味甘，平，无毒。主痿痹，泄痢便脓血。一名魁陆，一名活东。生东海。正圆两头空
，表有纹，取无时。
陶隐居云∶形似纺 （音狂），小狭长，外有纵横纹理，云是老蝙蝠化为，用之至少。
而《本
经》海蛤，一名魁蛤，与此为异也。臣禹锡等谨按蜀本图经云∶形圆长，似大腹槟榔，两
头有孔，今出莱州。
图经文具海蛤条下。
食疗寒。润五脏，治消渴，开关节。服丹石人食之，使人免有疮肿及热毒所生也。
\r蠡（音礼）鱼\pd426.bmp\r
味甘，寒，无毒。主湿痹，面目浮肿，下大水，疗五痔，有疮者不可食，令人瘢
（音盘）白。一名 （音铜）鱼。生九江池泽。取无时。
陶隐居云∶今皆作鳢字，旧言是公蛎蛇所变，然亦有相生者。至难死，犹有蛇性。合小
豆白
煮以疗肿满，甚效。唐本注云∶《别录》云，肠及肝，主久败疮中虫。诸鱼灰，并主哽噎也
。臣禹锡等谨按孟诜云∶鳢鱼，下大小便，拥塞气。又作脍，与香港脚、风气人食之，效。
又∶以大者洗去泥，开肚，以胡椒末半两，切大蒜三两颗，纳鱼腹中缝合，并和小豆一升煮
之。
临熟下萝卜三、五颗如指大，切葱一握，煮熟。空腹服之，并豆等强饱，尽食之。至夜即泄
气无限，三、五日更一顿。下一切恶气。又十二月作酱良也。日华子云∶鳢鱼肠，以五味炙
贴痔 及 ，良久虫出，即去之。诸鱼中，唯此胆甘，可食。
图经曰∶蠡（通作鳢字）鱼，生九江池泽，今处处有之。陶隐居以为公蛎蛇所变，至难
死，犹
有蛇性。谨按《尔雅》∶鳢，鲩。郭璞注云∶鳢， （音同）也。释者曰∶鳢，鲩也。《诗·
小雅》云∶鱼丽于 ，鲂鳢。《毛传》云∶鳢，鲩也。《正义》云∶诸本或作鳢， （音重）
也
。陆机谓鲩即鳢鱼也，似鳢，狭而浓，今京东人犹呼 鱼，其实一类也。据上所说，则似今
俗间所谓黑鳢鱼者，亦至难死，形近蛇类，浙中人多食之。然《本经》着鳢鱼，主湿痹下水
，而黑鳢鱼主妇人妊娠。《千金方》有安胎单用黑鳢鱼汤方，而《本经》不言有此功用
，恐是漏落耳。肝肠亦入药，诸鱼胆苦，唯此胆味甘可食为异也。又下鲍鱼条，据陶、苏之
说，
乃似今汉、沔间所作淡干鱼，味辛而臭者。苏又引《李当之本草》，亦言胸中湿者，良。其
以暴鱼不以盐，外虽干而鱼肥，故中湿也，中湿则弥臭矣。一说，鲍鱼自是一种，形似
小鱼，生海中，气最臭。秦始皇取置车中者是也。此说虽辨，亦无的据。《素问》治血枯
雀卵丸
，饮鲍鱼汁，以利肠中。
外台秘要∶疗患肠痔，每大便常有血。鳢鱼脍，姜齑食之，佳。任性多少，瘥。忌冷毒
物。
又方∶疗痔。鳢鱼肠三具，炙令香，以绵裹，纳谷道中，一食顷虫当出，鱼肠数易之，尽三
枚瘥。食医心镜∶治十种水气病不瘥垂死。鳢鱼一头，重一斤以上，右熟取汁，和冬瓜、葱
白作
羹食之。又方∶治野鸡病，下血不止，肠疼痛。鳢鱼一头，如食法作脍，蒜齑食之。灵苑方∶
治急喉闭，逡巡不救者。蠡鱼胆，腊月收，阴干为末，每服少许，点患处，药至即瘥，病深
则水
衍义曰∶蠡鱼，今人谓之黑鲤鱼。道家以谓头有星为厌，世有知之者，往往不敢食。又
发故疾，亦须忌尔。今用之疗病，亦只取其一端耳。
【魁蛤】
味道甘甜，性平，无毒。主治痿痹（肢体萎软麻木），泄痢便脓血。又名魁陆，又名活东。产于东海。形状正圆且两头中空，表面有纹理，随时可以采集。
陶弘景说：形状像纺锤（音狂），小且狭长，外面有纵横的纹理，说是老蝙蝠变的，使用很少。而《神农本草经》中的海蛤，又名魁蛤，与此不同。臣禹锡等人谨按蜀本图经说：形状圆长，像大腹槟榔，两头有孔，现在出产于莱州。图经内容详细记载在海蛤条目下。
食疗方面：性寒。滋润五脏，治疗消渴（糖尿病类症状），开通关节。服用丹石类药物的人食用它，能使人避免生疮肿及热毒所生的疾病。
【蠡鱼（音礼）】
味道甘甜，性寒，无毒。主治湿痹，面目浮肿，通利大小便以消除水肿，治疗五种痔疮，有疮疡者不可食用，会让人留下白斑（音盘）。又名 （音铜）鱼。产于九江的池塘沼泽。随时可以捕捉。
陶弘景说：现在都写作“鳢”字，旧时说它是公蛎蛇变的，然而也有自然繁殖的。这种鱼极难死掉，仍然保留着蛇的习性。配合小豆白煮来治疗肿满，非常有效。唐本注说：《名医别录》说，肠和肝，主治久治不愈的败疮中的虫。各种鱼的灰，都主治噎膈。臣禹锡等人谨按孟诜说：鳢鱼，能通利大小便，疏导壅塞之气。又做成鱼脍（生鱼片），与患有香港脚（脚气病）、风气病的人食用，有效。又说：用大的鳢鱼洗去泥土，剖开肚子，放入半两胡椒末，切两三颗大蒜，塞入鱼腹中缝合，并加入一升小豆一起煮。快熟时放入三、五颗如手指大小的萝卜，一把切碎的葱，煮熟。空腹服用，连同豆子等食物全部吃完。到了晚上就会排出无限的浊气，三、五天后再吃一顿。能排出一切恶气。另外十二月制作成酱也很好。日华子说：鳢鱼肠，用五味调料炙烤后贴敷痔疮及 ，很久之后虫子会出来，随即去掉。在各种鱼中，只有这个胆是甘甜的，可以食用。
