\r麻黄\pd138.bmp\r
味苦，温、微温，无毒。主中风伤寒头痛，温疟，发表出汗，去邪热气，止咳逆上气
，除寒热，破症坚积聚，五脏邪气缓急，风胁痛，字乳余疾，止好唾，通腠理，疏伤寒头疼
，解肌，泄邪恶气，消赤黑斑毒。不可多服，令人虚。一名卑相，一名龙沙，一名卑盐。生
晋地及河东。立秋采茎，阴干令青。（浓朴为之使，恶辛夷、石苇。）
陶隐居云∶今出青州、彭城、荥阳、中牟者为胜，色青而多沫。蜀中亦有，不好。用之
折除
节，节止汗故也。先煮一、两沸，去上沫，沫令人烦。其根亦止汗，夏月杂粉用之。俗用疗
伤寒，解肌第一。唐本注云∶郑州鹿台及关中沙苑河旁沙洲上太多。其青、徐者，今不复用
。同州沙苑最多也。今注今用中牟者为胜，开封府岁贡焉。臣禹锡等谨按药性论云∶麻黄
，
君，味甘，平。能治身上毒风 痹，皮肉不仁，主壮热，解肌发汗，温疟，治温疫。根、节
能止汗。方曰∶并故竹扇杵末扑之。又，牡蛎粉、粟粉并根等分末，生绢袋盛，盗汗出即扑
，
手摩之。段成式酉阳杂俎云∶麻黄，茎端开花，花小而黄，蔟生。子如覆盆子，可食。日华
子云∶通九窍，调血脉，开毛孔皮肤，逐风，破症癖积聚，逐五脏邪气，退热，御山岚瘴气
。
图经曰∶麻黄，生晋地及河东，今近京多有之，以荥阳、中牟者为胜。苗春生，至夏五
月则
长
及一尺以来。梢上有黄花，结实如百合瓣而小，又似皂荚子，味甜，微有麻黄气，外红皮，
里仁子黑。根紫赤色。俗说有雌雄二种∶雌者于三月、四月内开花，六月内结子。雄者无花
，不结子。至立秋后，收采其茎，阴干令青。张仲景治伤寒，有麻黄汤及大、小青龙汤，皆
用麻黄。治肺痿上气，有射干麻黄汤、浓朴麻黄汤，皆大方也。古方汤用麻黄，皆先煮去沫
，然后纳诸药。今用丸散者，皆不然也。《必效方》治天行一、二日者，麻黄一大两去节，
以水四升煮去沫，取二升去滓，着米一匙及豉为稀粥，取强一升，先作熟汤浴淋头百余碗，
然后服粥，浓覆取汗，于夜最佳。《千金方》∶疗伤寒，雪煎以麻黄十斤去节，杏仁四升
去两
仁、尖、皮熬，大黄一斤十三两金色者，先以雪水五硕四斗，渍麻黄于东向灶釜中，三宿后
纳大黄搅令调，以桑薪煮之，得二硕汁，去滓，复纳釜中，又捣杏仁纳汁中，复煮之，可
余六、七斗，绞去滓，置铜器中。更以雪水三斗合煎，令得二斗四升，药成，丸如弹子。有
病者，以沸白汤五合，研一丸入汤中，适寒温服之，立汗出；若不愈者，复服一丸，封药勿
令泄也。
雷公云∶凡使，去节并沫，若不尽，服之令人闷。用夹刀剪去节并头，槐砧上用铜刀细
锉，
煎
三、四十沸，竹片掠去上沫尽，漉出，晒干用之。伤寒类要张仲景《伤寒论》云∶黄胆病，
以麻黄醇酒汤主之。麻黄一把去节，绵裹，以美酒五升，煮取半升，去滓，顿服。又治伤寒
表热发疸，宜汗之则愈，冬月用酒，春宜用水煮之良。子母秘录治产后腹痛及血下不尽。麻
黄去节杵末，酒服方寸匕，一日二、三服，血下尽即止。泽兰汤服亦妙。
衍义曰∶麻黄，出郑州者佳，剪去节，半两，以蜜一匙匕同炒，良久，以水半升煎，俟
沸，
去
上沫，再煎，去三分之一，不用滓。病疮 倒 黑者，乘热尽服之，避风，伺其疮复出。一
法用无灰酒煎。但小儿不能饮酒者难服，然其效更速。以此知此药入表也。
味苦，性温、微温，无毒。主治中风伤寒引起的头痛，温疟，能发散表邪并促使出汗，去除体内的邪热之气，止咳逆上气，消除寒热症状，破除症坚积聚，缓解五脏邪气导致的急迫不适，治疗风胁痛，产后余疾，停止过度流涎，疏通腠理，疏解伤寒头痛，解除肌表之邪，泄除邪恶之气，消除赤黑斑毒。不可多服，否则令人虚弱。又名卑相，又名龙沙，又名卑盐。产于晋地及河东地区。立秋时采集茎部，阴干至青色。（浓朴作为其引经药，恶辛夷、石苇。）
陶隐居说：现在出产于青州、彭城、荥阳、中牟的麻黄品质最佳，颜色青且泡沫多。蜀地也有出产，但品质不佳。使用时需折断除去节，因为节有止汗的作用。先煮一、两沸，去掉上面的沫，因为沫会让人心烦。其根也能止汗，夏季常与粉混合使用。民间用于治疗伤寒，是解肌的第一要药。《唐本注》说：郑州鹿台及关中沙苑河旁的沙洲上产量很多。那些产自青、徐地区的，现在不再使用了。同州沙苑产量最多。现在的注释和用法认为中牟产的最好，开封府每年进贡。臣禹锡等人谨按《药性论》记载：麻黄为君药，味甘，平。能治疗身上的毒风湿痹，皮肉麻木不仁，主治壮热，解肌发汗，治疗温疟，治疗温疫。根、节能止汗。方剂方法：将旧竹扇捣成末扑撒患处。另外，牡蛎粉、粟粉与根等分研末，用生绢袋盛装，盗汗出时扑撒，用手按摩。段成式《酉阳杂俎》说：麻黄，茎端开花，花小而黄，簇生。果实像覆盆子，可食用。日华子说：通九窍，调血脉，开毛孔皮肤，驱风，破症癖积聚，驱除五脏邪气，退热，抵御山岚瘴气。
