其色青，其味极苦而辛，其气温而无毒，气味俱浓，沉而阴降也。入足厥阴、少
阳。苦泻辛散，性复克削，所以主破坚癖结积，治左胁肝经积气及膈气也。同人参、鳖
甲，能消疟母，同人参、白术、三棱、蓬术、阿魏、矾、红山楂、红曲、木香、消疫
癖气块及肉食坚积，同枳壳、肉桂、川芎，治左胁痛。然性最酷烈，过服误服立损真气，为害不浅。
青皮，治气至低，肝脏引经，破滞气左胁下，平郁怒，消疟母，劫诸疝瘕胀痛，消
积食之停滞，泻肝气之有余。柴胡疏上焦肝气，青皮理下焦肝气，然峻削酷烈，甚非气
血所宜，即肝为东方生气，岂可轻行克伐，用者慎之。
主治（痘疹合参） 能开膈行气，凡痘肚腹膨胀，食伤而未得下者可用，一云此痘
家必用之药，能泻肝，令不成水泡而作痒也。又起发迟者痒 者，并不可缺，宜择小
而皮薄陈久者，水浸去白锉用。然痘假气血以成功，疏肝破气之药，所当禁也，况水
泡作泽者，皆气虚所致，岂可复行克削乎。
按∶青皮性颇猛锐，不宜多用，如人年少壮，未免燥暴，及长大而为橘皮，如人至
老年，烈性渐减，经久而为陈皮，则多历寒暑，而燥气全消也。核主膀胱疝气，一味为
末，酒服五钱，叶主肺痈乳痈绞汁饮之。
橘皮，花开于夏，实成于秋，得火气少金气多，故味辛苦、气温、无毒。味薄气
浓，降多升少，阳中之阴也。入手足太阴、足阳明经。其主胸中瘕热逆气，气冲胸中呕
咳者，以肺主气，气常则顺，气变则逆，逆则热聚于胸中而成瘕，瘕者假也，假物象
形，如痞满郁闷之类也，辛散苦泄温能通行，则气利而瘕热，诸症消矣。脾为运动磨
物之脏，气滞则不能消化水谷，为吐逆霍乱泻泄等症，苦温能燥脾家之湿，使滞气运
行，霍乱诸症自平矣。肺为运之上源，肺得所养，津液贯输，气化运动，故膀胱留热停
水，五淋皆通也。去臭下气及寸白虫，辛能散邪苦能杀虫也。橘核味苦温而下气，所以
入肾与膀胱，除因寒所生之病，凡腰痛肾冷膀胱气疝，诸方中必用之药。橘叶能散阳明
厥阴经滞气，故妇人妒乳，内外吹，乳岩乳痈用之皆效。一方治妇人乳痈，未成者，即
散，已成者即溃，痛极者不痛，神验。用真橘皮汤浸去白面，炒微黄为末，每服二钱属
香油下，初发一服即效，总皆散结之功也。
陈皮，气味辛烈，凡青皮治低，陈皮治高，痰实气壅者服妙，然留白则补胃和中，
而理脾，去白则消痰利滞而理肺，脾为元气之母，肺为摄气之龠，故专调诸气不离二
经。君白术则益脾，单则损脾，佐甘草则补肺，否则泻肺，同竹茹治呃逆因热，同干姜
治呃逆因寒，止香港脚冲心，除膀胱留热，利水道通五淋，消酒毒去寸白，消食消痰，开
胃下气，霍乱吐泻，能温能补能和，功在诸药之上，同补气药则益气，同泄气药则破
气，同消痰药则去痰，同消食药则化食，各从其类以为用也。
核研调酒饮，腰痛疝痛神丹。叶引经以肝气行，散乳痈胁痈圣药。肉生痰聚气。
主治（痘疹合参） 健脾温中，消食化痰，同参 散滞气，痘始终俱用，但气虚症
候，兼在灌浆之时，不可过多。若自汗吐血气弱，皆所禁用，以其辛散走泄也。
它的颜色是青色，味道极苦且带辛味，药性温和而无毒性，气味都很浓厚，性质沉降而主降。它入足厥阴肝经和足少阳胆经。苦味能泻，辛味能散，药性又具有克制削伐的作用，所以主治破除坚硬的癖块和积聚，治疗左胁部肝经的积气以及膈间的气滞。与人参、鳖甲同用，能消除疟母（疟疾日久形成的脾脏肿大）；与人参、白术、三棱、莪术、阿魏、矾石、红山楂、红曲、木香同用，能消除疫癖气块及肉食造成的坚硬积聚；与枳壳、肉桂、川芎同用，可治疗左胁疼痛。然而青皮药性最为酷烈，过量或误服会立即损伤真气，危害不小。
青皮，治疗气病作用趋向于下部，是肝脏的引经药，能破除左胁下的滞气，平息郁怒，消除疟母，攻劫各种疝气和瘕聚引起的胀痛，消除饮食停滞，泻除肝气的有余之邪。柴胡疏解上焦的肝气，青皮调理下焦的肝气，但青皮峻猛削伐、药性酷烈，非常不适合气血虚弱者使用，即使肝为东方生气之源，岂可轻易进行克伐，使用者务必谨慎。
主治（结合痘疹病症参考）：能开通膈部、行气导滞。凡是痘疮患者出现肚腹膨胀，因饮食损伤而大便不通的情况可以使用。有人说这是痘科医生必用的药物，能泻肝火，使痘疮不形成水泡而是发痒。又是痘疮起发迟缓、伴有瘙痒症状时，不可缺少的药物。宜选择小而皮薄、陈久者，用水浸泡后去掉白色内层，切碎使用。然而痘疮依靠气血来成功结痂愈合，疏肝破气的药物应当禁忌，况且水泡渗出泽液者，都是气虚所致，怎么可以再行克伐削损呢？
按语：青皮药性颇为猛烈锐利，不宜多用。就像人年轻时年少气盛，难免燥暴，等到长大变成橘皮，如同人到老年，烈性逐渐减少，经过长久存放成为陈皮，则经历了许多寒暑，燥气完全消除。橘核主治膀胱疝气，单味研成粉末，用酒送服五钱。橘叶主治肺痈和乳痈，绞取汁液饮用。