图经说：蠡鱼（通用“鳢”字），产于九江池泽，现在到处都有。陶弘景认为是公蛎蛇变的，极难死掉，仍有蛇性。谨按《尔雅》：鳢，即鲩。郭璞注说：鳢，即 （音同）。解释者说：鳢，即鲩。《诗·小雅》说：鱼丽于 ，鲂鳢。《毛传》说：鳢，即鲩。《正义》说：各版本有的作鳢，即 （音重）。陆机认为鲩就是鳢鱼，像鳢鱼，狭而厚，现在京东人还叫 鱼，其实是一类。根据上述所说，则像是现在俗间所谓的黑鳢鱼，也极难死掉，形状接近蛇类，浙中人多食用它。然而《神农本草经》记载鳢鱼，主治湿痹下水，而黑鳢鱼主治妇人妊娠。《千金方》中有安胎单用黑鳢鱼汤的方子，而《神农本草经》没有提到有此功效，恐怕是遗漏了。肝肠也入药，各种鱼胆苦，唯独这个胆味甘可食用，这是其特殊之处。又在鲍鱼条目下，根据陶弘景、苏颂的说法，那像是现在汉水、沔水之间制作的淡干鱼，味辛而臭。苏颂又引用《李当之本草》，也说胸中有湿气的人食用很好。那种不用盐腌制的暴鱼，虽然外表干燥但鱼肉肥美，所以中间潮湿，潮湿就更臭了。另一种说法，鲍鱼自是一种，形状像小鱼，生于海中，气味最臭。秦始皇放在车中的就是这种。这种说法虽然辨析清楚，但也缺乏确凿证据。《素问》治疗血枯雀卵丸，饮用鲍鱼汁，以通利肠道。
外台秘要：治疗患肠痔，每次大便常有血。吃鳢鱼脍，配姜齑食用，效果好。随意多少，痊愈。忌食冷毒之物。
又方：治疗痔疮。鳢鱼肠三条，炙烤至香，用绵包裹，纳入肛门中，一顿饭的时间虫子应当出来，更换几次鱼肠，用完三条即痊愈。
食医心镜：治疗十种水气病不愈垂危。取一头以上一斤重的鳢鱼，右边煮熟取汁，和冬瓜、葱白做羹食用。又方：治疗野鸡病，下血不止，肠疼痛。取一头鳢鱼，按食用方法做成脍，配蒜齑食用。
灵苑方：治疗急喉闭，不久将危及生命者。取蠡鱼胆，腊月收集，阴干研为末，每次服用少许，点涂患处，药到即愈，病深则用水送服。
衍义说：蠡鱼，现在人称为黑鲤鱼。道家认为头有星斑为厌胜之兆，世间有人知道这一点，往往不敢食用。又会引发旧疾，也必须忌讳。现在用它治病，也只取其一方面功效罢了。
[Kui Ge (Clam)]
Taste is sweet, nature is neutral, non-toxic. It primarily treats Wei Bi (flaccidity and numbness of limbs), dysentery with pus and blood in stool. Also known as Kui Lu, or Huo Dong. Grows in the East Sea. The shape is perfectly round with hollow ends, has patterns on the surface, and can be harvested at any time.
Tao Hongjing stated: Its shape resembles a spindle (pronunciation 'kuang'), small and narrow-long, with longitudinal and transverse textures on the outside. It was said to be transformed from an old bat, and its use is minimal. However, the *Shennong Bencao Jing* mentions Hai Ge (Sea Clam), also known as Kui Ge, which is different from this. Ministers Yu Xi et al. respectfully note that the Shu Ben Tu Jing states: The shape is round and long, resembling a large belly Areca nut, with holes at both ends. It is currently produced in Laizhou. The details of the Tu Jing are recorded under the entry for Hai Ge.
Dietary therapy: Nature is cold. It moistens the five Zang organs, treats Xiao Ke (wasting-thirst syndrome), and opens the joints. Those who consume Dan Shi (cinnabar and other mineral drugs) should eat it to avoid sores, swelling, and heat toxins.
