General Discussion in *Yizong Jinjian* states: For falls and blows causing injury, although manual manipulation is used for treatment, it is feared that the appropriateness may not be fully achieved, leading to the suffering of being treated as if untreated. This cannot be said to reflect a thorough understanding of medical principles. Therefore, based on the morphology of the body's upper and lower parts and its anterior and posterior aspects, devices are manufactured to correct deformities, assisting where manual manipulation falls short, with the hope that separated parts will rejoin, crooked parts will become straight, high parts will be lowered to match low ones, and depressed parts will be elevated to their proper position. In this way, critical conditions can turn into safety, severe injuries can become mild. Furthermore, by applying the efficacy of medicinal herbs and demonstrating proper recuperation methods, the art of bone setting becomes complete.

Wrapping Curtain (Guolian)
*Yizong Jinjian* states: The Wrapping Curtain is made of white cloth. Because other devices are unsuitable for the injured area, only wrapping with cloth is appropriate, hence the name "Wrapping Curtain." Its length, width, and narrowness are determined according to the severity of the condition.

Vibrating Mallet (Zhenting)
The Explanation states: Whenever the head suffers trauma but the bone is not shattered and the tendons are not severed, even if there is blood stasis accumulation with swelling and pain, it is considered treatable. First, use manual manipulation to align and lift the tendons of the neck. Then, wrap the head tightly with two or three layers of cloth. Next, gently tap the soles of the feet with the Vibrating Mallet to promote the free flow of Qi among the Five Viscera (Zang-organs), disperse the blood stasis, prevent Qi from rushing to the Heart (Benxin), avoid vomiting or hiccups, and calm the Spirit (Shen). However, if after wrapping the head and tapping the soles, the patient feels no pain, falls into unconsciousness, produces rattling phlegm sounds like sawing wood, exhibits body rigidity, and foams at the mouth, this indicates that Qi and Blood are on the verge of exhaustion; such cases are untreatable.

Shoulder Cape (Pijian)
The Explanation states: Whenever both shoulders suffer sprain or fall injuries, where bones may be fractured, displaced laterally, protruding obliquely, or where bone joints are misaligned and tendons are flipped, the method requires the patient to lie on a bench. First, realign the bone joints and massage the tendon knots. Place cotton padding close to the skin, then secure the shoulder with the Shoulder Cape, binding it tightly front and back. Finally, wrap the outside with cloth. Use an armrest board, slightly over two chi long and three to four cun wide, with ropes threaded through both ends, suspended in the air. Have the patient lie prone on it to prevent the shoulder bones from sagging. After seven days, inspect the area. If healed, remove the board; if not, continue using it. Failure to follow this treatment will inevitably lead to permanent disability.

Yaoshan states: Use half-split water bamboo, sized to the injured area, with sharp edges removed, and insert it into the shoulder. Under the shoulder and armpit, place another padded object to fill the axilla. Secure externally with cloth bands. This device treats shattered shoulder bones. Although harder than wooden boards, if used correctly and bound securely, there is no risk of displacement.

Climbing Rope (Pansuo)
*Yizong Jinjian* states: The Climbing Rope involves hanging a rope from a high place for the patient to grasp with both hands.

Stacked Bricks (Diezhuan)
The Explanation states: For chest, abdomen, axilla, and hypochondriac injuries caused by falls, blows, or compression resulting in a depressed and straightened chest, first have the patient grasp a rope with both hands and stand on bricks. The physician holds the patient's lower back. Remove one brick from each side, instructing the patient to straighten their body and extend their chest. After a moment, remove another brick from each side, again instructing the patient to straighten and extend. Repeat this three times until the feet touch the ground. This allows Qi to flow freely and stasis to dissipate, raising the depression and straightening the curvature. Afterwards, wrap the chest with a bamboo curtain and bind tightly with eight wide belts to ensure breathing is not obstructed. The patient should only lie supine, not prone or lateral. Place a pillow under the waist to prevent left-right movement.

Through Wood (Tongmu)
The Explanation states: For spinal injuries from falls and blows where the dorsal bone is cracked and elevated, the patient will likely suffer from kyphosis and difficulty extending backward. The method requires the patient to lie prone. The physician places their shoulders under the patient's feet. Observing the cracked and elevated area, the physician determines whether to apply light or heavy pressure, lifting, grasping, pressing, or kneading to realign the fracture. Then, use a wooden device to force alignment according to previous methods.

Waist Pillar (Yaozhu)
The Explanation states: For lumbar sprains and Qi stagnation, use standard treatments. If the lumbar vertebrae are injured and misaligned, muscles are ruptured, and tendons are slanted causing kyphosis, mix Dingtong San (Pain-Relieving Powder) with vinegar, apply it to the Waist Pillar. Arrange the pillars alongside the spine according to the injury site, ensuring they are upright. Cover the pillars with a thin mat made of Qiai (Ai Ye, Mugwort Herb) to protect against wind and cold. Bind tightly with a long wide belt around the abdomen. Administer internal medicine for self-healing.

Yaoshan states: Medicine relies on intent. Examining how ancient masters established theories and formulas, although based on evidence, incorporating personal insight always remains within reason. Bone setting, besides manual therapy, utilizes devices, implying a conceptual connection. Reading the *History of Ming*, it records an censor who offended the Emperor through repeated memorials. During interrogation, the Emperor ordered warriors to beat him with golden melon hammers, breaking two ribs. He was then imprisoned, subjected to the "Tinggun" (a wooden torture device), shackles, and strict confinement. The Tinggun was made of wood, sized to the person, locked at the neck, chained at the ankles, and tied at the hands and waist, preventing bending or turning. Later, the Emperor realized his error, released the censor out of pity for his loyal remonstrance, and found his broken ribs had already united. This was not without benefit from the Tinggun and shackles. The Tinggun resembles Tongmu; shackling resembles binding. Broken bones reunited implies "healing without medicine." The current use of devices likely stems from this legacy.

