督脉 尺寸中央俱浮，直上直下。
【按】洁古云∶“督者，都也，为阳脉之都纲。”其脉起于下极之俞，
并于脊里，上至巅，极于上齿缝中龈交穴。其为病也，主外感风寒之邪。《内经》以为实则脊强，虚则头重。
王叔和以为腰背强痛，不得俯仰，大人癫病，小儿风痫。尺寸中央三部皆浮，且直上直下，为弦长之
象，故主外邪。
任脉 寸口脉紧细实长至关。又曰，寸口脉如丸。
【按】任脉起于中极之下，循腹上喉，至于龈交，极于目下承泣穴，为阴脉之统会。其为病也，男子
内结七疝，女子带下瘕聚。王叔和亦以为少腹绕脐引阴中痛。又曰∶寸口脉丸，主腹中有气如指上抢心，俯
仰拘急。紧细实长者，中寒而气结也。寸口脉丸，即动脉也。状如豆粒，厥厥摇动，故主气上冲心。
冲脉 尺寸中央俱牢，直上直下。
【按】冲脉起于气街（在少腹毛中两旁各二寸），挟脐左右上行，至胸中而散，为十二经之根本，故
称经脉之海，亦称血海。《灵枢》曰∶“冲脉血盛，则渗灌皮肤，生毫毛。女子数脱血，不营其口唇，故髯
须不生。宦者去其宗筋，伤其冲脉，故须亦不生。”越人曰∶“冲脉为病，逆气而里急”，或作躁热，皆冲脉
逆也，宜补中益气汤加知、柏。王叔和曰∶“冲督用事，则十二经不复朝于寸口，其人苦恍惚狂痴。”又
曰∶“冲脉与督脉无异，但督脉浮而冲脉沉耳。”
阳跷脉 寸部左右弹。
【按】阳跷脉起于跟中，上外踝，循胁上肩，夹口吻，至目，极于耳后风池穴。越人曰∶“阳跷为病，
阴缓而阳急。”王叔和注云∶“当从外踝以上急，内踝以上缓。”又曰∶“寸口前部左右弹者，阳跷也，苦腰
背痛，癫痫僵仆，恶风偏枯， 痹体强。”左右弹，即紧脉之象。（ 音顽，麻木也。）
阴跷脉 尺部左右弹。
【按】阴跷脉起于跟，上内踝，循阴，自胸至咽，极于目内 睛明穴。越人曰∶“阴跷为病，阳缓
而阴急。”王叔和注曰∶“当从内踝以上急，外踝以上缓。”又曰∶“寸口脉后部左右弹者，阴跷也，苦
癫痫寒热，皮肤淫痹，少腹痛，里急，腰及髋 下连阴痛，男子阴疝，女人漏下。”张洁
古曰∶“跷者，跷疾也。二跷之脉起于足，使人跷捷也。阳跷在肌肉之上，
阳脉所行，通贯六腑，主持诸表。阴跷在肌肉之下，阴脉所行，通贯五脏，主持诸里。”（髋音宽， 音料。）
带脉 关部左右弹。
【按】带脉起于季胁，围身一周，如束带然。越人曰∶“带之为病，腹满，腰溶溶如坐水中。”（溶溶，
缓纵之貌。）《明堂》曰∶“女人少腹痛，里急螈 ，月事不调，赤白带下。”杨氏曰∶“带脉总束诸脉，
使不妄行，如人束带而前垂。此脉若固，则无带下漏经之症矣。”（螈音炽， 音纵。）
阴维脉 尺外斜上至寸。
【按】阴维脉起于诸阴之交，发于内踝上五寸，循股，入小腹，循胁上胸，至顶前而终。叔和云∶“苦癫
痫僵仆失音，肌肉痹痒，汗出恶风，身洗洗然也。”又曰∶“阴维脉沉大而实，主胸中痛，胁下满，心痛。脉如
贯珠者，男子胁下实，腰中痛，女子阴中痛，如有疮。”（内踝上五寸筑宾穴也。）
阳维脉 尺内斜上至寸。
【按】阳维脉起于诸阳之会，发于足外踝下一寸五分，循膝，上髀厌，抵少腹，循头入耳，至本神而止。
叔和曰∶“苦肌肉痹痒，皮肤痛，下部不仁，汗出而寒，颠仆羊鸣，手足相引，甚者不能言。”洁古曰∶“卫为
阳，主表。阳维受邪，为病在表，故作寒热。营为阴，主里。阴维受邪，为病在里，故苦心痛。阴阳相维，
则营卫和谐；营卫不谐，则怅然失志，不能自收持矣。”（髀音皮。外踝下一寸五分申脉穴。）
李时珍曰∶“人身有经脉络脉，直行曰经，旁行曰络。经凡十二，手之三阴三阳，足之三阴三阳是也。
络凡十五，乃十二经各有一别络，而脾又有一大络，并任督二络，为十五也。共
二十七气，相随上下，如泉之流，不得休息。阴脉营于五脏，阳脉营于六腑，阴阳相贯，如环无端，其流溢
之气，入于奇经，转相灌溉。奇经之八脉，不拘制于十二正经，无表里配合，故谓之奇。盖正经犹沟渠，
奇经犹河泽，正经之脉隆盛，则溢于奇经，故秦越人比之天雨沟渠溢满，滂沛河泽，此《灵》《素》未发
