine with other herbs for consumption. Tao Hongjing’s claim that stalactites grow to one or two chi is erroneous.
According to another annotation: Stalactites form in deep, dark caves where dragons and snakes may lurk, or where toxic vapors exist, or where Yin and Yang energies are uneven, or where ventilation is good. If the stalactite has rough "goose tooth" textures, or is yellow/red, lacks moisture/luster, or if the calcination process involves improper fire control and不换 water after one boiling, "fire toxicity" is generated, causing Lin syndrome in the consumer. There are three types of stalactite: Shi ru (Stone Milk), Zhu ru (Bamboo Milk), and Maoshan zhi ru (Maoshan Milk).
1. Shi ru: Forms in pure stone caves, nourished by stone fluids, with balanced Yin and Yang, forming cicada-wing patterns.
2. Zhu ru: Forms in caves abundant with small bamboo, nourished by bamboo fluids, resembling bamboo stalks.
3. Maoshan zhi ru: Forms in mixed soil-stone mountains covered with cogon grass, nourished by grass fluids; slightly black and smooth.
Properties: Shi ru is warm; Zhu ru is neutral; Maoshan zhi ru is slightly cold. Each type has upper, middle, and lower grades based on color. Generally, luster indicates quality.
Minister Yuxi and others, following Wu Shi: Shizhongru, also known as Xu zhong. Shen Nong described its taste as Pungent (Xin). Tong Jun, Huang Di, and Yi He described it as Sweet (Gan). Bian Que described it as Sweet and non-toxic. It grows in shady banks of valleys. It forms from dripping juices, appearing milky, yellowish-white, hollow and connected internally. Harvested in Feb-Mar, dried in shade.
Yao Xing Lun states: Also called Huang shi sha, it has Great Toxicity. Treats seminal emission, cold cough, strengthens Yuan Qi, boosts Yang function, and opens voice. Contraindicated with sheep blood.
Xiao Bing stated: Cicada-wing texture is best; fingernail-like is secondary; goose-quill-like is inferior. Transparent and thin specimens are suitable for use.
Ri Hua Zi stated: Tonifies Five Exhaustions and Seven Injuries; transparent and bright specimens are superior. "Cicada-wing milk" has similar efficacy. When preparing to combine with sedative/mineral drugs, it must be ground continuously for seven hours until fine powder penetrates the skin upon application. To ensure continuous grinding, a bell may be tied to the pestle handle.
Tu Jing states: Shizhongru grows in Shishi Valley and Mount Tai, and currently in Jianghua County (Daozhou) and mountains of Lian, Ying, Shao, Jie, and Xiazhou. It forms from mountain liquids dripping in shady rock caves, hollow inside, up to 6-7 chi long, shaped like goose quills, breaking like fingernails, lacking goose-tooth textures, luminous, white with slight red tint. Harvesting has no fixed time. Old texts mention three types:
1. Shi Zhongru: Pure stone mountain, nourished by stone fluids, shape like bamboo.
2. Zhu Ru: Bamboo-nourished, flat nature.
3. Maoshan Zhi Ru: Mixed soil-stone, grass-nourished, slightly black/smooth, slightly cold nature.
These three are hard to distinguish. Li Buchuo’s refining method says: Take Shaozhou stalactite, regardless of thickness, provided it is clear and lustrous. Yellow and red colors are rejected. Liu Zongyuan wrote to Cui Lizhou: Value beauty of color over origin trust. Physicians now prioritize hollow "goose-quill" types.
Ben Jing mentions Yin Nie (stalactite root) from Zhao valley, Liangshan, and Nanhai. Konggong Nie is the root of Yin Nie. Shihua and Shichuang are similar. Tao Hongjing said these three share one body: accumulated drippings form Zhongru Chuang (Bed), which is Konggong Nie; smaller ones are Yin Nie (now called Konggong Nie); further refined drops become Zhongru. Though same source, therapeutic properties differ. Su Gong argued Nie is above, Bed/Flower below, contradicting Tao. Shinao is also related. These five are rarely used now; only Zhongru is common. Differences in origin suggest local superiority. If Nie and Ru share roots, Ru should exist where Nie is found, but this is unheard of. Perhaps low usage leads to rare harvesting, or people don't know Ru exists within Nie.
Xi Pin mentions Tu Yin Nie from Weizhou, growing in flat land caves. Locals say it acts like Zhongru without causing heat. It is earth's lipid, resembling Yin Nie. Now unused.
Lei Gong stated: Do not use thick heads or large tails (Konggong Shi). Reject black, fire-damaged, long-stored, or pre-treated specimens. Use only bright, thin, lustrous, goose-quill-like specimens, 5-6 chi long.
Processing method: Boil in five-perfume water for one Fu period (approx. 2 hours), drain. Soak in Gancao (Licorice) and Zi Bei Tiankui juice, boil again for one Fu period. For 8 liang of Zhongru, use Chenxiang, Lingling, Huoxiang, Gansong, and Baimao (each 1 liang). Boil once with water, then add Gancao etc. (2 liang each) and boil again. Drain, dry, slow-roast, grind to powder, sieve, place in mortar. Have strong young men grind continuously for 3 days/nights. Water-classify (float/sink purification), filter through silk, sun-dry, grind 20,000 times, store in porcelain.
Shanghan Leiyao: Treats She dan (tongue inflammation/thirst) with frequent drinking, using Zhongru Shi as chief herb.
Liu Zongyuan’s letter: Stalactite quality depends on the host rock's density. Fine rocks yield clear, luminous, smooth, fine-textured stalactite that promotes vitality, harmonizes Qi, benefits stomach/intestines, and ensures longevity. Coarse rocks yield rough, irregular, bone-like or ash-colored, heavy, dull stalactite that causes stagnation, generates wind/fire, irritates throat/lungs, causes irritability, and disrupts liver Qi harmony. Thus, select by color/beauty, not just origin.
Taiqing Shibiji / Taiqing Jing: Refining method - Take fine powder, place in gold/silver bowl, cover tightly with tile, steam until it naturally turns to liquid.
Danfang Jingyuan: Rushi can be used externally.
Qingxiazi: Tonifies Marrow and adds Essence.
Yanyi states: Xiao Bing said cicada-wing/fingernail is best, goose-quill is inferior. Why reject "milk" if the drug is named milk? This implies rejecting the "goose-tooth" texture, similar to avoiding tips of Wutou/Fuzi. Choose transparent, lustrous, light specimens resembling refined saltpeter. Processing methods vary.