橘皮，花朵在夏季开放，果实成熟在秋季，得到的火气少而金气多，所以味道辛苦、药性温、无毒。气味较薄而气机浓郁，降多升少，属于阳中之阴。入手太阴肺经、手阳明大肠经、足太阴脾经、足阳明胃经。它主治胸中的瘕聚、热邪、逆气，气冲胸中导致的呕吐咳嗽，因为肺主气，气机正常则顺，气机变异则逆，气逆则热邪聚集于胸中形成瘕聚，“瘕”是假的意思，借物象形，类似痞满郁闷等症状。辛味能散，苦味能泄，温性能通行，这样气机通畅，瘕聚和热邪等诸症自然消除。脾是运动磨碎食物的脏器，气机停滞则不能消化水谷，导致呕吐、逆气、霍乱、腹泻等症状，苦温性能燥除脾湿，使滞气运行，霍乱等诸症自然平复。肺是水液代谢的上源，肺得到滋养，津液贯通输布，气化运动正常，所以膀胱内的留热停水，五种淋证都能通利。去除臭秽、下气以及寸白虫（绦虫），是因为辛味能散邪，苦味能杀虫。橘核味道苦温而下气，所以入肾与膀胱经，除去因寒邪产生的疾病，凡是腰痛、肾冷、膀胱气疝，都是各方剂中必用的药物。橘叶能疏散阳明经和厥阴经的滞气，所以妇人妒乳（乳汁淤积）、内外吹（乳腺炎）、乳岩（乳腺癌）、乳痈（乳腺脓肿）使用都有效。一方治疗妇人乳痈，未形成的即消散，已形成的即溃破，疼痛剧烈的即止痛，神效。用真橘皮汤浸泡后去掉白色内层，炒至微黄研成粉末，每次服用二钱，用香油送服，初发时一服即见效，总归是散结的功效。
陈皮，气味辛烈。凡青皮治疗下部气病，陈皮治疗上部气病，痰实气壅者服用效果奇妙。然而保留白色内层则能补益胃气、调和脾胃，从而调理脾气；去掉白色内层则能消痰、利滞气从而调理肺气。脾是元气的根本，肺是摄纳气体的关键，所以专门调理各种气病离不开这两条经络。配伍白术则益脾，单用则损脾；佐使甘草则补肺，否则泻肺；同竹茹同用治疗因热引起的呃逆，同干姜同用治疗因寒引起的呃逆；止脚气冲心，除膀胱留热，利水道通五淋，消酒毒去寸白虫，消食化痰，开胃下气，治疗霍乱吐泻，既能温补又能调和，功效在诸药之上。同补气药同用则益气，同泄气药同用则破气，同消痰药同用则去痰，同消食药同用则化食，各自根据其类别发挥作用。
橘核研磨后调酒饮用，是治疗腰痛疝痛的灵丹妙药。橘叶引经以肝气运行，是散除乳痈、胁痈的圣药。橘肉生痰聚气。
主治（结合痘疹病症参考）：健脾温中，消食化痰。与人参同用可散滞气，痘疮初期和后期均可使用，但如果是气虚证候，特别是在灌浆阶段，不可过多使用。如果有自汗、吐血、气弱等症状，都是禁用的，因为其辛散走泄的特性。
Its color is green, its taste is extremely bitter and pungent, its nature is warm and non-toxic. Both flavor and qi are dense; it sinks and belongs to yin, descending in action. It enters the Foot Jueyin Liver Meridian and the Foot Shaoyang Gallbladder Meridian. Bitterness drains downward, pungency disperses outward, and its nature further possesses a restraining and reducing effect. Therefore, it mainly breaks down hard masses and accumulations, treats stagnant qi in the left hypochondrium due to Liver Meridian involvement, and treats diaphragmatic qi stagnation. When combined with Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma (Renshen, 人参) and Turtle Shell (Biejia, 鳖甲), it can eliminate malaria spleenomegaly (malaria mother). When combined with Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma (Renshen, 人参), Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma (Baizhu, 白术), Sparganii Rhizoma (Sanleng, 三棱), Curcumae Zedoariae Rhizoma (Ezhu, 蓬术), Ferulae Resina (Awei, 阿魏), Alum (Fan, 矾), Red Hawthorn Fruit (Hongshanzha, 红山楂), Red Yeast Rice (Hongqu, 红曲), and Aucklandiae Radix (Muxiang, 木香), it eliminates epidemic qi masses and hard accumulations from meat consumption. When combined with Aurantii Fructus (Zhike, 枳壳), Cinnamomi Cortex (Rougui, 肉桂), and Ligustici Chuanxiong Rhizoma (Chuanxiong, 川芎), it treats pain in the left hypochondrium. However, its nature is most fierce and violent; excessive or mistaken use immediately damages true qi, causing significant harm.
