手足三部脉皆至言三部大小同等也今人但知六七日欲作战汗脉伏不知三部脉皆实而烦躁口噤亦是作汗之兆故仲景重
申此义以明之。
若脉和其人大烦目重脸内际黄者。此为欲解也。
大烦目重脸内际黄而脉和者。中央之色见于正位湿热得以外散也。
病患若发热身体疼病患自卧师到诊其脉沉而迟者知其瘥也何以知之表有病者脉当浮大今脉反沉迟故知愈也。
本发热身疼今热退静卧而脉沉迟故知邪散病不传也设表证误服下药而脉变沉迟又为结胸入里之候也。
假令病患云腹内卒痛病患自坐师到脉之浮而大者知其瘥也何以知之若里有病者脉当沉而细今反浮大故知愈也。
腹中有寒故痛所以脉当沉细今脉变浮大知阴退阳复故为愈也设卒痛便见浮大又为脉不应证矣。
师曰病家人来请云病患发热烦极明日师到病患向壁卧此热已去也设令脉不和处言已愈。
热退身凉而安静虽脉不和为邪退未久故尚末平复不当以脉病患安例之。
问曰凡病欲知何时得何时愈答曰假令夜半得病明日日中愈日中得病夜半愈何以言之日中得病夜半愈者以阳得阴则解
也夜半得病明日日中愈者以阴得阳则解也。
问曰脉有灾怪何谓也师曰假令人病脉得大阳与形证相应因为作汤比还送汤如食顷病患乃大吐若下利腹中痛师曰我前
来不见此证今乃变异是名灾怪又问曰何缘作此吐利答曰或有旧时服药今乃发作故名灾怪耳。
脉浮而洪身汗如油喘而不休水浆不下形体不仁乍静乍乱此为命绝也。又未知何脏先受其灾若汗出发润喘不休者此为
肺先绝也阳反独留形体如烟熏直视摇头者。此心绝也唇吻反青四肢 习者此为肝绝也环口黧黑柔汗发黄者此脾绝也溲便
遗失狂言目反直视者此为肾绝也。
阳反独留孤阳亢极阴气先竭也四肢 习振掉不宁也柔汗冷汗也按五脏绝证有因贼邪胜克而死者有木脏之邪亢极而死
者有子气过逆母气告竭而死者有本脏之气衰绝而死者有脏腑俱绝而死者不可一概论。
又未知本脏阴阳前绝若阳气前绝阴气后竭者其人死身色必青阴气前绝阳气后竭者其人死身色必赤腋下温心下热也。
伤寒咳逆上气其脉散者。死谓其形损故也脉阴阳俱盛大汗出不解者。死脉阴阳俱虚热不止者死脉至乍疏乍数者死脉
至如转索者其日死谵言妄语身微热脉浮大手足温者生逆冷脉沉细者不过一日死矣。
伤寒咳逆上气肺病也脉毛甚则散肺绝之脉也。阴阳俱盛大汗出不解。阴阳交也。阴阳俱虚热不止。津液竭也。乍疏
乍数者死其有大小者为难治也。脉至如转索者。其目死纯是邪脉正气不能为王也。谵妄身微热而手足温证脉相应故主生
谵妄身大热而手足冷证脉相反故主死也。
手足三部的脉象都明显可触及,意思是寸、关、尺三部脉的大小是等同的。现在的人只知道在发病六七日时,若出现欲作战汗(正气抗邪,正邪交争而汗出)的情况,脉象会伏匿不见;却不知道如果三部脉都充实有力,同时伴有烦躁、牙关紧闭的症状,这也是将要作汗的征兆。所以张仲景重申这一道理来阐明它。
如果脉象调和,病人非常烦躁,眼睑沉重且内眦发黄,这是病情即将解除的表现。
病人极度烦躁,眼睑沉重,内眦发黄,且脉象调和,这是脾土之色(黄色)出现在正常位置,湿热之邪得以向外发散。
病人如果发热、身体疼痛,自己安静地躺着。医生前来诊察,发现脉象沉而迟缓,就知道病快要好了。为什么这样知道呢?因为表证有病,脉象应当浮大;现在脉象反而沉迟,所以知道病愈了。
原本发热身痛,现在热退身静卧,且脉象沉迟,所以知道邪气已散,病不会传变。假如表证误服了泻下药,导致脉象变为沉迟,这又是结胸证、病邪入里的征候。
假如病人说腹中突然疼痛,病人自己坐着。医生前来诊脉,发现脉象浮而大,就知道病快要好了。为什么这样知道呢?如果里有病,脉象应当沉细;现在反而浮大,所以知道病愈了。
腹中有寒所以疼痛,按理脉象应当沉细;现在脉象变为浮大,说明阴寒退去、阳气恢复,所以为病愈。假如突然腹痛却立即见到浮大脉,这就是脉象与证候不相符了。
医生说:病人的家属来请医,说病人发热烦躁到了极点。第二天医生到来,看到病人面向墙壁躺着,这说明热势已经退了。假如脉象不和,也说病已痊愈。
热退身凉且安静,虽然脉象不和,但因为邪气刚退不久,所以尚未完全平复,不应当用“脉象与病人安适情况不符”的例子来衡量。
问:凡是生病,想知道何时得病、何时痊愈,怎么回答?答:假如半夜得病,第二天中午痊愈;中午得病,半夜痊愈。为什么说中午得病半夜痊愈呢?是因为阳邪得到阴气的制约而解;半夜得病第二天中午痊愈,是因为阴邪得到阳气的温煦而解。
问:脉象中有“灾怪”是怎么回事?医生说:假如有人生病,脉象表现为太阳病脉,与症状相应,于是准备开汤药。还没等送药喝下,大约一顿饭的功夫,病人却发生剧烈呕吐或腹泻、腹痛。医生说:“我来的时候没见这些症状,现在突然变异,这叫灾怪。”又问:为什么会发生这种吐利?答:可能是以前服过的药物,现在才发作,所以叫灾怪。