《图经》说：麻黄，产于晋地及河东，现在京城附近多有生长，以荥阳、中牟产的最好。苗春季生长，到夏五月时长达一尺左右。梢上有黄花，结实如百合瓣而小，又似皂荚子，味甜，微有麻黄气味，外皮红，内仁子黑。根紫红色。民间传说有雌雄两种：雌的在三月、四月内开花，六月内结子。雄的不花，不结子。到立秋后，采收其茎，阴干至青色。张仲景治疗伤寒，有麻黄汤及大、小青龙汤，都用麻黄。治疗肺痿上气，有射干麻黄汤、浓朴麻黄汤，都是大方剂。古方汤剂用麻黄，都先煮去沫，然后加入其他药物。现在用丸散剂的，都不是这样。《必效方》治疗天行病（流行性传染病）一、二天的，麻黄一大两去节，用水四升煮去沫，取二升去渣，加米一匙及豉煮成稀粥，取强汁一升，先做熟汤浴淋头百余碗，然后服粥，厚盖取汗，夜间服用最佳。《千金方》：治疗伤寒，雪煎法用麻黄十斤去节，杏仁四升去两仁、尖、皮炒制，大黄一斤十三两金色者，先用雪水五硕四斗，浸泡麻黄在东向灶釜中，三宿后加入大黄搅匀，用桑薪煮之，得二硕汁，去渣，再放入釜中，又捣杏仁纳入汁中，再煮之，剩余六、七斗，绞去渣，置于铜器中。再用雪水三斗合煎，令得二斗四升，药成，丸如弹子。有病者，用沸白汤五合，研一丸入汤中，适寒温服之，立即出汗；若不愈者，再服一丸，封药勿令泄也。
雷公说：凡使用，去节并去沫，如果不干净，服用会让人胸闷。用夹刀剪去节并头，在槐砧上用铜刀细锉，煎三、四十沸，竹片掠去上面沫尽，捞出，晒干使用。《伤寒类要》张仲景《伤寒论》说：黄疸病，以麻黄醇酒汤为主治。麻黄一把去节，绵裹，用美酒五升，煮取半升，去渣，顿服。又治疗伤寒表热发疸，宜汗之则愈，冬月用酒，春宜用水煮之良。《子母秘录》治疗产后腹痛及血下不尽。麻黄去节杵末，酒服方寸匕，一日二、三服，血下尽即止。泽兰汤服亦妙。
《衍义》说：麻黄，出产于郑州的佳，剪去节，半两，用蜜一匙匕同炒，良久，用水半升煎，待沸，去上面沫，再煎，去三分之一，不用渣。患疮倒黑者，乘热尽服之，避风，伺其疮复出。一法用无灰酒煎。但小儿不能饮酒者难服，然其效更速。以此知此药入表也。
Ephedrae Herba (Mahuang, 麻黄)
Bitter, warm, slightly warm, non-toxic. It primarily treats headache caused by wind-stroke and cold damage (Shanghan), warm malaria, releases the exterior and induces sweating, eliminates pathogenic heat qi, stops cough with rebellious qi, removes chills and fever, breaks up masses and accumulations, relieves urgency caused by pathogenic qi in the five zang organs, treats wind-related hypochondriac pain, postpartum residual ailments, stops excessive salivation, unifies the interstices (Couli), disperses cold damage headache, resolves the muscle layer, vents evil qi, and reduces red-black spot toxins. It should not be taken in large doses, as it may cause deficiency. Also known as Beixiang, Longsha, or Beiyans. Grows in Jin region and Hedong. Stems are harvested after the Start of Autumn and dried in shade until green. (Paeoniae Radix Rubra (Ganzao) acts as an assistant; Ephedra is incompatible with Magnoliae Flos (Xinyi) and Phyllanthi Herba (Shiwei).)
