\r菰根\pd253.bmp\r
大寒。主肠胃痼热，消渴，止小便利。
陶隐居云∶菰根，亦如芦根，冷利复甚也。今按别本注云∶菰蒋草也。江南人呼为茭草，
秣
马甚肥。味甘，无毒。臣禹锡等谨按蜀本图经云∶生水中，叶似蔗、荻，久根盘浓，夏月
生
菌细，堪啖，名菰菜。三年以上，心中生台如藕，白软中有黑脉，堪啖，名菰首也。尔雅云
∶出隧，蘧蔬。释曰∶菌类也。一名出隧，一名蘧蔬。《广雅》云∶朝生，形如鬼盖。郭云
∶
似土菌，生菰草中。今江东啖之甜滑者，毡氍毹者。《说文》云∶菰，蒋也。张揖云∶氍毹
，毛席，取其音同。孟诜云∶菰菜，利五脏，邪气，酒
渣，面赤，白癞， 疡，目赤等，效。然滑中，不可多食。热毒风气，卒心痛。可盐醋煮食
之。又云茭首，寒。主心胸中浮热风。食之发冷气，滋人齿，伤阳道，令下焦冷滑，不食甚
好。陈藏器云∶菰菜，味甘，无毒。去烦热，止渴，除目黄，利大小便，止热痢，杂鲫鱼
为
羹，开胃口，解酒毒。生江东池泽，菰葑上如菌，葑是菰根，岁久浮在水上者。主火烧疮，
烧为灰和鸡子白涂之。《吕氏春秋》曰∶菜之美者，越路之菌是也。晋·张翰见秋风起思之
。又云菰首，生菰蒋草心，至秋如小儿臂，故云菰首。煮食之止渴。甘、冷，杂蜜食之发痼
疾，无别功。更有一种小者，擘肉如墨，名乌郁。人亦食之，止小儿水痢。日华子云∶茭首
，微毒。多食发气并弱阳，叶利五脏，食巴豆人不可食。
图经曰∶菰根，旧不着所出州土，今江湖陂泽中皆有之。即江南人呼为茭草者。生水中，
叶
蒲、苇辈，刈以秣马甚肥。春亦生笋，甜美堪啖，即菰菜也。又谓之茭白。其岁久者，中心
生白台如小儿臂，谓之菰手。今人作菰首，非是。《尔雅》所谓蘧蔬，注云∶似土菌，生菰
草中，正谓此也。故南方人至今谓菌为菰，亦缘此义也。其台中有墨者，谓之茭郁。其根亦
如芦根，冷利更甚。二浙下泽处，菰草最多，其根相结而生，久则并土浮于水上，彼人谓之
菰葑。刈去其叶，便可耕莳。其苗有茎梗者，谓之菰蒋草。至秋结实，乃雕胡米也。古人以
为美馔，今饥岁人犹采以当粮。《西京杂记》云∶汉太液池边，皆是雕胡、紫箨、缘节、蒲
丛之类。菰之有米者，长安人谓为雕胡。葭芦之米，解叶者紫箨。菰之有首者，谓之绿节是
也。然则雕胡诸米，今皆不贵。大抵菰之种类皆极冷，不可过食，甚不益人。唯服金石人相
宜耳。
陈藏器云∶茭首，主心胸中浮热，动气不中，食之发冷，滋牙齿，伤阳道，令下焦冷，
不食
为妙。食疗云若丹石热发，和鲫鱼煮作羹食之。三、两顿即便瘥耳。外台秘要∶治汤火所灼
，未成疮。取菰蒋根烧取灰，用鸡子黄和封之。广济方治毒蛇啮方∶菰蒋草根灰，取以封之
，其草似燕尾是。子母秘录∶小儿风疮久不瘥，烧菰蒋节末以敷上。
衍义曰∶菰根，蒲类。四时取根捣，绞汁用。河朔边人，只以此苗饲马，曰菰蒋，及作
荐。
如苇，结青子，细若青麻黄，长几寸。彼人收之，合粟为粥，食之甚济饥，此杜甫所谓愿作
冷秋菰者是也。为其皆生水中及岸际，多食令人利。
菰根
性大寒。主治肠胃中久积之热，消渴病，能止小便频多。
