喘者，促促气急。《正传》云∶哮以声响名，喘以气息言。河间云∶病寒则气衰而息微，病热则
气盛而息粗。诸经皆令人喘，而肺胃二经者多。大抵喘而作嗽者，肺也，喘而呕恶者，胃
也。《内经》论喘不一，皆杂症之条。若《伤寒论》惟曰有邪在表而喘，有邪在里而喘，有水气
痰火而喘。若在表者，心腹不满不痛，脉浮无汗者宜发汗。冬月西北方，麻黄三拗汤；若内
有热者，越婢汤；南方三时羌活汤。若热邪入里而喘者，心腹胀满，外无寒热，手足时时汗
出，法当清热泻心汤、凉膈散；有表邪有下症者，大柴胡汤；有下症无表症者，三乙承气选
用；水气而喘者，先渴后呕，动而有声，宜祛水饮，小半夏汤；水寒射肺，风寒外束而喘
者，小青龙汤；痰火喘者，乍作乍止，六脉滑数，栀连二陈汤，加枳、桔、竹茹。总之，头
痛身痛，恶寒身热而喘者，此太阳风寒表邪，宜散表。身热多汗，烦闷喘渴，静则多言，此
暑热喘逆，宜清暑汤调益元散。口渴身热，面赤多汗，唇焦喘咳气逆，此燥火喘逆，宜清燥
汤、知母石膏汤、栝蒌根汤。食滞中焦，胸前饱闷，喘满不得睡卧，平胃保和散。若喘而咳
嗽者，此肺风肺热之喘，详注咳嗽门。
太阳病，头痛发热，身痛腰痛，恶风寒，无汗而喘者，麻黄汤主之。
此太阳表邪之喘，详注头痛发热门。
太阳与阳明合病，喘而胸满者，不可下，麻黄汤主之。
胸满多带表症，故曰不可下，宜散表。互注胸满条。
伤寒不解，心下有水气，干呕发热而咳，或喘者，小青龙汤。
详注咳嗽条。言外邪不解，内伏水饮，当散表散饮。
伤寒心下有水气，咳而微喘，发热不渴，服汤已渴者，此寒去欲解也，小青龙汤。
发热不渴，知心下有水气，故以小青龙汤。今服此汤已后见渴者，此水寒已去，病欲解，
不必服小青龙。详注咳嗽。
喘家有汗，桂枝汤加浓朴杏仁汤主之。
太阳风伤卫，当服桂枝汤。今兼喘，则加浓朴理胃气，杏仁理肺气。
太阳病，下之微喘者，表未解故也，桂枝汤加浓朴杏仁汤主之。喘家作桂枝汤，加浓朴，杏仁佳。
太阳病误下之，表邪不解而喘，用桂枝汤，当加平肺胃之药，故曰喘家用桂枝加浓朴、杏仁乃佳。
发汗后，不可更行桂枝，汗出而喘，无大热者，可与麻黄杏仁甘草石膏汤主之。发汗后，饮
水多者必喘，以水灌之亦喘。下后不可更行桂枝汤，若汗出而喘，无大热者，可与麻黄杏仁甘草石膏汤。
上半节，言发汗后不可再行桂枝；下半节，言下后不可再行桂枝汤。汗下虽殊，同是表邪
未尽，同是汗出而喘，身无大热，故以此方双解太阳。此从太阳热结膀胱，用桂枝五苓散
双解下焦表里法中，化出双解太阳上焦热结之法也。详注自汗条，宜互看。
太阳病，桂枝症，医反下之，利遂不止，脉促者，表未解也，喘而汗出者，葛根黄芩黄连汤。
此条误下太阳，不成结胸，而成挟热下利，喘而汗出。详注自汗门。
阳明中风。口苦咽干，腹满微喘，发热恶寒，脉浮而紧。若下之，则腹满小便难，麻黄汤主之。
发热恶寒，脉浮而紧，尚是太阳表邪。若误下之，则腹满而小便难。麻黄汤主之句，在脉
浮而紧之下。
阳明病脉浮无汗而喘者，发汗而愈，宜麻黄汤。
脉浮无汗而喘，即从太阳表邪而治，不必拘执阳明病，故曰发汗则愈。
阳明病脉浮而紧，咽燥口苦，腹满而喘，发热汗出，不恶寒反恶热，身重，白虎汤，五苓散。
上条言脉浮而紧，当散表；此言咽燥口苦，腹满，发热汗出，不恶寒，反恶热，又当用白
虎汤治咽燥，五苓散治脉浮而紧，腹满身重。
伤寒四五日，脉沉而喘满，沉为在里而反发其汗，津液越出，大便为难，表里虚实，久则谵语。
脉沉而喘，宜清里热，反发其汗，津液外亡。大便枯滞，此表无邪里有热，故久则谵语。
病患小便不利。大便乍难乍易，时有微热，喘冒不能卧者，有燥屎也，宜大承气汤。
仲景每以小便利，验屎定硬。今又以小便不利，以定下法。小便利，验屎已定硬，故可
下。小便不利，验热已入里，故可下。大便乍难乍易，大肠有火之征。故可下。时有微
热，潮热互词，故可下。喘冒不得卧，阳明胃实，故可下。
伤寒吐下后，不大便，潮热。若剧，则不识人，循衣摸床，微喘直视，脉弦者生，涩者死。
症急，惟以脉定生死。脉弦，阴未绝，故生；脉涩，阴已竭，故死。
羌活汤 见恶寒。
羌活冲和汤
太阳纯表邪见喘，则用前方；若有表邪，又有里热，则用此方。
泻心汤 见谵语。
凉膈散 见发狂。
里热作喘当分肺胃心三经主治。前方泻心下之热，此方兼肺胃治之。
大柴胡汤 见潮热。
三承气汤 见大便结。
小半夏汤
熟半夏 广皮 生姜
喘逆，有痰火、水饮之分，此方治水饮喘逆而无火者。
小青龙汤 见咳逆。
此方治内伏水饮，外冒风寒而喘者。详注咳逆条。
栀连二陈汤
栀子 川连 半夏 广皮 白茯苓 甘草
前小半夏汤，治无火之痰，此方治有火之痰。
清暑汤
川连 香薷 浓朴 甘草
香薷性温，世传清暑，不知与黄连同用，一冷一热，故能清暑邪。例如服六一散，必用滚
水泡服，方能散暑邪而宣腠理。
清燥汤
桑叶 石膏 人参 麦门冬 枇杷叶 杏仁 阿胶 黄芩 知母
天花粉
此方以石膏、黄芩、知母、花粉，清润上焦，桑叶、杏仁、引入肺中；人参、门冬、阿胶，
润肺生津。同一治热，治湿热，用苦燥；治燥热，用凉润。按燥湿分于二分，然春分应湿