Tao Hongjing states: The best quality comes from Qingzhou, Pengcheng, Xingyang, and Zhongmu, characterized by a green color and abundant foam. There is also production in Shu, but the quality is inferior. When used, the nodes must be broken off and removed because nodes stop sweating. Boil for one or two boils first, remove the foam on top, as the foam causes mental restlessness. The roots also stop sweating and are mixed with powder for use in summer months. Commonly used to treat cold damage, it is the premier herb for resolving the muscle layer. *Tang Ben Zhu* notes: There is an abundance in Lutai, Zhengzhou, and the sandy banks of the He River in Guanzhong. Those from Qing and Xu regions are no longer used. Tongzhou's Shayuan produces the most. Current annotations and usage consider those from Zhongmu superior, which are annually presented as tribute to Kaifeng Prefecture. Minister Yuxi et al. carefully note according to *Yao Xing Lun*: Mahuang is the sovereign herb, sweet in taste, neutral. It can treat toxic wind-damp bi syndrome on the body, insensitivity of skin and flesh, primarily treats high fever, resolves the muscle layer and induces sweating, treats warm malaria, and treats warm epidemics. Roots and nodes stop sweating. Prescription method: Pound old bamboo fans into powder and apply. Alternatively, equal parts of Oyster Shell Powder (Muli Fen), Millet Powder (Su Fen), and root powder are placed in a raw silk bag; when night sweats occur, apply and massage with hands. Duan Chengshi's *Youyang Zazu* states: Mahuang flowers at the stem tips; flowers are small and yellow, growing in clusters. The fruit resembles a raspberry and is edible. Ri Huazi states: It opens the nine orifices, regulates blood vessels, opens pores and skin, expels wind, breaks up masses and accumulations, drives out pathogenic qi from the five zang organs, reduces fever, and guards against mountain miasma and malarial air.