之旨也。”（凡经十二，每经各有一别络，而脾又有一大络，并任督二络，共二十七气。）又曰∶“阳维起于诸阳之
会，由外踝而上行于卫分；阴维起于诸阴之交，由内踝而上行于营分，所以为一身之纲维也。阳跷起于跟中，
循外踝上行于身之左右；阴跷起于跟中，循内踝上行于身之左右，所以使机关之跷捷也。督脉起于会阴，循背
而行于身之后，为阳脉之总督，故曰阳脉之海。任脉起于会阴，循腹而行于身之前，为阴脉之承任，故曰阴
脉之海。冲脉起于会阴，夹脐而行，直冲于上，为诸脉之冲要，故曰十二经脉之海。带脉则横围于腰，状
如束带，所以总约诸脉者也。是故阳维主一身之表，阴维主一身之里，以乾坤言也。阳跷主一身左右之阳，
阴跷主一身左右之阴，以东西言也。督脉主身后之阳，任冲主身前之阴，以南
北言也。带脉横束诸脉，以六合言也。故医而知此八脉，则十二经十五络之大旨得矣。”
督脉：寸、尺两部中央部位脉象均呈浮象，脉势直上直下。
【按语】张元素（洁古）说：“督，意为总汇，是阳脉的总纲。”该脉起于尾骨端的俞穴，并行于脊柱内部，上行至头顶，止于上齿缝中的龈交穴。它所主的病症，主要是外感风寒之邪。《内经》认为实证表现为脊背强直，虚证表现为头重。王叔和认为表现为腰背强痛，不能俯仰，成人患癫病，小儿患风痫。如果寸、尺、关三部皆见浮脉，且脉势直上直下，这是弦长脉的征象，所以主外邪致病。
任脉：寸口脉象紧细实长，直达关部。又说，寸口脉象如豆丸状。
【按语】任脉起于中极穴之下，沿腹部上行至咽喉，至于龈交穴，极于眼下承泣穴，是阴脉的统会。它所主的病症，男子为内结七疝，女子为带下病及瘕聚（腹内结块）。王叔和也认为表现为少腹绕脐牵引阴中疼痛。又说：“寸口脉如豆丸状，主腹中有气如手指向上冲撞心胸，身体俯仰拘急。”脉象紧细实长，是中寒导致气机郁结的表现。寸口脉如豆丸状，就是动脉。其状如豆粒，厥厥动摇，所以主气上冲心胸。
冲脉：寸、尺两部中央部位脉象均呈牢象，脉势直上直下。
【按语】冲脉起于气街（位于小腹毛际两旁各二寸处），挟脐左右上行，至胸中而散开，是十二经的根本，所以称为经脉之海，也称为血海。《灵枢》说：“冲脉血盛，则渗灌皮肤，生长毫毛。女子因多次失血，不能滋养口唇，所以胡须不生。宦官割去宗筋，损伤冲脉，所以胡须也不生。”扁鹊（越人）说：“冲脉发病，表现为气逆和腹中拘急”，或出现躁热，都是冲脉气逆所致，宜用补中益气汤加知母、黄柏治疗。王叔和说：“冲脉和督脉功能亢盛，则十二经不再朝会于寸口，病人痛苦于恍惚、狂痴。”又说：“冲脉与督脉无异，只是督脉脉象浮而冲脉脉象沉罢了。”
阳跷脉：寸部脉象左右弹指。
【按语】阳跷脉起于足跟中，上行至外踝，沿胁肋上行至肩部，夹口吻，至眼部，极于耳后风池穴。扁鹊（越人）说：“阳跷发病，阴侧缓而阳侧急。”王叔和注解说：“应当理解为外踝以上拘急，内踝以上舒缓。”又说：“寸口前部左右弹指的，是阳跷脉，痛苦于腰背痛，癫痫僵仆，恶风偏枯，肢体麻木强直。”左右弹指，即是紧脉的征象。（“顽”音同顽，意为麻木。）
阴跷脉：尺部脉象左右弹指。
【按语】阴跷脉起于足跟，上行至内踝，沿阴部，自胸部至咽部，极于目内眦睛明穴。扁鹊（越人）说：“阴跷发病，阳侧缓而阴侧急。”王叔和注解说：“应当理解为内踝以上拘急，外踝以上舒缓。”又说：“寸口脉后部左右弹指的，是阴跷脉，痛苦于癫痫寒热，皮肤淫痹，少腹痛，里急，腰部及髋骨下连阴部疼痛，男子患阴疝，女人患漏下。”张元素（洁古）说：“跷，意为轻捷。这两条跷脉起于足，使人行动轻捷。阳跷在肌肉之上，是阳脉所行，通贯六腑，主持诸表。阴跷在肌肉之下，是阴脉所行，通贯五脏，主持诸里。”（“髋”音同宽，“”音同料。）
带脉：关部脉象左右弹指。
【按语】带脉起于季胁，环绕身体一周，如同束带一样。扁鹊（越人）说：“带脉发病，腹部胀满，腰部松软无力，如同坐在水中。”（“溶溶”，形容松弛舒缓的样子。）《明堂》说：“女人少腹痛，里急抽搐，月经不调，赤白带下。”杨氏说：“带脉总束诸脉，使不妄行，如同人束带向前垂下。这条脉若坚固，就没有带下漏经的症状了。”（“”音同炽，“”音同纵。）
