《活人书》∶阴毒，脉疾七至八至以上，疾不可数者，正是阴毒已深也，六脉沉细而疾，
尺部断小，寸口或大。若误服凉药，则渴转甚，躁转急。有此二证者，便急服辛热之药，一日或
二日便安。若阴毒渐深，其候沉重，四肢首冷，腹痛转甚，或咽喉不利，心下胀满，结硬燥渴，
虚汗不止，六脉但沉细而疾，一息七至以来。有此证者，速于气海关元二穴灸三百壮，以手足和
暖为效，仍兼服正阳散。守真云∶然既脉疾，至七八至以上，疾不可数者，正是阳热极甚之脉
也。世俗妄传阴毒诸证，以《素问》验之，皆阳热亢极之证，但热于内，在里极深，身表似其阴
寒者也。及夫经云亢则害，承乃制也，谓五行之道，实甚则过极，则反似克己者也，是谓兼化。
如万物热极，反出水液，以火炼金，热极而反化为水，是以火极而反以水化也。《素问·脉要精
微论》∶长则气治，短则气病，数则心烦，大则病进。（注曰∶数急则热，故烦心也。）又，六节藏
象论∶人迎一盛，病在少阳，二盛病在太阳，三盛病在阳明，四盛以上为格阳。（注云∶谓人迎大
于寸口脉一倍。余盛同法。又云∶俱盛，谓大于平常之脉四倍也。）四倍以上为关格，关格之脉羸
，不能极于天地之精气，则死矣。
《活人书》∶太阴、少阴、厥阴，皆属阴证也。少阴者，肾也，厥阴者，肝也，太阴者，脾
也。何谓太阴？太阴者，脾之经，主胸膈 胀。何谓少阴？少阴者，肾之经，主脉微细，主心
烦欲寐。或自利而渴者，何也？谓中病时，腠理寒，便入阴经，不经三阳也。盖寒入于太阳则发
热而恶寒，入于少阴，只恶寒而不发热也。三阴中寒，微则理中汤，稍厥或中寒下利，即甘草干
姜，大段重者，四逆汤，无脉者，通脉四逆汤。何谓厥阴？厥阴者，肝之经也，厥阴之为主，主
消渴，气上冲心，心中痛热，饥而不欲食，食则吐蛔，下之利不止也。若阴气独盛，阳气暴绝，
则为阴毒，其证四肢逆冷，腹脐筑痛，身如被杖，脉沉疾，或吐或利。当急灸脐下，服以辛热
之药，令阳复而大汗矣。守真曰∶人之伤寒，则为病热，古今一同，通谓之伤寒病。前三日，巨
阳、阳明、少阳受之，热在于表，汗之则愈，后三日，太阴、少阴、厥阴受之，热传于里，下之
则愈。六经传受，由浅至深，皆是热证，非有阴寒之证。古圣训阴阳为表里，惟仲景深得其义。
厥后朱肱《活人书》，特失仲景本义，将阴阳二字释作寒热。此差之毫厘，失之千里矣。《素问
·热论》云，黄帝问曰∶热病者，皆伤寒之类也，或愈或死，其死皆以六七日之间，其愈皆
以十日以上者，何也？不知其解，愿闻其故。岐伯曰∶巨阳者，诸阳之属也，其脉连于风府，故
为诸阳主气也。人
之伤于寒也，则为病热，热虽甚不死，其两感于寒而病者，必不免于死。帝曰∶愿闻其状。岐伯
曰∶伤寒一日，巨阳受之，故头项痛，腰脊强。二日阳明受之，阳明主肌肉，其脉夹鼻络于目，
故身热、目痛、鼻干，不得卧也。三日少阳受之，少阳主胆，其脉循胁络于耳、故胸胁痛而耳
聋。三阳经络皆受其病，而未入于藏，故可汗而已。四日太阴受之，太阴脉布胃中，络于嗌，故
腹满而嗌干。五日少阴受之，少阴脉贯肾络于肺，系舌本，故口燥舌干而渴。六日厥阴受之，厥
阴脉循阴器而络于肝，故烦满而囊缩。三阴三阳、五脏六腑皆受病，营卫不行，五脏不通，则
死矣。其不两感于寒者，七日巨阳病衰，头痛少愈，八日阳明病衰，身热少愈，九日少阳病衰，
耳聋微闻，十日太阴病衰，腹减如故，则思饮食，十一日少阴病衰，渴止不满，舌干已而嚏，十
二日厥阴病衰，囊纵，小腹微下，大气皆去，病日已矣。帝曰∶治之奈何？岐伯曰∶治之各通其
脏脉，病日衰矣。其未满三日，可汗而已，其满三日，可泄而已。
《活人书》说：阴毒证，脉搏急促，一息七至八次以上，快得无法计数的，正是阴毒已经深入的表现。六脉沉细而急促，尺部脉断绝细小，寸口脉有时偏大。如果误服寒凉药物，口渴会加重，烦躁会更剧烈。出现这两种症状的，应立即急服辛热性质的药物，一天或两天就能痊愈。如果阴毒逐渐加深，症状表现为身体沉重，四肢和头部发冷，腹痛加剧，或者咽喉不利，心下胀满，结硬且燥渴，虚汗不止，六脉只是沉细而急促，一息七次以上。出现这些症状的，应迅速在气海、关元两个穴位各灸三百壮，以手足回暖为见效标准，同时兼服正阳散。守真（刘完素）说：既然脉搏急促，达到七八次以上，快得无法计数，这实际上是阳热极盛的表现。世俗错误地流传阴毒的各种症状，用《素问》来验证，都是阳热亢极的症状，只是热邪在体内，病位极深，体表似乎呈现阴寒的样子。以及经书所说“亢则害，承乃制”，意思是五行的规律，实性过极，就会反过来像克制自己的五行一样，这叫做兼化。就像万物热到极点，反而产生水液；用火炼金，热到极点反而化为水，这就是火极反用水来化解的道理。《素问·脉要精微论》说：脉长则气机调畅，脉短则气机有病，脉数则心烦，脉大则病情进展。（注解说：脉数急则有热，所以导致心烦。）另外，《素问·六节藏象论》说：人迎脉比寸口脉大一倍，病在少阳；大两倍，病在太阳；大三倍，病在阳明；大四倍以上为格阳。（注解说：谓人迎脉大于寸口脉一倍。其余类推。又说：俱盛，谓大于平常脉象四倍。）大四倍以上为关格，关格的脉象羸弱，不能承受天地精气，就会死亡。