Bamboo Curtain (Zhulian)
The Explanation states: For limb fractures, after manual reduction, wrap with cloth, then encircle with a bamboo curtain outside the cloth and bind tightly. This prevents bone fragments from shifting or displacing. It is a general-purpose item.

Fir Fence (Shali)
The Explanation states: Used to wrap around the bamboo curtain, securing the ropes, and adding more ropes around the fence to provide firmness and strength, preventing bone joints from separating or sliding. Areas of joint movement or long tendons are prone to shaking. Using only a bamboo curtain may lack sufficient rigidity, so adding this fence to encircle the area ensures firm union of the bone joints.

Chen Yuan Gong states: For fractures from falls and blows, use fir wood or fir boards to align the broken bones properly, bind them with ropes to prevent tilting or bending, and tighten securely. Do not loosen due to sympathy for pain, as this causes harm. Subsequently, use internal medicines. If the skin is broken and bleeding, external treatments are necessary. If the skin is intact despite the fracture, external treatment may be omitted, but combining internal and external treatments is superior. Internal treatment prioritizes invigorating blood and removing stasis; if blood does not circulate, stasis remains, and bones cannot unite. Internally, administer Jiegu Shendan (Bone-Connecting Divine Elixir) decoction. Externally, apply Quantisheng Gao (Whole-Body Divine Plaster), supplemented with Shengjindan (Gold-Surpassing Golden Pill) powder sprinkled on the wound. Use three qian of powder per plaster sheet. Usually, one application suffices; for severe cases, use two. This is an extraordinary formula. If there is no injury, simply applying the plaster without the powder is unnecessary. These three methods of internal and external treatment possess indescribable efficacy, allowing rapid results for both doctor and patient. Hence, they are highlighted here. The formula originates from *Bingjian*.

Gulan states: Injury causes pain. Binding with boards and wood due to pain increases pain. Increased pain leads to laxity in hands and heart, resulting in loosening. This exacerbates the pain. When treatment becomes impossible, regret comes too late. Students must master manual techniques to achieve natural efficacy during clinical practice, avoiding laxity.

Yaoshan states: For fractures of the arm, child's neck, leg, or upper arm, whether cut, broken, shattered, or oblique, large fir fences are not necessary; fir bark suffices. Remove the rough bark from the fir bark, using two or three pieces, sized like a finger nail, with length determined by the injury site. Fir bark has a hollow structure similar to bamboo, fitting the bone perfectly. Hollowed fir bark wrapped in paper can be used for elbows and wrists, allowing rotation, extension, flexion, and bending—this is the flexible method of splinting. Large bamboo strips wrapped in paper, or three to four pieces sized to the injury, are also effective. Thin pine boards, like those used for cake boxes, wrapped in paper and placed at the fracture site, tightly bound with cotton bands, are also excellent. These are all commonly used and verified devices.

Knee Hug (Baoxi)
The Explanation states: The patella covers the ends of the femur and tibia and is naturally mobile. If injured, the bone may shatter or dislocate laterally. Even after manual reduction to the original position, walking or stopping will pull on it. Therefore, use the Knee Hug to stabilize it, preventing re-dislocation and subsequent lameness. Insert the four legs of the Knee Hug beside the knee, secure the knee with a bamboo hoop to ensure stability, and bind tightly with a wide white cloth belt.

Yaoshan states: For brittle or shattered patellae, wrap paper, bamboo, and hair strips into a frame equal in size to the knee. Attach four ropes to the frame. After applying plaster, place the strip frame over the knee and bind with the four ropes front and back. This is softer than a bamboo hoop.

Furthermore, the above devices are essential for orthopedics, yet additional experimental devices exist, though still incomplete. For shoulder dislocations, use cloth bands around the arms tied between pillars. For leg dislocations, bind the leg and foot with wide belts, hold the person, and use a large hammer head to intimidate/reduce. Some use hard supports; some use soft padding. All devices essentially rely on binding, wrapping, splinting, supporting, and holding to restore position and prevent movement. The key lies in the practitioner's flexibility.

*Xuanhui* states: For flat-surface injuries with fractures or comminution but intact skin, apply Jiegu Dingtong Gao (Bone-Setting and Pain-Relieving Plaster). For injuries in flexor areas of hands and feet, use wrapping that allows frequent movement. For crushed finger bones, use hemp片 (hemp slices) for splinting. For legs, use hemp rope binding. Apply hot bindings in winter, cool in summer, and warm in other months. If the bone is broken and skin is lacerated, do not decoct medicine with alcohol. If internal damage exists with skin laceration, add fresh urine (Tongbian, Child's Urine) to blood-breaking medicines for oral administration. If the bone is broken but skin is intact, decoct medicine entirely with alcohol. For soft tissue injuries without bone fracture or muscle rupture, use Xiaozhong Gao (Swelling-Reducing Plaster) or Dingtong Gao. If small bone fragments remain under the skin, apply Dingtong Gao and splint. If the injury is severe enough to cause necrosis and spontaneous expulsion of fragments, apply Bujisan (Muscle-Nourishing Powder) and cover with Burou Gao (Flesh-Replenishing Plaster). Soak splints in medicinal water regularly: every three days in spring/autumn, two days in summer, four days in winter. Wash off old medication carefully without disturbing the injury site, then reapply the same medicine and plaster. When changing dressings, do not peel dry gauze directly. Moisten with a wet towel, peel off layer by layer, wash immediately, and reapply. Do not delay; prepare plasters in advance for immediate application. This is the secret of dressing changes, applicable to plaster replacement as well.