而未湿，至谷雨而始湿；秋分应燥而未燥，至霜降而始燥。故曰逢霜始燥，逢雨始湿，此
言时令之正也。亦有湿时反燥，燥时反湿，又当从权变而治也。
知母石膏汤
知母 石膏 半夏 竹叶 麦门冬 甘草
火喘无痰者，用石膏、知母；火喘有痰，又要加半夏。夫石膏寒凉，同半夏亦能辛散痰
涎；半夏辛热，同石膏亦能清热和胃。此润燥方中，化出辛散痰涎定喘之法，兼可化治痰
火呕吐、痰火咳嗽等症。
栝蒌根汤
栝蒌根 半夏 竹茹 枳壳 桔梗
前清燥汤，治肺燥喘逆者，知母石膏汤，治胃热喘逆者；栝蒌根汤，治肺胃二经痰多喘逆者。
平胃保和散 见胸满。
此治食滞中焦，喘满不得卧者，用枳壳汤调下。
麻黄杏仁甘草石膏汤 四味。
此方因汗下后，汗出而喘，身无大热，表症已减，桂枝汤不可用，故以麻黄加入杏仁石膏
清肺汤中，双解上焦之余邪，而治喘逆。
干葛黄芩黄连汤 三味。
仲景喘而汗出有三条。其一，以太阳汗后，喘而汗出，身无大热；其二，以太阳下后，喘
而汗出，身无大热。汗下不同。而同禁桂枝，同用麻黄甘草杏仁石膏汤。其三，以桂枝汤
症，反用承气误下，遂利不止，脉促，表未解，喘而汗出，则用葛根、芩、连主治。按第
一、第二条，汗下不同，以其病症同在太阳上焦，故同用麻黄甘草杏仁石膏汤；其第二与
第三条，同是下后，同是喘而汗出，反不同方主治者，以其病在阳明下焦，协热下利，故
用干葛芩连汤。
喘，表现为呼吸急促、气息短促。《正传》说：哮病以声音命名，喘病以气息变化命名。河间（刘完素）说：患寒证则气衰而呼吸微弱，患热证则气盛而呼吸粗重。各条经络的病证都会导致喘，但肺经和胃经的病证最为多见。大抵喘且伴有咳嗽的，病位在肺；喘且伴有呕吐恶心的，病位在胃。《内经》论述喘证的情况不一，大多属于杂病的范畴。至于《伤寒论》中提到的喘，只有邪气在表而致喘，邪气在里而致喘，以及因水气、痰火而致喘几种情况。如果邪气在表的，心腹部没有胀满疼痛，脉象浮且无汗的，适宜用发汗法治疗。冬季西北方气候寒冷，可用麻黄三拗汤；如果体内有热的，用越婢汤；南方三个季节（春、夏、秋）可用羌活汤。如果是热邪入里而致喘的，心腹胀满，体表没有寒热感觉，手足经常出汗，治法应当用清热泻心汤、凉膈散；如果有表邪又有可下之症的，用大柴胡汤；只有可下之症而没有表症的，选用三乙承气汤；因水气而致喘的，先口渴后呕吐，活动时有水声，适宜祛除水饮，用小半夏汤；因水寒射肺，风寒外束而致喘的，用小青龙汤；因痰火而致喘的，时作时止，六脉滑数，用栀连二陈汤，加枳实、桔梗、竹茹。总之，头痛身痛，恶寒发热而喘的，这是太阳经风寒表邪，适宜发散表邪。身热多汗，烦闷喘渴，安静时多言乱语，这是暑热导致的喘逆，适宜用清暑汤调服益元散。口渴身热，面红多汗，嘴唇焦裂，喘咳气逆，这是燥火导致的喘逆，适宜用清燥汤、知母石膏汤、栝蒌根汤。食滞在中焦，胸部饱闷，喘满不能睡卧，用平胃保和散。如果喘且伴有咳嗽的，这是肺风肺热导致的喘，详细注释见咳嗽门。
太阳病，头痛发热，身体疼痛腰痛，恶风怕冷，无汗而喘的，用麻黄汤主治。
这是太阳经表邪导致的喘，详细注释见头痛发热门。
太阳与阳明合病，喘且胸满的，不可用攻下法，用麻黄汤主治。
胸满多带有表证，所以说不可攻下，适宜发散表邪。互相参考胸满条。
伤寒病不解，心下有停饮，干呕发热而咳，或者喘的，用小青龙汤。
详细注释见咳嗽条。意思是外邪不解，内伏水饮，应当发散表邪并温化水饮。
伤寒病心下有停饮，咳且微喘，发热不渴，服药后感到口渴的，这是寒气已去，病将要解除的表现，（原方为）小青龙汤。
发热不渴，可知心下有停饮，所以用小青龙汤。现在服用此药后出现口渴，这是水寒之气已去，病欲解除，不必再服小青龙汤。详细注释见咳嗽。
素有喘疾的人若出汗，用桂枝汤加厚朴杏仁汤主治。
太阳中风伤卫分，应当服桂枝汤。现在兼有喘，则加厚朴调理胃气，杏仁调理肺气。
太阳病，误用攻下法后出现轻微喘的，是因为表邪未解，用桂枝汤加厚朴杏仁汤主治。素有喘疾的人使用桂枝汤，加厚朴、杏仁效果更佳。
太阳病误用攻下法，表邪未解而致喘，用桂枝汤，应当加入平复肺胃的药物，所以说素有喘疾的人用桂枝汤加厚朴、杏仁乃为佳选。
发汗后，不可再用桂枝汤，若汗出而喘，身上没有大热的，可与麻黄杏仁甘草石膏汤主治。发汗后，饮水过多的必然喘，用水淋浴也会导致喘。攻下后不可再用桂枝汤，若汗出而喘，身上没有大热的，可与麻黄杏仁甘草石膏汤主治。
上半段，是说发汗后不可再用桂枝汤；下半段，是说攻下后不可再用桂枝汤。发汗和攻下虽然方法不同，但都是表邪未尽，都表现为汗出而喘，身无大热，所以用此方双解太阳经邪气。这是从太阳经热结膀胱，用桂枝五苓散双解下焦表里的方法中，演化出的双解太阳上焦热结的方法。详细注释见自汗条，宜互相参看。
太阳病，出现桂枝汤证，医生反而用攻下法，腹泻不止，脉象急促的，是表邪未解，喘且汗出的，用葛根黄芩黄连汤主治。
此条是误下太阳病，未形成结胸，而是形成挟热下利，表现为喘且汗出。详细注释见自汗门。
阳明中风。口苦咽干，腹微满微喘，发热恶寒，脉浮而紧。如果误用攻下法，则腹满小便困难，（此时仍属太阳表证），用麻黄汤主治。