阴维脉：尺外侧斜向上行至寸部。
【按语】阴维脉起于诸阴经交会之处，发于内踝上五寸，沿大腿，入小腹，沿胁肋上行至胸部，至头顶前方而终。王叔和说：“痛苦于癫痫僵仆失音，肌肉痹痒，汗出恶风，身体凛凛然。”又说：“阴维脉沉大而实，主胸中痛，胁下满闷，心痛。脉象如贯珠者，男子胁下实，腰中痛，女子阴中痛，如有疮疡。”（内踝上五寸为筑宾穴。）
阳维脉：尺内侧斜向上行至寸部。
【按语】阳维脉起于诸阳经交会之处，发于足外踝下一寸五分，沿膝，上行至髀厌，抵少腹，循头部入耳，至本神穴而止。王叔和说：“痛苦于肌肉痹痒，皮肤痛，下部不知痛觉，汗出而寒，颠仆羊鸣，手足相互牵引，严重的不能言语。”张元素（洁古）说：“卫为阳，主表。阳维受邪，病在表，所以发生寒热。营为阴，主里。阴维受邪，病在里，所以痛苦于心痛。阴阳相互维系，则营卫和谐；营卫不和谐，则怅然失志，不能自我控制。”（“髀”音同皮。外踝下一寸五分是申脉穴。）
李时珍说：“人体有经脉和络脉，直行的是经，旁行的是络。经共有十二条，即手三阴三阳，足三阴三阳。络共有十五条，即十二经各有一条别络，加上脾脏的一条大络，以及任督两条络脉，共十五条。总共二十七气，相随上下流动，如泉水流淌，不得休息。阴脉营养五脏，阳脉营养六腑，阴阳相互贯通，如环无端，其流溢之气，进入奇经，互相灌溉。奇经的八脉，不受十二正经的限制，没有表里配合关系，所以称为‘奇’。大概正经如同沟渠，奇经如同河泽，正经的脉气隆盛，就会溢入奇经，所以秦越人将其比作天雨落下，沟渠溢满，滂沛流入河泽，这是《灵枢》《素问》未曾阐发的旨意。”（凡经十二条，每经各有一条别络，加上脾脏的一条大络，以及任督两条络脉，共二十七气。）又说：“阳维起于诸阳经交会之处，由外踝上行于卫分；阴维起于诸阴经交会之处，由内踝上行于营分，所以成为一身之纲维。阳跷起于足跟中，循外踝上行于身体左右；阴跷起于足跟中，循内踝上行于身体左右，所以使关节机关轻捷。督脉起于会阴，循背部而行于身体后方，为阳脉的总督，所以称为阳脉之海。任脉起于会阴，循腹部而行于身体前方，为阴脉的承任，所以称为阴脉之海。冲脉起于会阴，挟脐而行，直冲于上，为诸脉之冲要，所以称为十二经脉之海。带脉则横围于腰部，形状如束带，所以总束诸脉。因此，医生如果懂得这八脉，那么十二经十五络的大旨就掌握了。”
Du Meridian: The pulse at the center of both Cun (inch) and Chi (cubit) positions is floating, with a straight up-and-down trajectory.
[Note] Jiegu said: "Du means gathering; it is the chief commander of the Yang meridians." This meridian originates from the Shu point at the lower extreme, runs parallel within the spinal column, ascends to the vertex, and terminates at the Yinjiao (Gum Intersection) acupoint in the upper dental suture. Its diseases primarily involve external contraction of wind-cold pathogenic factors. The *Neijing* states that excess manifests as rigidity of the spine, while deficiency