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味甘、酸、咸，微温，无毒。主五劳七伤，补中。除茎中寒热痛，养五脏，强阴，
益精
气，多子，妇人症瘕，除膀胱邪气，腰痛，止痢。久服轻身。生河西山谷及代郡雁门。五月
五日采，阴干。
陶隐居云∶代郡雁门属并州，多马处便有，言是野马精落地所生。生时似肉，以作羊肉
羹，
补虚乏极佳，亦可生啖。芮芮河南间至多。今第一出陇西，形扁广，柔润，多花而味甘。次
出北国者，形短而少花。巴东建平间亦有，而不如也。唐本注云∶此注论草苁蓉，陶未见肉
者。今人所用亦草苁蓉，刮去花用代肉尔。《本经》有肉苁蓉，功力殊胜。比来医人，时有
用者。臣禹锡等谨按蜀本图经云∶出肃州禄福县沙中，三月、四月掘根，切取中央好者三
四寸，绳穿阴干。八月始好，皮如松子鳞甲，根长尺余。其草苁蓉，四月中旬采，长五、六
寸至一尺以来，茎圆紫色，采取压令扁，日干。原州、秦州、灵州皆有之。吴氏云∶肉苁蓉
，一名肉松蓉。神农、黄帝∶咸。雷公∶酸。季氏∶小温。生河西山阴地，长三、四寸，丛
生。或代郡，二月至八月采。药性论云∶肉苁蓉，臣。益髓，悦颜色，延年，治女人血崩，
壮阳，日御过倍大补益。主赤白下，补精败，面黑，劳伤。用苁蓉四两，水煮令烂。薄切细
研，精羊肉分为四度，五味，以米煮粥，空心服之。日华子云∶治男绝阳不兴，女绝阴不产
，
润五脏，长肌肉，暖腰膝，男子泄精，尿血，遗沥，带下，阴痛。据本草云∶即是野马精余
沥结成。采访人方知 落树下并土堑上，此即非马交之处，陶说误耳。又有花苁蓉，即是春
抽苗者，力较微耳。
图经曰∶肉苁蓉，生河西山谷及代郡雁门，今陕西州郡多有之，然不及西羌界中来者，
肉浓
而
力紧。旧说是野马遗沥落地所生。今西人云大木间及土堑垣中多生此，非游牝之所而乃有，
则知自有种类耳。或凝其初生于马沥，后乃滋殖。如茜根生于人血之类是也。皮如松子，有
鳞
甲。苗下有一细扁根，长尺余，三月采根，采时掘取中央好者，以绳穿，阴干。至八月乃堪
用。《本经》云∶五月五日采。五月恐已老不堪，故多三月采之。西人多用作食品啖之，刮
去
鳞甲，以酒净洗，去黑汁，薄切，合山芋、羊肉作羹，极美好益人，食之胜服补药。又有一
种草苁蓉，极相类，但根短，茎圆，紫色。比来人多取，刮去花，压令扁，以代肉者，功力
殊劣耳。又下品有列当条云∶生山南岩石上，如藕根，初生掘取，阴干，亦名草苁蓉。性温
，补男子。疑即是此物。今人鲜用，故少有辨之者，因附见于此。
陈藏器序云∶强筋健髓，苁蓉、鳝鱼为末，黄精酒丸服之，力可十倍。此说出《干宁记》。
雷
公云∶凡使，先须用清酒浸一宿，至明，以棕刷刷去沙土浮甲尽，劈破中心，去白膜一重，
如
竹丝草样。是此偏隔人心前气不散，令人上气不出。凡使用，先须酒浸，并刷草了，却蒸，
从午至酉，出，又用酥炙得所。
衍义曰∶肉苁蓉，《图经》以谓皮如松子，有鳞。子字当为壳。于义为允。又曰∶以酒
净洗
，去黑汁作羹。黑汁既去，气味皆尽。然嫩者方可作羹，老者苦。入药，少则不效。
味甘、酸、咸，性微温，无毒。主治五劳七伤（泛指多种虚损劳伤），补益中气。消除尿道中的寒热疼痛，滋养五脏，强健阴精，补充精气，促进生育能力，治疗妇人腹中结块（症瘕），清除膀胱邪气，缓解腰痛，止住痢疾。长期服用可使身体轻盈。产于河西山谷及代郡雁门地区。五月五日采集，阴干。
陶隐居说：代郡雁门属于并州，多马的地方就有生长，说是野马的精液落地所生。刚出土时像肉一样，用来做羊肉羹，对补益虚乏极佳，也可以生吃。芮芮河南间非常多。现在最好的产自陇西，形状扁宽，质地柔润，花朵多且味道甘甜。其次产自北国的，形状短小且花朵少。巴东建平间也有，但品质不如前者。《唐本草》注解说：这个注解论述的是草苁蓉，陶弘景没有见过真正的肉苁蓉。现在人们使用的也是草苁蓉，刮去花后用来代替肉苁蓉。《神农本草经》中有肉苁蓉，功效特别显著。近来医生有时也会使用。臣禹锡等人谨按蜀本图经记载：产于肃州禄福县的沙地中，三月、四月挖掘根部，切取中间好的三四寸，用绳子穿起来阴干。八月才适宜使用，皮像松子鳞甲，根长一尺多。