发热恶寒，脉浮而紧，尚且是太阳经表邪。如果误用攻下法，则会导致腹满和小便难。“麻黄汤主之”这句话，位于“脉浮而紧”之下。
阳明病，脉浮无汗而喘的，发汗即可痊愈，适宜用麻黄汤。
脉浮无汗而喘，即按照太阳经表邪来治疗，不必拘泥于阳明病，所以说发汗则愈。
阳明病，脉浮而紧，咽燥口苦，腹满而喘，发热汗出，不恶寒反恶热，身体沉重，用白虎汤、五苓散。
上一条说脉浮而紧，应当发散表邪；这一条说咽燥口苦，腹满，发热汗出，不恶寒反恶热，又应当用白虎汤治疗咽燥，用五苓散治疗脉浮而紧、腹满身重。
伤寒四五日，脉沉而喘满，沉脉主里证，却反而发其汗，津液外泄，大便变得困难，表里虚实错杂，时间久了会出现谵语。
脉沉而喘，适宜清里热，却反而发汗，导致津液外亡。大便枯涩停滞，这是表无邪里有热，所以时间久了会出现谵语。
病人小便不利，大便乍难乍易，有时微热，喘且头昏目眩不能躺卧的，是有燥屎，适宜用大承气汤。
仲景常用小便利来判断粪便是否坚硬。现在又以小便不利，来确定攻下法。小便利，验证粪便已坚硬，所以可以攻下。小便不利，验证热邪已入里，所以可以攻下。大便乍难乍易，是大肠有火的征象，所以可以攻下。有时微热，是潮热的互文说法，所以可以攻下。喘且头昏不能卧，是阳明胃实，所以可以攻下。
伤寒吐下后，不大便，潮热。如果病情严重，则不认识人，循衣摸床，微喘直视，脉弦的能生，脉涩的会死。
症状危急，唯以脉象判断生死。脉弦，阴气未绝，所以生；脉涩，阴气已竭，所以死。
羌活汤 见恶寒条。
羌活冲和汤
太阳纯表邪见喘，则用前方（羌活汤）；若有表邪，又有里热，则用此方（羌活冲和汤）。
泻心汤 见谵语条。
凉膈散 见发狂条。
里热导致的喘应当分肺、胃、心三经主治。前方（泻心汤）清泻心下之热，此方（凉膈散）兼治肺胃。
小半夏汤
熟半夏 广皮（陈皮） 生姜
喘逆，有痰火和水饮之分，此方治疗水饮导致的喘逆而无火者。
小青龙汤 见咳逆条。
此方治疗内伏水饮，外感风寒而致喘者。详细注释见咳逆条。
栀连二陈汤
栀子 川连（黄连） 半夏 广皮（陈皮） 白茯苓 甘草
前文的小半夏汤，治疗无火之痰，此方治疗有火之痰。
清暑汤
川连（黄连） 香薷 浓朴（厚朴） 甘草
香薷性温，世人相传能清暑，不知它与黄连同用，一冷一热，故能清解暑邪。例如服用六一散，必须用滚水泡服，才能散发暑邪而宣通腠理。
清燥汤
桑叶 石膏 人参 麦门冬 枇杷叶 杏仁 阿胶 黄芩 知母 天花粉
此方用石膏、黄芩、知母、花粉，清润上焦，桑叶、杏仁，引入肺中；人参、门冬、阿胶，润肺生津。同样是治疗热证，治疗湿热用苦燥之法；治疗燥热用凉润之法。按燥湿分为二分，然而春分时节应湿而未湿，至谷雨才始湿；秋分时节应燥而未燥，至霜降才始燥。所以说逢霜始燥，逢雨始湿，这是指时令的正理。也有湿时反燥，燥时反湿的情况，又应当权变而治。
知母石膏汤
知母 石膏 半夏 竹叶 麦门冬 甘草
火喘无痰的，用石膏、知母；火喘有痰的，又要加半夏。石膏性寒凉，同半夏也能辛散痰涎；半夏性辛热，同石膏也能清热和胃。这是在润燥方中，化出的辛散痰涎定喘之法，兼可治疗痰火呕吐、痰火咳嗽等症。
栝蒌根汤
栝蒌根（天花粉） 半夏 竹茹 枳壳 桔梗
前文的清燥汤，治疗肺燥喘逆；知母石膏汤，治疗胃热喘逆；栝蒌根汤，治疗肺胃二经痰多喘逆者。
平胃保和散 见胸满条。
此方治疗食滞中焦，喘满不能卧者，用枳壳汤调服。
麻黄杏仁甘草石膏汤 四味药。
此方因发汗或攻下后，汗出而喘，身无大热，表症已减，桂枝汤不可用，故以麻黄加入杏仁石膏清肺汤中，双解上焦之余邪，而治喘逆。
干葛黄芩黄连汤 三味药。
仲景关于喘而汗出的条文有三条。其一，是太阳病发汗后，喘而汗出，身无大热；其二，是太阳病攻下后，喘而汗出，身无大热。发汗和攻下方法不同，但同样禁用桂枝汤，同样使用麻黄杏仁甘草石膏汤。其三，是桂枝汤证，医生反而用承气汤误下，导致腹泻不止，脉促，表未解，喘而汗出，则用葛根、黄芩、黄连主治。按第一条、第二条，发汗和攻下不同，因为病症同在太阳上焦，所以同用麻黄杏仁甘草石膏汤；第二条与第三条，同为攻下后，同为喘而汗出，却方剂不同，因为病在阳明下焦，协热下利，所以用葛根黄芩黄连汤。
Wheezing (Chuan) is characterized by rapid, shortness of breath. *Zhengzhuan* states: "Xiao" (wheezing with sound) is named for its sound, while "Chuan" (wheezing without sound) is named for its breathing pattern. Hejian (Liu Wansu) stated: In cold syndromes, Qi declines and respiration is faint; in heat syndromes, Qi is excessive and respiration is coarse. Diseases of all meridians