manifests as heaviness of the head. Wang Shuhe described symptoms as stiffness and pain in the waist and back, inability to bend or extend, epilepsy in adults, and wind-induced convulsions in children. When the three positions of Cun, Guan, and Chi are all floating and exhibit a straight up-and-down trajectory, this indicates a Xian (bowstring) and Chang (long) pulse image, thus indicating disease caused by external pathogens.
Ren Meridian: The pulse at the Cun Kou (Cun position) is tight, fine, solid, and long, extending to the Guan (bar) position. It is also stated that the Cun Kou pulse resembles a pill or bean.
[Note] The Ren Meridian originates below the Zhongji acupoint, follows the abdomen upward to the throat, reaches the Yinjiao acupoint, and extends to the Chengqi acupoint under the eye. It is the convergence of all Yin meridians. Its diseases include seven types of hernia in men, and leukorrhea and mass accumulation (Jia Ju) in women. Wang Shuhe also considered it to manifest as pain around the umbilicus radiating to the genitalia. Furthermore, a pulse resembling a pill at the Cun Kou indicates Qi rushing upward like a finger striking the heart, accompanied by stiffness during flexion and extension. A tight, fine, solid, and long pulse indicates cold invading the middle and Qi knotting. A pulse resembling a pill at the Cun Kou is the Dong Mai (Surging Pulse). Its shape is like a bean, trembling vigorously, thus indicating Qi rushing upward to strike the heart.
Chong Meridian: The pulse at the center of both Cun and Chi positions is deep and firm (Lao), with a straight up-and-down trajectory.