那种草苁蓉，四月中旬采集，长五、六寸到一尺左右，茎圆紫色，采取后压扁，晒干。原州、秦州、灵州都有。吴氏说：肉苁蓉，又名肉松蓉。神农、黄帝认为味咸。雷公认为味酸。季氏认为性小温。产于河西山阴地，长三、四寸，丛生。或者在代郡，二月至八月采集。《药性论》说：肉苁蓉，属臣药。益髓，美容颜，延年益寿，治疗妇女血崩，壮阳，每日房事倍增大补益。主治赤白痢，补益败精，面色黑，劳伤。用苁蓉四两，水煮烂。薄切细研，精羊肉分四次，五味，用米煮粥，空腹服用。日华子说：治疗男子阳痿不举，女子绝阴不孕，滋润五脏，长肌肉，暖腰膝，男子泄精，尿血，遗沥，带下，阴痛。据本草记载：即是野马精余沥结成。采访的人知道它落在树下和土坎上，这里并不是马交配的地方，陶弘景的说法是错误的。又有花苁蓉，就是春天抽苗的，效力比较微弱。
《图经》说：肉苁蓉，产于河西山谷及代郡雁门，现在陕西各州郡多有生长，然而不及西羌边界来的，肉质浓厚而效力强劲。旧说是野马遗精落地所生。现在西人说在大树间及土坎垣中多生长此物，并非游牝之所却竟然有，则知自有种类罢了。或许起初凝结于马精，后来才滋殖。就像茜根生于人血之类的一样。皮像松子，有鳞甲。苗下有一细扁根，长一尺多，三月采根，采集时挖掘取中间好的，用绳子穿起，阴干。到八月才堪用。《神农本草经》说：五月五日采集。五月恐怕已经老了不堪用，所以多在三月采集。西人多用作食品食用，刮去鳞甲，用酒洗净，去掉黑汁，薄切，合山芋、羊肉作羹，极美好有益于人，吃它胜过服用补药。又有一种草苁蓉，极相似，但根短，茎圆，紫色。近来人多取用，刮去花，压扁，用来代替肉苁蓉，功效特别差。又下品有列当条云：生于山南岩石上，像藕根，初生挖掘，阴干，也称草苁蓉。性温，补男子。怀疑就是此物。现在人很少用，所以少有辨别它的人，因此附见于此。
陈藏器序言说：强筋健髓，苁蓉、鳝鱼为末，黄精酒丸服用，力可十倍。此说出自《干宁记》。雷公说：凡使用，先须用清酒浸泡一夜，到天明，用棕刷刷去沙土浮甲尽，劈破中心，去掉一层白膜，像竹丝草样。这是此药偏隔人心前气不散，令人上气不出。凡使用，先须酒浸，并刷草了，再蒸，从午时至酉时，取出，再用酥炙得所。
《衍义》说：肉苁蓉，《图经》认为皮像松子，有鳞。“子”字应当是“壳”。于义理为允。又说：用酒洗净，去掉黑汁作羹。黑汁既然去掉，气味都尽了。然而嫩的才可以作羹，老的苦。入药，量少则无效。
Cistanche (Rou Cong Rong)
The flavor is sweet, sour, and salty; the nature is slightly warm; it is non-toxic. It primarily treats five labors and seven injuries (a general term for various deficiency and fatigue syndromes), tonifies the middle jiao. It eliminates cold-heat pain in the urethra, nourishes the five zang organs, strengthens yin essence, benefits qi and essence, promotes fertility, treats abdominal masses (Zheng Jia) in women, removes pathogenic qi from the bladder, relieves lower back pain, and stops dysentery. Long-term use makes the body feel light. It grows in the valleys of Hexi and Yanmen Commandery of Dai County. It is harvested on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month and dried in the shade.