can cause wheezing, but those of the Lung and Stomach meridians are most common. Generally, wheezing accompanied by cough indicates a pathology in the Lung; wheezing accompanied by vomiting and nausea indicates a pathology in the Stomach. The *Neijing* discusses wheezing in various contexts, mostly as part of miscellaneous diseases. Regarding the *Shanghan Lun*, wheezing occurs only when pathogenic factors are in the exterior causing wheezing, when pathogenic factors are in the interior causing wheezing, or due to fluid retention, phlegm-fire causing wheezing. If the pathogen is in the exterior, with no abdominal fullness or pain, floating pulse, and absence of sweating, diaphoresis (releasing the exterior through sweating) is appropriate. In winter in the northwest, Mahuang San'ao Tang (Ephedra Three Unrestrained Decoction) is used; if there is internal heat, Yeshibi Tang (Yi Yi Decoction) is used; in the three seasons of the south, Qianghuo Tang (Notopterygium Decoction) is used. If heat pathogens have entered the interior causing wheezing, with abdominal distension and fullness, no external chills or fever, and frequent sweating of the hands and feet, the treatment method should employ Qingre Xiexin Tang (Clear Heat Drain Heart Decoction) or Liangge San (Cool the Diaphragm Powder); if there are both exterior pathogens and indications for purgation, Daxiehu Tang (Major Bupleurum Decoction) is used; if there are only indications for purgation without exterior signs, one of the San Yi Chengqi Tangs (Three Types of Chengqi Decoctions) is selected; if wheezing is due to fluid retention, preceded by thirst followed by vomiting, with audible fluid sounds upon movement, it is appropriate to dispel fluid retention using Xiaobanxia Tang (Minor Pinellia Decoction); if wheezing is caused by cold-fluid attacking the Lung and wind-cold binding the exterior, Xiaoqinglong Tang (Minor Green Dragon Decoction) is used; if wheezing is due to phlegm-fire, intermittent, with slippery and rapid pulses throughout, Zhilian Erchen Tang (Gardenia and Coptis Two-Chen Decoction) is