陶隐居说：菰根，也像芦根一样，性冷且通利作用更强。现在查看其他版本的注释说：菰是蒋草。江南人叫它茭草，用来喂马能使马长得肥壮。味道甘，无毒。臣禹锡等人谨慎地按照蜀本《图经》记载说：生长在水中，叶子像甘蔗、荻草，老根盘结浓密，夏季生出细小的菌类，可以吃，名叫菰菜。三年以上，心中长出像藕一样的台茎，白软中间有黑脉，可以吃，名叫菰首。《尔雅》说：出隧，蘧蔬。解释为：菌类的一种。一个叫出隧，一个叫蘧蔬。《广雅》说：朝生，形状像鬼盖。郭璞注：像土菌，生长在菰草中。现在江东地区吃的甜滑的，像毡毯一样的。《说文解字》说：菰，就是蒋。张揖说：氍毹，是毛席，取它的音相同。孟诜说：菰菜，利五脏，除邪气，治酒渣鼻，面赤，白癞，疮疡，目赤等，有效。但是滑肠，不可多吃。热毒风气，突然心痛。可以用盐醋煮着吃。又说茭首，性寒。主治心胸中的浮热风。吃了会引发冷气，滋润牙齿，损伤性功能，使下焦冷滑，不吃更好。陈藏器说：菰菜，味道甘，无毒。去烦热，止渴，除目黄，利大小便，止热痢，和鲫鱼做成羹，开胃，解酒毒。生长在江东池泽，菰葑上像菌类，葑是菰根，年代久了漂浮在水面上的。主治火烧疮，烧成灰和鸡蛋清涂在上面。《吕氏春秋》说：菜中最美的，是越路的菌。晋代张翰看见秋风起思念它。又说菰首，生长在菰蒋草心，到秋天像小儿手臂，所以叫菰首。煮着吃能止渴。甘、冷，和蜜一起吃会引发旧疾，没有其他功效。还有一种小的，掰开肉像墨，名叫乌郁。人们也吃它，能止小儿水泻。日华子说：茭首，微毒。多吃会引发气滞并导致阳气虚弱，叶子利五脏，吃了巴豆的人不可吃。
《图经》说：菰根，以前不注明出产州土，现在江湖池塘沼泽中都有。就是江南人叫作茭草的。生长在水中，叶子像蒲草、芦苇一类，割下来喂马很肥壮。春天也生笋，甜美可以吃，就是菰菜。又叫茭白。年份久的，中心生出白色台茎像小儿手臂，叫做菰手。现在人做的菰首，不是这个。《尔雅》所说的蘧蔬，注释说：像土菌，生在菰草中，正是指这个。所以南方人至今称菌为菰，也是因为这个意思。其中间有黑色的，叫做茭郁。它的根也像芦根，冷利作用更甚。两浙低洼处，菰草最多，其根相互连接而生，久了就连同泥土漂浮在水上，当地人叫做菰葑。割去叶子，就可以耕种。它的苗有茎梗的，叫做菰蒋草。到秋天结实，就是雕胡米。古人认为它是美味，现在饥荒年份人们还采集它当粮食。《西京杂记》说：汉太液池边，都是雕胡、紫箨、缘节、蒲丛之类。菰有米的，长安人称为雕胡。葭芦的米，解叶的是紫箨。菰有首的，叫做绿节。然而雕胡诸米，现在都不贵重。大致菰的种类都极寒，不可多吃，非常不利于人。只有服用金石类药物的人适宜。
陈藏器说：茭首，主治心胸中浮热，动气不适，吃了会发冷，滋牙齿，伤阳道，令下焦冷，不吃为好。《食疗本草》说如果丹石热发作，和鲫鱼煮成羹吃。三、两顿就好了。《外台秘要》：治疗汤火灼伤，未成疮。取菰蒋根烧取灰，用鸡蛋黄调和封贴。《广济方》治疗毒蛇咬伤方：菰蒋草根灰，取来封贴，这种草像燕尾。《子母秘录》：小儿风疮久不好，烧菰蒋节末敷在上面。
《衍义》说：菰根，属于蒲类。四季取根捣碎，绞汁使用。河朔边境的人，只用这种苗喂马，叫菰蒋，以及做垫子。像芦苇，结青色的子，细得像青麻黄，长几寸。当地人收集它，和粟米一起煮粥，吃它能很好地充饥，这就是杜甫所谓“愿作冷秋菰”的那一种。因为它们都生长在水中和岸边，多吃会让人腹泻。
Rhizoma Zizaniae Latifoliae (Gugen)
Nature: Great Cold. Indications: Mainly treats chronic heat in the stomach and intestines, Xiao Ke (Wasting-Thirst), and stops frequent urination.