[Li Fish (Pronunciation 'li')]
Taste is sweet, nature is cold, non-toxic. It primarily treats Shi Bi (damp bi-syndrome), edema of the face and eyes, promotes urination to reduce water retention, and treats the five types of hemorrhoids. It should not be eaten by those with ulcers, as it causes white spots (pronunciation 'pan') on the skin. Also known as Tong Fish. Grows in the ponds and marshes of Jiujiang. Can be caught at any time.
Tao Hongjing stated: Now it is written as the character "Li" (Snakehead). Old texts say it is transformed from a male oyster snake, but there are also naturally reproducing ones. It is extremely difficult to kill and retains snake-like characteristics. Boiled with white adzuki beans, it is very effective for treating swelling and fullness. Tang Ben Zhu notes: *Bie Lu* states that the intestine and liver treat worms in chronic, unhealed ulcers. Ashes of various fish all treat dysphagia. Ministers Yu Xi et al. respectfully cite Meng Shen: Snakehead fish promotes urination and defecation, and resolves Qi stagnation. When prepared as raw slices (Kuai), it is effective for patients with Hong Jiao Jiao (Beriberi) and Feng Qi (wind-disease). Furthermore: Take a large snakehead fish, wash away mud, open the belly, insert half a liang of ground pepper and two or three cloves of chopped garlic into the belly, sew it up, and boil it together with one sheng of adzuki beans. Near completion, add three to five radishes the size of a finger, and a handful of chopped green onions. Cook thoroughly. Eat on an empty stomach, consuming the fish, beans, etc., until full. By nightfall, excessive gas will be expelled. Repeat this meal every three to five days. It expels all evil Qi. Making paste in the twelfth month is also good. Ri Hua Zi stated: Snakehead fish intestine, when grilled with five flavors and applied topically to hemorrhoids and fistulas, worms will emerge after a long time; then remove them. Among all fish, only this one's gallbladder is sweet and edible.