used, plus Zhishi (Immature Bitter Orange), Jiegeng (Platycodon Root), and Zhuru (Bamboo Shavings). In summary, headache and body ache, aversion to cold and fever with wheezing indicate Wind-Cold exterior pathogens of the Taiyang (Greater Yang) meridian, requiring dispersal of the exterior. Fever, profuse sweating, irritability, wheezing, thirst, and verbose speech when quiet indicate Summer-Heat heat-induced wheezing, requiring Qing Shu Tang (Clear Summer-Heat Decoction) adjusted with Yiyuan San (Benefit Origin Powder). Thirst, fever, red face, profuse sweating, cracked lips, wheezing, cough, and rebellious Qi indicate Dryness-Fire wheezing, requiring Qingzao Tang (Clear Dryness Decoction), Zhimu Shigao Tang (Anemarrhena and Gypsum Decoction), or Gualougen Tang (Trichosanthes Root Decoction). Food stagnation in the middle Jiao, chest fullness and oppression, wheezing and fullness preventing sleep, is treated with Pingwei Baohe San (Calm Stomach and Harmonize Powder). If wheezing is accompanied by cough, this is Lung-Wind or Lung-Heat wheezing, detailed in the Cough section.
Taiyang disease, with headache, fever, body ache, lower back pain, aversion to wind and cold, absence of sweating, and wheezing, is primarily treated with Mahuang Tang (Ephedra Decoction).
This is wheezing due to Taiyang exterior pathogens, detailed in the Headache and Fever section.
Concurrent Taiyang and Yangming disease, with wheezing and chest fullness, should not be treated with purgation; Mahuang Tang (Ephedra Decoction) is primarily used.
Chest fullness often accompanies exterior signs, hence purgation is contraindicated; dispersing the exterior is appropriate. Refer to the Chest Fullness section.
If Shanghan (Cold Damage) is unresolved, with fluid retention in the epigastrium, dry retching, fever, and cough, or wheezing, Xiaoqinglong Tang (Minor Green Dragon Decoction) is used.
Detailed in the Cough section. This implies that when external pathogens are unresolved and internal fluid retention exists, both the exterior should be dispersed and fluid retained internally should be transformed.