脉象浮而洪大,身上出汗如油,气喘不停,水浆不能入口,形体麻木不仁,时而安静时而混乱,这是生命终结的征象。又不知是哪一脏先遭受灾难:如果出汗后头发湿润、气喘不停,这是肺先绝;阳气反独留(孤阳亢盛),形体如烟熏色,两眼直视、摇头,这是心先绝;嘴唇和口吻发青,四肢抽搐震颤,这是肝先绝;口周发黑,出冷汗,肤色发黄,这是脾先绝;大小便失禁,胡言乱语,两眼直视,这是肾先绝。
阳气反独留,是孤阳亢极,阴气先竭。四肢抽搐震颤不宁,柔汗是指冷汗。按五脏绝证的死因,有因贼邪胜克而死的,有木脏(肝)之邪亢极而死的,有子气过逆导致母气告竭而死的,有本脏之气衰绝而死的,有脏腑俱绝而死的,不可一概而论。
又不知是本脏阴阳哪一方先绝:如果阳气先绝,阴气后竭,人死后身体颜色必青;如果阴气先绝,阳气后竭,人死后身体颜色必赤,腋下温暖,心下部发热。
伤寒咳嗽气逆上冲,脉象散乱的,主死,这是因为形体精气亏损的缘故。脉象阴阳两部都盛大,出汗后病不解的,主死。脉象阴阳两部都虚弱,发热不止的,主死。脉象忽快忽慢的,主死。脉象像转索一样紧硬的,当天死亡。说胡话、妄语,身体微热,脉浮大,手足温暖的,主生;手足逆冷,脉沉细的,不超过一天就会死亡。
伤寒咳嗽气逆上冲,是肺病。脉象毛甚(轻取即得且盛大)则散,是肺绝的脉象。阴阳俱盛大,汗出不解,是阴阳交争的病机。阴阳俱虚,热不止,是津液枯竭。忽快忽慢的死证,如果有大小不一的脉象,为难治。脉象像转索一样,是纯邪脉,正气不能为主。说胡话、身体微热而手足温,证候与脉象相应,所以主生;说胡话、身体大热而手足冷,证候与脉象相反,所以主死。
The pulses at the three positions of the hands (Cun, Guan, Chi) are all palpable, meaning the magnitude of the pulses in the three positions is equal. Nowadays, people only know that when a disease is about to resolve through "Zhan Han" (shivering sweat, where righteous Qi fights pathogenic factors), the pulse may become hidden. They do not realize that if the pulses in all three positions are full and solid, accompanied by irritability and lockjaw, this is also a sign that sweating is imminent. Therefore, Zhang Zhongjing reiterates this point to clarify it.
If the pulse is harmonious, the patient is extremely irritable, eyelids are heavy, and the inner canthus appears yellow, this indicates that the disease is about to resolve.
When the patient is extremely irritable, eyelids are heavy, the inner canthus is yellow, and the pulse is harmonious, it signifies that the color of the Spleen Earth (yellow) appears in its proper position, allowing damp-heat to dissipate outwardly.
If a patient has fever and body pain but lies quietly, and upon examination by the physician, the pulse is deep and slow, it can be known that the disease is recovering. Why is this known? Because for exterior diseases, the pulse should typically be floating and large; since the pulse is now instead deep and slow, it is known that recovery is occurring.