《活人书》说：太阴、少阴、厥阴，都属于阴证。少阴，对应肾；厥阴，对应肝；太阴，对应脾。什么是太阴？太阴是脾的经脉，主要主管胸膈胀满。什么是少阴？少阴是肾的经脉，主要主管脉象微细，主治心烦想睡觉。如果有自利且口渴的情况，为什么呢？这是因为患病时，腠理受寒，寒邪直接侵入阴经，不经过三阳经。寒邪侵入太阳经则发热且恶寒，侵入少阴经，只恶寒而不发热。三阴经中寒，轻微的用理中汤，稍微厥逆或中寒下利的，就用甘草干姜汤，比较严重的，用四逆汤，无脉的，用通脉四逆汤。什么是厥阴？厥阴是肝的经脉。厥阴经的主要症状，主管消渴，气上冲心，心中疼痛且有热感，饥饿但不想吃东西，吃了就吐蛔虫，如果用攻下法会导致腹泻不止。如果阴气独盛，阳气突然衰竭，就成为阴毒，其症状是四肢逆冷，腹脐部筑痛，身体像被棍棒打过一样疼痛，脉沉而急促，或者呕吐或者下利。应当紧急灸脐下部位，服用辛热的药物，使阳气恢复并大汗出。守真说：人感受伤寒，就会变成热病，古今都是一样的，通称为伤寒病。前三天，巨阳、阳明、少阳经受邪，热在表，发汗就好了；后三天，太阴、少阴、厥阴经受邪，热传于里，攻下就好了。六经的传变，由浅入深，都是热证，没有阴寒证。古代圣人的教诲，阴阳作为表里关系，只有张仲景深刻理解了其中的义理。此后朱肱的《活人书》，特别违背了张仲景的本意，将阴阳二字解释为寒热。这一差之毫厘，便失之千里。《素问·热论》说：黄帝问道：热病，都属于伤寒一类，有的痊愈有的死亡，死亡的都在六七天之间，痊愈的都在十天以上，为什么呢？我不明白其中的道理，希望听听原因。岐伯说：巨阳，是诸阳经的统领，它的脉连于风府，所以是诸阳经的主气。人感受寒邪，就会变成热病，热势虽然严重也不会死，如果是两感于寒而发病的，就一定不免于死。黄帝说：希望听听它的症状表现。岐伯说：伤寒第一天，巨阳经受邪，所以头项痛，腰脊僵硬。第二天阳明经受邪，阳明经主肌肉，它的脉夹鼻络于目，所以身热、目痛、鼻干，不能安卧。第三天少阳经受邪，少阳经主胆，它的脉循胁肋络于耳，所以胸胁痛而耳聋。三阳经络都受了病，但尚未入脏，所以可以通过发汗治愈。第四天太阴经受邪，太阴脉布散于胃中，络于咽，所以腹满且咽干。第五天少阴经受邪，少阴脉贯肾络于肺，系舌本，所以口燥舌干而渴。第六天厥阴经受邪，厥阴脉循生殖器络于肝，所以烦闷且阴囊收缩。三阴三阳、五脏六腑都受了病，营卫运行停滞，五脏不通，就会死亡。那些不是两感于寒的，第七天巨阳病衰，头痛减轻；第八天阳明病衰，身热减轻；第九天少阳病衰，耳聋稍能听到声音；第十天太阴病衰，腹部减满如常，就想吃东西；第十一天少阴病衰，口渴停止，腹胀消失，舌干缓解并开始打喷嚏；第十二天厥阴病衰，阴囊松弛，小腹轻微下降，大气邪气都已去除，病一天天好了。黄帝说：怎么治疗呢？岐伯说：治疗要分别疏通各脏腑的经脉，病就会一天天衰退。病程未满三天的，可以发汗治愈；病程已满三天的，可以攻下治愈。
*Huo Ren Shu* (Book of Saving Lives) states: In Yin Poison syndrome, the pulse is rapid, reaching seven to eight beats per respiration or more, so fast that it cannot be counted; this indicates that Yin Poison has deeply penetrated. The six pulses are deep, fine, and rapid; the Chi position is faint and small, while the Cun Kou position may be large. If cold-natured medicines are mistakenly administered, thirst will intensify, and restlessness will become more urgent. For those presenting with these two signs, acrid-warm medicines should be taken urgently; recovery can occur within one or two days. If Yin Poison gradually deepens, symptoms include heaviness of the body, coldness of the four limbs and head, worsening abdominal pain, pharyngeal obstruction, fullness and hardness in the epigastrium accompanied by dryness and thirst, continuous deficiency sweating, and the six pulses remaining deep, fine, and rapid at seven beats or more per respiration. For such cases, moxibustion should be performed urgently on the Qihai (CV6, Sea of Qi) and Guanyuan (CV4, Gate of Origin) acupoints, three