In Shanghan, with fluid retention in the epigastrium, cough with slight wheezing, fever without thirst, if after taking medicine the patient feels thirsty, this indicates the cold has gone and the disease is about to resolve; [the original formula was] Xiaoqinglong Tang (Minor Green Dragon Decoction).
Fever without thirst indicates fluid retention in the epigastrium, hence Xiaoqinglong Tang (Minor Green Dragon Decoction) is used. Now, if thirst appears after taking this decoction, it means the cold-fluid has been eliminated and the disease is resolving; there is no need to continue taking Xiaoqinglong Tang (Minor Green Dragon Decoction). Detailed in the Cough section.
For patients with a history of wheezing who present with sweating, Guizhi Tang Houpo Xingren Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction with Magnolia Bark and Apricot Kernel) is primarily used.
Taiyang wind damaging the Wei (Defensive) level requires Guizhi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction). Now, with concurrent wheezing, Houpo (Magnolia Bark) is added to regulate Stomach Qi, and Xingren (Apricot Kernel) to regulate Lung Qi.
In Taiyang disease, if mild wheezing occurs after erroneous purgation, it is because the exterior pathogen remains unresolved; Guizhi Tang Houpo Xingren Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction with Magnolia Bark and Apricot Kernel) is primarily used. For patients with a history of wheezing, adding Houpo (Magnolia Bark) and Xingren (Apricot Kernel) to Guizhi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction) is optimal.
Erroneous purgation in Taiyang disease leaves the exterior pathogen unresolved, causing wheezing. When using Guizhi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction), herbs that calm the Lung and Stomach should be added; hence, for patients with a history of wheezing, Guizhi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction) with Houpo (Magnolia Bark) and Xingren (Apricot Kernel) is best.
After diaphoresis, Guizhi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction) should not be administered again. If there is sweating and wheezing without significant heat, Mahuang Xingren Gancao Shigao Tang (Ephedra, Apricot Kernel, Licorice, and Gypsum Decoction) may be used. After diaphoresis, excessive water intake will inevitably cause wheezing; bathing with cold water also causes wheezing. After purgation, Guizhi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction) should not be administered again. If there is sweating and wheezing without significant heat, Mahuang Xingren Gancao Shigao Tang (Ephedra, Apricot Kernel, Licorice, and Gypsum Decoction) may be used.
The first half states that after diaphoresis, Guizhi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction) should not be used again; the second half states that after purgation, Guizhi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction) should not be used again. Although diaphoresis and purgation differ, both result in residual exterior pathogens, presenting with sweating, wheezing, and lack of significant heat; thus, this formula simultaneously resolves the Taiyang (Greater Yang) pathogen. This derives from the method of using Guizhi Wuling San (Cinnamon Twig and Five-Ingredient Poria Pill) to simultaneously resolve the exterior and interior of the Lower Jiao for heat binding in the Bladder, evolving into a method to simultaneously resolve heat binding in the Upper Jiao of the Taiyang (Greater Yang). Refer to the Spontaneous Sweating section for details.
In Taiyang disease, if the Guizhi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction) syndrome is present but the physician erroneously uses purgation, leading to persistent diarrhea, a rapid pulse indicating the exterior is unresolved, and wheezing with sweating, Gegen Huangqin Huanglian Tang (Kudzu, Coptis, and Scutellaria Decoction) is primarily used.
This clause describes an erroneous purgation of Taiyang disease resulting not in Chest Binding (Jie Xiong) but in diarrhea with attached heat, presenting as wheezing and sweating. Detailed in the Spontaneous Sweating section.
Yangming Wind Strike. Bitter taste in the mouth, dry throat, abdominal fullness, slight wheezing, fever, aversion to cold, floating and tight pulse. If purgation is used, abdominal fullness and difficulty urinating will occur; [if the pulse remains floating and tight indicating exterior pathogen], Mahuang Tang (Ephedra Decoction) is primarily used.
Fever, aversion to cold, floating and tight pulse still indicate Taiyang (Greater Yang) exterior pathogens. If erroneously purged, it leads to abdominal fullness and difficulty urinating. The phrase "Mahuang Tang (Ephedra Decoction) is primarily used" follows "floating and tight pulse."
In Yangming disease, if the pulse is floating, there is no sweating, and wheezing occurs, diaphoresis will lead to recovery; Mahuang Tang (Ephedra Decoction) is appropriate.
Floating pulse, no sweating, and wheezing indicate treatment should follow Taiyang (Greater Yang) exterior pathogens; one should not rigidly adhere to Yangming disease diagnosis. Hence, it is said that diaphoresis leads to recovery.
In Yangming disease, if the pulse is floating and tight, with dry throat, bitter taste, abdominal fullness, wheezing, fever, sweating, aversion to heat rather than cold, and heaviness of the body, Baihu Tang (White Tiger Decoction) and Wuling San (Five-Ingredient Poria Pill) are used.