[Note] The Chong Meridian originates at the Qichuan (Gas Street) [located two cun lateral to the midline in the pubic hair region], ascends bilaterally flanking the umbilicus, disperses in the chest, and serves as the root of the twelve regular meridians. Hence, it is called the Sea of the Twelve Meridians and also the Sea of Blood. The *Ling Shu* states: "When the Chong Meridian blood is abundant, it seeps into the skin and generates body hair. Women who lose blood frequently do not nourish their lips, hence beard growth is absent. Eunuchs have their Zongjin (root tendon) removed, damaging the Chong Meridian, hence beards do not grow." Yue Ren (Bian Que) stated: "Disease of the Chong Meridian presents with rebellious Qi and abdominal urgency," or irritability and heat, all due to rebellion of Chong Meridian Qi. Treatment should involve Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang added with Zhi Mu (Anemarrhenae Rhizoma) and Huang Bo (Phellodendri Cortex). Wang Shuhe said: "When the Chong and Du meridians are active, the twelve meridians no longer converge at the Cun Kou; the patient suffers from trance, mania, and dementia." He also said: "The Chong Meridian is no different from the Du Meridian, except that the Du pulse is floating and the Chong pulse is sunken."
Yang Qiao Meridian: The pulse at the Cun position beats laterally on both sides.
[Note] The Yang Qiao Meridian originates in the heel, ascends to the lateral malleolus, follows the hypochondrium to the shoulder, flanks the mouth and lips, reaches the eye, and terminates at the Fengchi acupoint behind the ear. Yue Ren said: "Disease of the Yang Qiao involves slackness of the Yin side and tension of the Yang side." Wang Shuhe annotated: "It should be understood as tension above the lateral malleolus and slackness above the medial malleolus." He further said: "A pulse beating laterally at the anterior part of the Cun Kou indicates the Yang Qiao Meridian; the patient suffers from backache, epilepsy, sudden collapse, aversion to wind, hemiplegia, and numbness with stiffness. Lateral beating is the image of the Jin (Tight) pulse. ('Wan' sounds like 'wan', meaning numbness.)"
Yin Qiao Meridian: The pulse at the Chi position beats laterally on both sides.
[Note] The Yin Qiao Meridian originates in the heel, ascends to the medial malleolus, follows the yin aspect, from the chest to the pharynx, and terminates at the Jingming acupoint in the inner canthus. Yue Ren said: "Disease of the Yin Qiao involves slackness of the Yang side and tension of the Yin side." Wang Shuhe annotated: "It should be understood as tension above the medial malleolus and slackness above the lateral malleolus." He further said: "A pulse beating laterally at the posterior part of the Cun Kou indicates the Yin Qiao Meridian; the patient suffers from epilepsy with chills and fever, skin numbness and itching, lower abdominal pain, internal urgency, pain in the waist and hips connecting to the genitals, male yin hernia, and female metrorrhagia." Zhang Jiegu said: "Qiao means agility. These two Qiao meridians originate from the feet, enabling agile movement. The Yang Qiao is above the muscle, following the Yang meridians, penetrating the Six Fu organs, and governing the exterior. The Yin Qiao is below the muscle, following the Yin meridians, penetrating the Five Zang organs, and governing the interior." ("Kuan" sounds like 'kuan'; 'Liao' sounds like 'liao'.)
Dai Meridian: The pulse at the Guan position beats laterally on both sides.
[Note] The Dai Meridian originates from the costal margin, encircles the body once like a belt. Yue Ren said: "Disease of the Dai Meridian presents with abdominal fullness and a loose, weak sensation in the waist, as if sitting in water." ('Rong Rong' describes a relaxed and lax appearance.) The *Ming Tang* states: "Women suffer from lower abdominal pain, internal urgency with spasms, irregular menstruation, and red and white leukorrhea." Yang Shi said: "The Dai Meridian binds all meridians, preventing them from wandering recklessly, like a person wearing a belt hanging forward. If this meridian is firm, there will be no symptoms of leukorrhea or uterine bleeding." ("Chi" sounds like 'chi'; 'Zong' sounds like 'zong'.)
Yin Wei Meridian: From the outer Chi position, slanting upward to the Cun position.