Qingpi (Green Tangerine Peel) acts on qi disorders at a low level, serves as a guiding herb for the Liver, breaks stagnant qi under the left hypochondrium, calms depression and anger, eliminates malaria spleenomegaly, attacks distension and pain caused by various hernias and jia-masses (abdominal masses), resolves food stagnation, and drains excess Liver qi. Chaihu (Bupleuri Radix) soothes Liver qi in the Upper Jiao, while Qingpi regulates Liver qi in the Lower Jiao. Yet, it is harsh, reducing, and fierce, which is highly unsuitable for those with Qi and Blood deficiency. Even though the Liver represents the vital energy of the East, how can one lightly employ such attacking methods? Users must exercise caution.
Main Indications (Reference for Smallpox/Rash Diseases): It opens the diaphragm and promotes qi movement. It is applicable when smallpox patients present with abdominal distension and inability to defecate due to dietary injury. Some say it is an essential herb for smallpox treatment; it drains Liver fire, preventing vesicle formation and inducing itching instead. It is also indispensable when eruption is delayed and accompanied by itching. One should select small, thin-skinned, aged pieces, soak them in water, remove the white pith, and cut them for use. However, smallpox relies on Qi and Blood to achieve success; herbs that soothe the Liver and break qi should be contraindicated. Moreover, vesicles exuding fluid indicate Qi deficiency; how can one further apply reducing methods?
Commentary: Qingpi has a rather fierce and sharp nature and should not be used in large doses. Just as young people are prone to dryness and violence, aging turns the fruit into tangerine peel, like humans growing old where fierce qualities gradually diminish. After long storage, it becomes Chenpi (Aged Tangerine Peel), having endured many colds and summers, completely eliminating dryness. The seed (Juhe, 橘核) treats bladder hernia; taken alone as powder, five qian administered with wine. The leaf (Juye, 橘叶) treats lung abscess and breast abscess; juice extracted and drunk.