The previous clause stated that floating and tight pulse requires dispersing the exterior; this clause states that dry throat, bitter taste, abdominal fullness, fever, sweating, aversion to heat rather than cold require Baihu Tang (White Tiger Decoction) for the dry throat, and Wuling San (Five-Ingredient Poria Pill) for the floating/tight pulse, abdominal fullness, and body heaviness.
In Shanghan (Cold Damage) on the fourth or fifth day, if the pulse is deep with wheezing and fullness, deep pulse indicates interior location. Erroneously inducing sweating depletes body fluids, making defecation difficult. Exterior and interior deficiency and excess become mixed; prolonged duration leads to delirium.
Deep pulse with wheezing indicates clearing interior heat is appropriate. Erroneous sweating causes fluid loss. Dry and stagnant stool indicates no exterior pathogen but interior heat, hence delirium occurs over time.
If the patient has difficulty urinating, alternating hard and soft stools, occasional slight fever, wheezing, dizziness, and inability to lie down, there is dried feces (Zao Shi); Dachengqi Tang (Major Order the Qi Decoction) is appropriate.
Zhongjing usually uses free urination to verify hardened stool. Now, difficulty urination is used to determine the need for purgation. Free urination verifies hardened stool, so purgation is possible. Difficulty urination verifies heat entering the interior, so purgation is possible. Alternating hard and soft stools is a sign of fire in the Large Intestine, so purgation is possible. Occasional slight fever is synonymous with tidal fever, so purgation is possible. Wheezing, dizziness, and inability to lie down indicate Yangming Stomach excess, so purgation is possible.
After emesis and purgation in Shanghan (Cold Damage), if there is constipation and tidal fever, and the condition worsens to include inability to recognize people, picking at bedclothes, slight wheezing, fixed gaze, a wiry pulse indicates survival, while a choppy pulse indicates death.
In critical conditions, life and death are determined by the pulse. A wiry pulse indicates Yin has not perished, hence survival; a choppy pulse indicates Yin is exhausted, hence death.
Qianghuo Tang (Notopterygium Decoction) See Aversion to Cold.
Qianghuo Chonghe Tang (Notopterygium Harmony Decoction)
For pure Taiyang (Greater Yang) exterior pathogens presenting with wheezing, use the former formula (Qianghuo Tang); if there are exterior pathogens combined with interior heat, use this formula (Qianghuo Chonghe Tang).
Xiexin Tang (Drain Heart Decoction) See Delirium.
Liangge San (Cool the Diaphragm Powder) See Mania.
Interior heat causing wheezing should be treated according to the Lung, Stomach, and Heart meridians. The former formula (Xiexin Tang) clears heat in the epigastrium; this formula (Liangge San) treats both Lung and Stomach.
Daxiehu Tang (Major Bupleurum Decoction) See Tidal Fever.
San Chengqi Tangs (Three Chengqi Decoctions) See Constipation.
Xiaobanxia Tang (Minor Pinellia Decoction)
Prepared Banxia (Pinellia Rhizome) Guangpi (Tangerine Peel) Shengjiang (Fresh Ginger)
Wheezing and rebellious Qi are divided into Phlegm-Fire and Fluid Retention. This formula treats wheezing and rebellious Qi due to fluid retention without fire.
Xiaoqinglong Tang (Minor Green Dragon Decoction) See Rebellious Cough.
This formula treats wheezing due to internally retained fluid retention and externally contracted wind-cold. Detailed in the Rebellious Cough section.
Zhilian Erchen Tang (Gardenia and Coptis Two-Chen Decoction)
Zhizi (Gardenia Fruit) Chuanlian (Coptis Rhizome) Banxia (Pinellia Rhizome) Guangpi (Tangerine Peel) Baifuling (White Poria) Gancao (Licorice Root)
The previous Xiaobanxia Tang (Minor Pinellia Decoction) treats phlegm without fire; this formula treats phlegm with fire.
Qingshu Tang (Clear Summer-Heat Decoction)
Chuanlian (Coptis Rhizome) Xiangru (Mosla Herb) Nongpu (Magnolia Bark) Gancao (Licorice Root)
Xiangru (Mosla Herb) is warm in nature. It is commonly believed to clear summer-heat, but unknown is that when used together with Huanglian (Coptis Rhizome), one is cold and one is warm, thus clearing summer-heat pathogens. For example, when taking Liuyi San (Six-to-One Powder), it must be taken with boiling water to disperse summer-heat pathogens and open the pores.