hundred moxa cones each, until the hands and feet become warm, indicating efficacy. Simultaneously, Zheng Yang San (Positive Yang Powder) should be administered. Shouzhen (Liu Wansu) stated: Since the pulse is rapid, reaching seven to eight beats or more per respiration and becoming uncountable, this is actually a pulse sign of extreme excess Yang-heat. Worldly customs erroneously transmit various syndromes of Yin Poison; verifying them against the *Su Wen* (Plain Questions), they are all syndromes of extreme hyperactive Yang-heat. The heat lies internally, the disease location is extremely deep, and the exterior superficially resembles Yin-cold. Furthermore, as the classics state, "When things reach an extreme, they cause harm; only then is there control," meaning the principle of the Five Elements: when excess reaches an extreme, it reverses to resemble the element that controls it; this is called concurrent transformation. Just as things heated to the extreme produce fluids, or when fire refines metal, extreme heat transforms into water, thus fire at its extreme transforms via water. The *Su Wen · Mai Yao Jing Wei Lun* (Treatise on the Essentials of Pulse Diagnosis) states: A long pulse indicates regulated Qi; a short pulse indicates diseased Qi; a rapid pulse indicates mental restlessness; a large pulse indicates disease progression. (The commentary notes: Rapid and urgent pulses indicate heat, hence mental restlessness.) Additionally, the *Su Wen · Liu Jie Zang Xiang Lun* (Treatise on the Six Nodes and Visceral Manifestations) states: When the Ren Ying pulse is one times larger than the Cun Kou pulse, the disease is in Shaoyang; two times larger, in Taiyang; three times larger, in Yangming; four times larger or above constitutes Ge Yang (Rebellious Yang). (The commentary notes: This means the Ren Ying pulse is greater than the Cun Kou pulse by one fold. The method for the others is similar. It also states: Both being excessive means greater than the normal pulse by four folds.) Four times larger or above constitutes Guan Ge (Obstruction and Reversal); the Guan Ge pulse is emaciated; unable to exhaust the essence and Qi of Heaven and Earth, death ensues.