Originally having fever and body pain, now with heat subsiding, quiet lying down, and a deep and slow pulse, it is known that the pathogen has dispersed and the disease will not transmit. If an exterior syndrome is mistakenly treated with purgatives, causing the pulse to become deep and slow, this indicates the formation of "Jie Xiong" (chest binding) and the transmission of the pathogen inward.
Suppose a patient complains of sudden abdominal pain and sits quietly. Upon examination, if the pulse is floating and large, it is known that the disease is recovering. Why? Because interior diseases typically present with deep and fine pulses; the reversal to floating and large indicates recovery.
Abdominal cold causes pain, so the pulse should theoretically be deep and fine. The change to a floating and large pulse indicates the retreat of Yin-cold and the restoration of Yang, signifying recovery. However, if sudden pain presents immediately with a floating and large pulse, this represents a mismatch between pulse and syndrome.
The physician states: Family members request medical attention, reporting the patient had extreme fever and irritability. When the physician arrives the next day, seeing the patient facing the wall indicates the heat has subsided. Even if the pulse is not perfectly harmonious, it is considered cured.
With heat subsiding, body cooling, and calmness, even if the pulse is not harmonious, it is because the pathogen has just retreated and full recovery has not yet occurred. One should not apply the rule of "pulse mismatching patient comfort" in this context.
Q: How does one determine when a disease was contracted and when it will resolve? A: For example, if contracted at midnight, it resolves at noon the next day; if contracted at noon, it resolves at midnight. Why? Resolution at noon from a midnight onset occurs because Yang obtains Yin to resolve; resolution at midnight from a noon onset occurs because Yin obtains Yang to resolve.
Q: What is meant by "Zai Guai" (disaster anomaly) in pulses? A: Suppose a patient presents with Taiyang pulse matching the symptoms, and decoction is prepared. Before the medicine is consumed, within the time of a meal, the patient suddenly vomits severely or experiences diarrhea and abdominal pain. The physician says, "I did not see these symptoms earlier; their sudden appearance is called Zai Guai." Q: What causes this vomiting and diarrhea? A: It may be due to medication taken previously that is now taking effect, hence termed Zai Guai.
Floating and surging pulse, sweating like oil, continuous panting, inability to take fluids, numbness of the body, alternating periods of calmness and confusion—this indicates the end of life. It is unknown which Zang organ fails first: Sweating with wet hair and continuous panting indicates Lung failure first; Yang remains alone (isolated Yang hyperactivity), body color like smoke, fixed gaze, and head shaking indicate Heart failure first; lips and mouth turning cyanotic, limb tremors and spasms indicate Liver failure first; blackening around the mouth, cold sweat, and yellowish complexion indicate Spleen failure first; incontinence of urine and feces, delirious speech, and fixed upward gaze indicate Kidney failure first.
Yang remaining alone signifies isolated Yang hyperactivity and prior exhaustion of Yin. Limb tremors and spasms indicate restlessness. Cold sweat refers to soft sweat. Regarding the causes of death in Five Zang failure syndromes: some die due to overcoming by hostile pathogens, some due to hyperactivity of Wood (Liver) pathogens, some due to excessive Child Qi exhausting the Mother Qi, some due to衰竭 of the original Zang Qi, and some due to simultaneous failure of Zang and Fu organs; these cannot be generalized.
It is unknown whether Yin or Yang of the original Zang fails first: If Yang fails first and Yin follows, the corpse color will be green; if Yin fails first and Yang follows, the corpse color will be red, with warm axillae and hot epigastrium.
In Shanghan (Cold Damage) with cough, rebellious Qi rising, and a scattered pulse, death is indicated because the physical essence is damaged. If both Yin and Yang pulses are excessively large and sweating does not resolve the condition, death is indicated. If both Yin and Yang pulses are deficient and fever persists, death is indicated. If the pulse alternates between slow and rapid, death is indicated. If the pulse feels like a turning rope, death occurs on that day. Delirium and妄语 (wild speech) with slight fever, floating and large pulse, and warm hands and feet indicate survival; cold hands and feet with deep and fine pulse indicate death within one day.
Shanghan with cough and rebellious Qi rising is a Lung disease. An excessively large Mao (Hair-like) pulse that becomes scattered indicates Lung failure. Excessively large Yin and Yang pulses with unresolved sweating indicate "Yin Yang Jiao" (intermingling of Yin and Yang). Deficient Yin and Yang pulses with persistent fever indicate exhaustion of Jin Ye (Body Fluids). Alternating slow and rapid pulses indicate death; variable pulse sizes indicate difficult treatment. A pulse like a turning rope indicates pure pathogenic pulse where Zheng Qi (Righteous Qi) cannot prevail. Delirium with slight fever and warm extremities matches the pulse, indicating survival; delirium with high fever and cold extremities contradicts the pulse, indicating death.