Qingzao Tang (Clear Dryness Decoction)
Sangye (Mulberry Leaf) Shigao (Gypsum) Renshen (Ginseng Root) Maidong (Ophiopogon Tuber) Pipaye (Loquat Leaf) Xingren (Apricot Kernel) Ejiao (Donkey-Hide Gelatin) Huangqin (Scutellaria Root) Zhimu (Anemarrhena Rhizome) Tianhuafen (Trichosanthes Root)
This formula uses Shigao (Gypsum), Huangqin (Scutellaria Root), Zhimu (Anemarrhena Rhizome), and Tianhuafen (Trichosanthes Root) to clear and moisten the Upper Jiao; Sangye (Mulberry Leaf) and Xingren (Apricot Kernel) guide the action into the Lung; Renshen (Ginseng Root), Maidong (Ophiopogon Tuber), and Ejiao (Donkey-Hide Gelatin) moisten the Lung and generate fluids. While treating heat, damp-heat is treated with bitter-drying methods; dryness-heat is treated with cool-moistening methods. Dryness and dampness are divided into two categories. However, at Spring Equinox, dampness is expected but absent until Grain Rain; at Autumn Equinox, dryness is expected but absent until Frost Descent. Thus, it is said frost brings dryness and rain brings dampness, referring to the correct seasonal timing. There are cases where damp times are dry and dry times are damp, requiring flexible treatment.
Zhimu Shigao Tang (Anemarrhena and Gypsum Decoction)
Zhimu (Anemarrhena Rhizome) Shigao (Gypsum) Banxia (Pinellia Rhizome) Zhuye (Bamboo Leaf) Maidong (Ophiopogon Tuber) Gancao (Licorice Root)
For fire-wheezing without phlegm, use Shigao (Gypsum) and Zhimu (Anemarrhena Rhizome); for fire-wheezing with phlegm, add Banxia (Pinellia Rhizome). Shigao (Gypsum) is cold and cooling; combined with Banxia (Pinellia Rhizome), it can acridly dissipate phlegm-saliva. Banxia (Pinellia Rhizome) is acrid and warm; combined with Shigao (Gypsum), it can clear heat and harmonize the Stomach. This is a method derived from moistening formulas to acridly dissipate phlegm-saliva and stop wheezing, also applicable to treating phlegm-fire vomiting and phlegm-fire cough.
Gualougen Tang (Trichosanthes Root Decoction)
Gualougen (Trichosanthes Root) Banxia (Pinellia Rhizome) Zhuru (Bamboo Shavings) Zhike (Aurantium Fruit) Jiegeng (Platycodon Root)
The previous Qingzao Tang (Clear Dryness Decoction) treats Lung-dryness wheezing; Zhimu Shigao Tang (Anemarrhena and Gypsum Decoction) treats Stomach-heat wheezing; Gualougen Tang (Trichosanthes Root Decoction) treats wheezing and rebellious Qi due to excessive phlegm in the Lung and Stomach meridians.
Pingwei Baohe San (Calm Stomach and Harmonize Powder) See Chest Fullness.
This treats food stagnation in the Middle Jiao causing wheezing, fullness, and inability to lie down, taken with Zhike Tang (Aurantium Decoction).
Mahuang Xingren Gancao Shigao Tang (Ephedra, Apricot Kernel, Licorice, and Gypsum Decoction) Four ingredients.
This formula is used after diaphoresis or purgation when there is sweating and wheezing without significant heat. Since exterior signs have diminished and Guizhi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction) is contraindicated, Mahuang (Ephedra) is added to Xingren (Apricot Kernel) and Shigao (Gypsum) to clear the Lung, simultaneously resolving residual pathogens in the Upper Jiao to treat wheezing and rebellious Qi.
Gegen Huangqin Huanglian Tang (Kudzu, Coptis, and Scutellaria Decoction) Three ingredients.
Zhongjing has three clauses regarding wheezing with sweating. First, after Taiyang diaphoresis, wheezing with sweating and no significant heat; second, after Taiyang purgation, wheezing with sweating and no significant heat. Diaphoresis and purgation differ, but both prohibit Guizhi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction) and use Mahuang Xingren Gancao Shigao Tang (Ephedra, Apricot Kernel, Licorice, and Gypsum Decoction). Third, in Guizhi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction) syndrome, erroneous purgation with Chengqi Tang leads to persistent diarrhea, rapid pulse, unresolved exterior, wheezing, and sweating; here, Gegen (Kudzu Root), Huangqin (Scutellaria Root), and Huanglian (Coptis Rhizome) are primarily used. Comparing the first and second clauses, although diaphoresis and purgation differ, the pathology is in the Upper Jiao of Taiyang (Greater Yang), hence the same formula is used. Comparing the second and third clauses, both are post-purgation with wheezing and sweating, yet the formulas differ because the pathology is in the Lower Jiao of Yangming, with heat-attached diarrhea, hence Gegen Huangqin Huanglian Tang (Kudzu, Coptis, and Scutellaria Decoction) is used.