*TU Jing* states: Mahuang grows in Jin region and Hedong; it is now common near the capital, with those from Xingyang and Zhongmu being superior. Seedlings sprout in spring and grow to about one chi long by the fifth month of summer. Yellow flowers appear at the tips, bearing fruits resembling lily petals but smaller, similar to soap bean pods, sweet in taste, with a slight Mahuang aroma, red outer skin, and black inner seeds. Roots are purple-red. Folklore suggests there are male and female varieties: females flower in March-April and bear fruit in June; males do not flower nor bear fruit. After the Start of Autumn, stems are harvested and dried in shade until green. Zhang Zhongjing uses Mahuang in Mahuang Decoction (Mahuang Tang) and Da/Small Green Dragon Decoctions (Da/Xiao Qinglong Tang) to treat cold damage. For lung萎 (Fei Wei) with rebellious qi, he uses Belamcanda and Mahuang Decoction (Shegan Mahuang Tang) and Pueraria and Mahuang Decoction (Nongpu Mahuang Tang), both major formulas. In ancient decoction prescriptions using Mahuang, it was always boiled first to remove foam before adding other herbs. This is not done for modern pills and powders. *Bi Xiao Fang* treats epidemic diseases in their first one or two days: Take one da liang of Mahuang, remove nodes, boil in four sheng of water to remove foam, reduce to two sheng, strain, add one spoonful of rice and fermented soybeans to make a thin porridge, obtain one qiang of liquid, first bathe the head with hot water over one hundred bowls, then drink the porridge, cover thickly to induce sweating, best taken at night. *Qian Jin Fang*: To treat cold damage, Snow Decoction uses ten jin of Mahuang (nodes removed), four sheng of Apricot Seeds (Xingren) (remove two kernels, tips, skins, stir-fried), one jin thirteen liang of golden Rhubarb (Dahuang). Soak Mahuang in five shuo four dou of snow water in a cauldron facing east on the stove for three nights, then add Rhubarb and stir well, boil with mulberry firewood until two shuo of juice remains, strain, return to cauldron, add pounded Apricot Seeds, boil again until six or seven dou remain, strain, place in copper vessel. Add three dou of snow water and continue boiling until two shuo four sheng remains. Form into pills like bullet seeds. For patients, dissolve one pill in five he of boiling white water, take at appropriate temperature to induce immediate sweating; if not cured, take another pill, seal the medicine to prevent leakage.
Lei Gong says: When using, remove nodes and foam. If not thoroughly removed, ingestion causes chest stuffiness. Use shears to cut off nodes and tips, finely chop with a copper knife on a locust wood cutting board, boil for thirty to forty boils, skim off all foam with a bamboo strip, drain, dry, and use. *Shanghan Lei Yao*, Zhang Zhongjing's *Shanghan Lun* states: For jaundice disease, Mahuang Alcohol Decoction (Mahuang Chunjie Tang) is the primary treatment. Take one ba of Mahuang (nodes removed), wrap in silk, boil in five sheng of fine wine until half a sheng remains, strain, take in one dose. It also treats cold damage with exterior heat leading to jaundice; inducing sweat cures it. In winter, use wine; in spring, boiling with water is effective. *Zimu Milu* treats postpartum abdominal pain and incomplete expulsion of blood. Take Mahuang (nodes removed), pound into powder, take one fang cun bi with wine, two to three times a day, stop when blood expulsion is complete. Taking Zelan Decoction is also excellent.
*Yan Yi* states: Mahuang from Zhengzhou is superior. Cut off nodes, take half liang, stir-fry with one spoonful of honey for a while, boil in half a sheng of water, wait for boiling, remove foam, boil further until one-third is reduced, discard dregs. For patients with inverted black sores, drink while hot, avoid wind, wait for sores to reappear. Another method uses ash-free wine for decoction. However, it is difficult for children who cannot drink alcohol, though its effect is faster. This indicates this herb enters the exterior level.