Tao Hongjing stated: Rhizoma Zizaniae Latifoliae is similar to Radix Phragmitis Communis (Lugen), being cold in nature with a stronger purgative effect. Current annotations from other editions state: Gugen refers to the stem of Zizania latifolia. People in Jiangnan call it Jiaocao, which, when used as fodder for horses, makes them fat. Flavor: Sweet; Toxicity: Non-toxic. Chen Yuxi et al. cautiously followed the Shu edition of Tu Jing stating: It grows in water, leaves resemble sugarcane or reed. The old roots are densely intertwined. In summer, small fungi grow, which are edible, named Gucai (Zizania vegetable). After three years, a stalk like lotus root grows from the heart, white and soft with black veins inside, which is edible, named Gusou (Zizania head). Er Ya states: Chusui, Qushu. Explanation: A type of fungus. Also known as Chusui or Qushu. Guang Ya states: Chaosheng, shaped like a ghost's hat. Guo Pu's annotation: Similar to earth fungus, growing among Zizania grass. Now in Jiangdong, the sweet and slippery ones eaten are like felt rugs. Shuo Wen Jie Zi states: Gu is Jiang. Zhang Yi states: Qushu is a woolen mat, taking its sound as identical. Meng Shen stated: Gucai benefits the five zang organs, expels evil qi, treats rhinophyma (Jiu Zha), facial redness, vitiligo (Bai Lai), sores, and red eyes, with efficacy. However, it causes loose stools, so do not eat too much. For toxic heat and wind patterns causing sudden heart pain, boil and eat with salt and vinegar. Furthermore, Jiaosou is cold. It mainly treats floating wind-heat in the chest and heart. Eating it induces cold qi, moistens teeth, damages sexual function, causes lower jiao coldness and slipperiness; not eating it is better. Chen Cangqi stated: Gucai is sweet and non-toxic. It removes烦热 (restless heat), stops thirst, clears yellow eyes, promotes urination and defecation, stops dysentery due to heat. Made into soup with crucian carp, it opens the appetite and resolves alcohol toxicity. It grows in ponds and marshes in Jiangdong, on top of Gugong (floating Zizania roots). It mainly treats burns. Burn to ash and mix with egg white to apply. Lü Shi Chun Qiu says: The most beautiful vegetables are the fungi of Yuelu. In Jin Dynasty, Zhang Han missed them when he saw the autumn wind rising. Furthermore, Gusou grows from the heart of Zizania stem, becoming like a child's arm by autumn, hence named Gusou. Boiled and eaten, it stops thirst. Sweet and cold; mixed with honey and eaten, it induces chronic diseases, with no other effects. There is another smaller variety, flesh like ink when broken, named Wuyu. People also eat it to stop infant watery diarrhea. Ri Huazi stated: Jiaosou has slight toxicity. Overeating induces qi stagnation and weak yang. Leaves benefit the five zang organs. Those who have eaten Croton Fructus (Badou) must not eat it.
Tu Jing states: Rhizoma Zizaniae Latifoliae was previously not noted for its origin province. Now it is found everywhere in rivers, lakes, pools, and marshes. This is what Jiangnan people call Jiaocao. It grows in water, leaves resembling cattail or reed. Cut and fed to horses, they become fat. In spring, shoots also grow, sweet and edible, which is Gucai. Also called Jiaobai. For older plants, a white stalk grows from the center like a child's arm, called Goushou. What people now make as Gusou is incorrect. The Qushu mentioned in Er Ya, annotated as "similar to earth fungus, growing in Zizania grass," refers exactly to this. Hence, Southerners still call fungi "Gu" because of this meaning. Those with black centers are called Jiaoyu. Its root is like Radix Phragmitis Communis, with an even stronger cold and purgative effect. In the lowlands of Liuzhe, Zizania grass is most abundant. Its roots grow knotted together. Over time, they float on the water along with soil, locally called Gugong. After cutting the leaves, the land can be plowed and planted. The seedlings with stems are called Gujiangcao. By autumn, they bear fruit, which is Diaohu rice. Ancients considered it a delicacy; during famine years, people still gather it as food. Xi Jing Za Ji states: Beside the Taiye Pool in Han Dynasty Chang'an, there were Diaohu, Zituo, Yuanjie, and cattails. Zizania with grains is called Diaohu by people in Chang'an. Reed grain with husks is Zituo. Zizania with heads is called Yuanjie. However, Diaohu and other rices are not valued now. Generally, all varieties of Zizania are extremely cold and should not be overconsumed, as they are not beneficial to humans. They are only suitable for those taking mineral drugs (Shijin).
Chen Cangqi stated: Jiaosou mainly treats floating heat in the chest and heart, moving qi discomfort. Eating it induces cold, moistens teeth, damages sexual function, causes lower jiao coldness; not eating it is advisable. Shi Liao Ben Cao states: If Dan Shi heat (mineral drug-induced heat) flares up, cook with crucian carp as soup and eat. Three or two doses will cure it. Waitai Mi Yao: Treats scalds and burns before ulcers form. Take Rhizoma Zizaniae Latifoliae stem root, burn to ash, mix with egg yolk and apply. Guang Ji Fang for treating venomous snake bites: Ash of Rhizoma Zizaniae Latifoliae root, apply to the wound. The grass resembles a swallow's tail. Zimu Milu: For infant wind sores that do not heal for a long time, burn the nodes of Rhizoma Zizaniae Latifoliae to powder and apply.
Yan Yi stated: Rhizoma Zizaniae Latifoliae belongs to the Typha category. Roots are taken in all four seasons, crushed, and juice extracted. People in Hebei border regions use this shoot to feed horses, called Gujiang, and also use it as mats. It resembles reed, bears green seeds, fine like hemp, nearly an inch long. Locals collect it, mix with millet to make porridge, which effectively relieves hunger. This is what Du Fu referred to as "wishing to be cold autumn Zizania." Since they grow in water and on banks, overeating causes diarrhea.