[Note] The Yin Wei Meridian originates at the intersection of all Yin meridians, emerging five cun above the medial malleolus, follows the thigh, enters the lower abdomen, follows the hypochondrium to the chest, and terminates at the front of the vertex. Shuhe said: "The patient suffers from epilepsy, sudden collapse, aphonia, muscle numbness and itching, sweating with aversion to wind, and a shivering sensation." He also said: "A Yin Wei pulse that is deep, large, and solid governs pain in the chest, fullness under the ribs, and heart pain. A pulse resembling beads strung together indicates fullness in the hypochondrium and lumbar pain in men, and pain in the genitalia resembling sores in women." (Five cun above the medial malleolus is the Zubin acupoint.)
Yang Wei Meridian: From the inner Chi position, slanting upward to the Cun position.
[Note] The Yang Wei Meridian originates at the intersection of all Yang meridians, emerging one cun and five fen below the lateral malleolus, follows the knee, ascends to the hip joint, reaches the lower abdomen, follows the head into the ear, and terminates at the Benshen acupoint. Shuhe said: "The patient suffers from muscle numbness and itching, skin pain, insensitivity in the lower body, sweating with cold, sudden collapse with barking sounds, mutual pulling of hands and feet, and in severe cases, inability to speak." Jiegu said: "Wei (Defensive) is Yang and governs the exterior. When the Yang Wei is invaded by pathogens, the disease is in the exterior, causing chills and fever. Ying (Nutritive) is Yin and governs the interior. When the Yin Wei is invaded by pathogens, the disease is in the interior, causing heart pain. When Yin and Yang mutually bind, Ying and Wei are harmonious; when Ying and Wei are disharmonious, the person feels lost and unable to control themselves." ("Bi" sounds like 'bi'. One cun and five fen below the lateral malleolus is the Shenmai acupoint.)
Li Shizhen said: "The human body has Jing (Regular) and Luo (Collateral) meridians. Those running straight are Jing; those running obliquely are Luo. There are twelve Jing meridians: three Yin and three Yang of the hand, and three Yin and three Yang of the foot. There are fifteen Luo meridians: one collateral for each of the twelve Jing meridians, plus one major collateral of the Spleen, and the collaterals of the Ren and Du meridians, totaling fifteen. Together, these twenty-seven Qi flows move up and down continuously, like flowing spring water, never resting. Yin meridians nourish the Five Zang organs, and Yang meridians nourish the Six Fu organs. Yin and Yang interconnect in a continuous circle. The overflowing Qi enters the Qi Jing (Extraordinary) meridians and irrigates each other. The eight Qi Jing meridians are not constrained by the twelve regular Jing meridians and lack interior-exterior pairing, hence they are called 'Qi' (Odd/Extraordinary). Generally, the regular meridians are like ditches, and the Qi meridians are like rivers and marshes. When the Qi in the regular meridians is abundant, it overflows into the Qi meridians. Thus, Bian Que compared it to rain filling ditches until they overflow into rivers and marshes. This is the unexpressed principle of the *Ling Shu* and *Su Wen*." (There are twelve Jing meridians, each with one collateral, plus the Spleen's major collateral and the Ren/Du collaterals, totaling twenty-seven Qi.) He also said: "The Yang Wei originates at the intersection of Yang meridians, ascending from the lateral malleolus into the Wei (Defensive) division; the Yin Wei originates at the intersection of Yin meridians, ascending from the medial malleolus into the Ying (Nutritive) division, thus serving as the framework for the whole body. The Yang Qiao originates in the heel, ascending along the lateral malleolus on both sides of the body, thereby making joints agile. The Du Meridian originates at Huiyin, follows the back along the posterior body, commanding all Yang meridians, hence called the Sea of Yang Meridians. The Ren Meridian originates at Huiyin, follows the abdomen along the anterior body, bearing all Yin meridians, hence called the Sea of Yin Meridians. The Chong Meridian originates at Huiyin, flanking the umbilicus, rushing straight upward, serving as the crucial passage for all meridians, hence called the Sea of the Twelve Meridians. The Dai Meridian encircles the waist horizontally like a belt, binding all meridians. Therefore, if a physician understands these eight meridians, the main principles of the twelve Jing and fifteen Luo meridians are grasped."