Tao Hongjing stated: Yanmen Commandery of Dai County belongs to Bingzhou, where there are many horses, and it grows in places with many horses, said to be generated from wild horse semen falling to the ground. When first emerging, it resembles meat; making mutton soup with it is excellent for tonifying deficiency and exhaustion, and it can also be eaten raw. There is a great abundance between the rivers of Rouran. Currently, the best quality comes from Longxi, which is flat and broad, soft and moist, has many flowers, and tastes sweet. The next best comes from the Northern States, which is short and has few flowers. There is also some in Badong Jianping, but it is inferior. The *Tang Bencao* annotation states: This annotation discusses Cistanche herb (Caocongrong); Tao did not see the true Cistanche meat (Roucongrou). What people use now is also Cistanche herb, scraping off the flowers to substitute for Cistanche meat. *Shennong Bencao Jing* contains Cistanche meat, which has significantly superior efficacy. Physicians recently sometimes use it. Minister Yuxi et al. respectfully note according to the Shu Ben Tujing: It grows in the sands of Lufu County, Suzhou. In March and April, dig up the roots, cut the central good parts three or four cun long, thread them with rope, and dry in the shade. It is suitable for use starting in August; the skin resembles pine nut scales, and the root is over one chi long. That Cistanche herb is harvested in mid-April, five to six cun to one chi long, with a round purple stem; after harvesting, it is pressed flat and sun-dried. It is present in Yuanzhou, Qinzhou, and Lingzhou. Wu Shi stated: Cistanche meat, also known as Rou Songrong. Shennong and Huangdi considered its flavor salty. Leigong considered it sour. Ji Shi considered its nature slightly warm. It grows in the shady areas of mountains in Hexi, three to four cun long, growing in clusters. Or in Dai County, harvested from February to August. *Yaoxing Lun* states: Cistanche meat is a minister herb. It benefits marrow, beautifies complexion, prolongs life, treats uterine bleeding in women, strengthens yang, doubles sexual capacity daily, and provides great tonification. It treats red and white dysentery, replenishes depleted essence, darkened complexion, and labor injury. Use four liang of Congrong, boil in water until soft. Slice thinly, grind finely, divide fine mutton into four portions, season with five flavors, cook with rice into porridge, and take on an empty stomach. Ri Huazi stated: It treats male impotence, female infertility due to absolute yin deficiency, moistens the five zang organs, builds muscle, warms the waist and knees, treats seminal emission, hematuria, dribbling urine, leukorrhea, and genital pain in men. According to Bencao records: It is formed from the residual discharge of wild horse semen. Collectors know it falls under trees and on earth banks; this is not where horses mate, so Tao's statement is erroneous. There is also Flower Cistanche, which sprouts in spring, but its efficacy is weaker.
*Tujing* states: Cistanche meat grows in the valleys of Hexi and Yanmen Commandery of Dai County. Now it is abundant in various prefectures of Shaanxi, yet it does not compare to those from the Western Qiang borders, which have thick flesh and strong potency. The old theory says it is generated from wild horse residual semen falling to the ground. Now people in the west say it grows abundantly among large trees and in earth banks/ruins; since it appears where there is no mating activity, we know it has its own species. Perhaps it initially condensed from horse semen and later proliferated, similar to Qian Gen growing from human blood. The skin resembles pine nuts with scales. Below the shoot is a thin, flat root, over one chi long. Harvest the roots in March; when collecting, dig out the central good parts, thread with rope, and dry in the shade. It is ready for use by August. *Shennong Bencao Jing* states: Harvest on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. By May, it may be too old and unsuitable, so it is mostly harvested in March. People in the west often use it as food, scraping off the scales, washing thoroughly with wine, removing black juice, slicing thinly, and making soup with Dioscorea (Shanyu) and mutton; it is extremely delicious and beneficial, eating it surpasses taking tonic medicines. There is another type of Cistanche herb that is very similar, but with shorter roots and round purple stems. Recently, people often take it, scrape off the flowers, press it flat, and use it to substitute for Cistanche meat, but its efficacy is significantly inferior. Also, in the Lower Grade section, there is an entry for Orobanchaceae (Liedang): It grows on rocky cliffs in southern mountains, resembling lotus root rhizomes; dug up when young, dried in the shade, also called Cistanche herb. Its nature is warm, benefiting men. I suspect it is this substance. Few people use it now, so few distinguish it; therefore, I attach this note here.
Chen Cangqi's preface states: To strengthen sinews and benefit marrow, powder Cistanche and eel, make pills with Polygonatum wine, and take them; the potency can be ten times greater. This theory comes from *Ganning Ji*. Leigong stated: Whenever used, first soak in clear wine overnight. At dawn, brush away sand, soil, and floating scales completely with a palm fiber brush. Split the center, remove one layer of white membrane, which looks like bamboo silk grass. If not removed, this drug blocks the qi in front of the heart, preventing upper qi from descending. Whenever used, first soak in wine, brush clean, then steam from noon to sunset. Take out, then roast with butter appropriately.
*Yanyi* states: Regarding Cistanche meat, *Tujing* says the skin resembles pine nuts and has scales. The character "zi" should be "ke" (shell). This interpretation is appropriate. It also states: Wash thoroughly with wine, remove black juice to make soup. Since the black juice is removed, the aroma and flavor are exhausted. However, only tender ones can be made into soup; old ones are bitter. For medicinal use, if the dosage is small, it is ineffective.