Tangerine Peel (Jupi, 橘皮): Flowers open in summer, fruits mature in autumn. It receives less Fire qi and more Metal qi, hence its taste is bitter and pungent, nature is warm, and it is non-toxic. Its flavor is light but qi is dense; it descends more than it ascends, belonging to Yin within Yang. It enters the Hand Taiyin Lung Meridian, Hand Yangming Large Intestine Meridian, Foot Taiyin Spleen Meridian, and Foot Yangming Stomach Meridian. It mainly treats jia-masses, heat, and rebellious qi in the chest, vomiting, and coughing caused by qi rushing to the chest. Since the Lung governs qi, normal qi flow is smooth, while altered qi flow becomes rebellious. Rebellious qi causes heat to gather in the chest, forming jia-masses ("jia" means false, taking shape from objects, similar to fullness, oppression, and depression). Pungency disperses, bitterness drains, and warmth unblocks; thus, qi flows smoothly, and symptoms of jia-mass and heat are eliminated. The Spleen is the organ responsible for moving and grinding food; qi stagnation prevents digestion of water and grain, leading to vomiting, rebellion, cholera-like disorder, and diarrhea. Bitter-warmness dries Spleen dampness, allowing stagnant qi to move, thereby calming cholera-like disorders. The Lung is the upper source of water metabolism; nourished by proper function, fluids are distributed, and qi transformation moves normally, thus clearing retained heat and stagnant water in the Bladder and unblocking all five types of strangury (Wulin, 五淋). It removes foul odors, directs qi downward, and expels Taenia saginata (Inchworm/Cunbai chong, 寸白虫); pungency disperses pathogens, and bitterness kills parasites. Juhe (Tangerine Seed) is bitter and warm, directing qi downward, entering the Kidney and Bladder meridians to eliminate diseases caused by cold. It is an essential herb in formulas for lower back pain, cold Kidneys, and bladder hernia. Juye (Tangerine Leaf) dissipates stagnant qi in the Yangming and Jueyin meridians; thus, it is effective for women's milk stasis (Duru, 妒乳), internal and external blowing (breast inflammation), mammary carcinoma (Luyan, 乳岩), and breast abscess (Ruyong, 乳痈). One formula treats female breast abscess: if unformed, it dissipates; if formed, it suppurates; if extremely painful, it relieves pain—miraculously effective. Use genuine tangerine peel, soak in water, remove white pith, stir-fry until slightly yellow, grind to powder. Take two qian per dose, washed down with sesame oil. Effective upon first dose for initial onset; this is entirely due to its ability to dissipate nodules.
Chenpi (Aged Tangerine Peel): Flavor and qi are pungent and fierce. Generally, Qingpi treats qi disorders at a low level, while Chenpi treats them at a high level. It is excellent for phlegm-solidity and qi congestion. Retaining the white pith tonifies the Stomach and harmonizes the Middle Jiao, regulating Spleen qi; removing the white pith resolves phlegm, benefits stagnant qi, and regulates Lung qi. The Spleen is the mother of Primary Qi; the Lung is the bellows of Qi regulation. Thus, regulating various qi disorders invariably involves these two meridians. Paired with Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma (Baizhu, 白术), it benefits the Spleen; used alone, it damages the Spleen. Assisted by Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (Gancao, 甘草), it tonifies the Lung; otherwise, it drains the Lung. Combined with Bamboo Shavings (Zhuru, 竹茹), it treats hiccups due to heat; combined with Dried Ginger (Ganjiang, 干姜), it treats hiccups due to cold. It stops gout attacking the heart, clears retained heat in the Bladder, benefits urination and unblocks strangury, resolves alcohol toxicity, expels tapeworms, aids digestion, resolves phlegm, opens the stomach, directs qi downward, and treats cholera-like vomiting and diarrhea. It can warm, tonify, and harmonize, excelling among herbs. Combined with qi-tonifying herbs, it supplements qi; combined with qi-draining herbs, it breaks qi; combined with phlegm-resolving herbs, it removes phlegm; combined with food-digesting herbs, it transforms food. Each acts according to its category.
Juhe (Tangerine Seed): Ground and mixed with wine for drinking; a divine medicine for lower back pain and hernia pain. Juye (Tangerine Leaf) guides qi along the Liver meridian; a sacred herb for dissipating breast abscess and hypochondriac abscess. The flesh generates phlegm and gathers qi.
Main Indications (Reference for Smallpox/Rash Diseases): Strengthens the Spleen, warms the Middle Jiao, resolves food stagnation, and transforms phlegm. Combined with Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma (Renshen, 人参), it dissipates stagnant qi. It can be used throughout the stages of smallpox, but in cases of Qi deficiency, especially during the pus-forming stage, it should not be overused. If spontaneous sweating, hematemesis, or weak Qi are present, it is strictly contraindicated due to its pungent, dispersing, and draining nature.