Tu Jing states: Li fish (commonly written as "Li"), grows in the ponds and marshes of Jiujiang, and is now found everywhere. Tao Hongjing believed it was transformed from a male oyster snake, is extremely hard to kill, and retains snake-like traits. Respectfully citing *Erya*: Li is Huan. Guo Pu's commentary states: Li is Tong (pronunciation 'tong'). Explainers say: Li is Huan. *Shi Jing · Xiao Ya* states: Fish lie on ..., Fang and Li. *Mao Zhuan* states: Li is Huan. *Zheng Yi* states: Some versions write Li, which is Chong (pronunciation 'chong'). Lu Ji considered Huan to be Li fish, similar to Li, narrow and thick. People in Jingdong still call it ... fish; they are essentially the same type. Based on the above, it seems to be what is commonly called Black Li fish today. It is also extremely hard to kill, resembles a snake in shape, and is widely eaten in Zhejiang. However, *Shennong Bencao Jing* records Li fish as treating damp bi and promoting water metabolism, whereas Black Li fish treats pregnancy in women. *Qian Jin Fang* has a formula using Black Li fish alone for calming the fetus, but *Shennong Bencao Jing* does not mention this function, suggesting it might have been omitted. Liver and intestines are also used in medicine. While most fish gallbladders are bitter, only this one's is sweet and edible, which is unique. Regarding the entry for Bao Yu (Salted Fish), according to Tao and Su, it resembles the light dried fish made in the Han and Mian river regions today, which tastes pungent and smelly. Su also cited *Li Dangzhi Bencao*, stating it is beneficial for those with dampness in the chest. The "Baoyu" (fresh/dried fish without salt) mentioned is dry on the outside but fatty inside, hence damp inside; the more damp, the smellier it becomes. Another theory says Bao Yu is a distinct species, shaped like a small fish, living in the sea, with the strongest odor. This refers to what Qin Shi Huang placed in his carriage. Although this explanation is clear, it lacks definitive evidence. *Su Wen* treats Xue Ku (blood deficiency) with Que Juan Wan, drinking Bao Yu juice to benefit the intestines.
Waitai Miyao: Treats intestinal hemorrhoids where blood often appears in stool. Eating Snakehead fish Kuai (raw slices) with Jiang Qi (minced ginger) is excellent. Dosage is flexible; it heals. Avoid cold and toxic foods.
Another prescription: Treats hemorrhoids. Three pieces of Snakehead fish intestine, grilled until fragrant, wrapped in cotton, inserted into the anus. Within the time of one meal, worms should emerge. Replace the fish intestines several times; using three pieces cures the condition.
Shiyi Xinjing: Treats severe cases of ten types of Water Qi disease nearing death. Take one Snakehead fish weighing over one jin, cook thoroughly, extract the juice, and make a soup with winter melon and white parts of green onions.
Another prescription: Treats "Wild Chicken Disease" (bleeding disorder), continuous bleeding, and intestinal pain. Take one Snakehead fish, prepare as Kuai (raw slices), and eat with Suan Qi (garlic relish).
Lingyuan Fang: Treats acute throat closure (Glotis obstruction) which may become fatal soon. Collect Snakehead fish gallbladder in the twelfth lunar month, dry in shade, and grind into powder. Apply a small amount to the affected area; the medicine works immediately. For deep-seated illness, take with water.
Yanyi states: Li fish is now called Black Carp by people. Daoists believe that stars on the head indicate a taboo, and those who know this often dare not eat it. It may also trigger old diseases, so it must be avoided. Today, when used for treating illness, only one aspect of its efficacy is utilized.