*Huo Ren Shu* states: Taiyin, Shaoyin, and Jueyin all belong to Yin syndromes. Shaoyin corresponds to the Kidney; Jueyin corresponds to the Liver; Taiyin corresponds to the Spleen. What is Taiyin? Taiyin is the meridian of the Spleen, primarily governing chest and diaphragmatic distension. What is Shaoyin? Shaoyin is the meridian of the Kidney, primarily governing a minute and fine pulse, and symptoms of mental restlessness and desire to sleep. If there is spontaneous diarrhea with thirst, why is this? It is because upon contracting the pathogen, the cou li (pores and interstices) become cold, allowing the pathogen to enter the Yin meridians directly without passing through the Three Yang meridians. Cold entering the Taiyang meridian causes fever and aversion to cold; entering the Shaoyin meridian causes only aversion to cold without fever. For cold in the Three Yin meridians: if mild, Li Zhong Tang (Regulate the Middle Decoction) is used; if slightly cold extremities or cold-induced diarrhea occur, Gan Cao Gan Jiang Tang (Licorice and Dried Ginger Decoction) is used; if severe, Si Ni Tang (Four Counterflow Decoction) is used; if there is no pulse, Tong Mai Si Ni Tang (Pulse-Recovering Four Counterflow Decoction) is used. What is Jueyin? Jueyin is the meridian of the Liver. The primary manifestations of the Jueyin meridian include thirst with excessive drinking, Qi rushing upward to the heart, pain and heat sensation in the heart, hunger without desire to eat, vomiting of roundworms after eating, and persistent diarrhea if purgatives are used. If Yin Qi alone becomes excessive and Yang Qi suddenly fails, it becomes Yin Poison. Its symptoms include cold extremities, beating pain in the abdomen and umbilicus, body pain as if beaten by a stick, deep and rapid pulse, vomiting or diarrhea. Emergency moxibustion below the umbilicus should be performed, along with administration of acrid-warm medicines, to restore Yang Qi and induce profuse sweating. Shouzhen said: When humans contract Shang Han (Cold Damage), it becomes a heat disease; this is consistent from ancient times to the present, collectively termed Shang Han Bing. In the first three days, the Ju Yang (Greater Yang), Yangming, and Shaoyang meridians receive the pathogen; the heat is in the exterior, and sweating cures it. In the last three days, the Taiyin, Shaoyin, and Jueyin meridians receive the pathogen; the heat transmits to the interior, and purging cures it. The transmission of the Six Meridians proceeds from shallow to deep, consisting entirely of heat syndromes, with no Yin-cold syndromes. The ancient sages taught that Yin and Yang form exterior-interior relationships; only Zhang Zhongjing profoundly grasped this meaning. Later, Zhu Gong's *Huo Ren Shu* specifically deviated from Zhang Zhongjing's original intent, interpreting the terms Yin and Yang as Cold and Heat. This slight error led to a massive deviation. The *Su Wen · Re Lun* (Treatise on Heat Diseases) states: The Yellow Emperor asked: Heat diseases all belong to the category of Shang Han. Some recover, some die; deaths occur within six to seven days, while recoveries occur after ten days. Why is this? I do not understand the explanation; I wish to hear the reason. Qibo replied: Ju Yang is the leader of all Yang meridians; its vessels connect to the Fengfu (GV16, Wind Palace) acupoint, thus serving as the master Qi of all Yang meridians. When humans are injured by Cold, they develop heat diseases. Even if the heat is severe, death does not ensue; however, those who suffer from simultaneous contraction of Cold in both Exterior and Interior (Liang Gan Yu Han) will inevitably die. The Yellow Emperor said: I wish to hear the clinical manifestations. Qibo said: On the first day of Shang Han, Ju Yang receives the pathogen, causing headache, stiff neck, and rigidity of the waist and spine. On the second day, Yangming receives the pathogen; Yangming governs the muscles, and its vessels run alongside the nose and connect to the eyes, causing fever, eye pain, nasal dryness, and inability to lie down. On the third day, Shaoyang receives the pathogen; Shaoyang governs the Gallbladder, and its vessels follow the costal region and connect to the ears, causing hypochondriac pain and deafness. When the meridians of the Three Yang are all affected but have not entered the Zang organs, sweating can cure it. On the fourth day, Taiyin receives the pathogen; Taiyin vessels distribute in the stomach and connect to the throat, causing abdominal fullness and dry throat. On the fifth day, Shaoyin receives the pathogen; Shaoyin vessels pass through the Kidneys, connect to the Lungs, and tie to the root of the tongue, causing dry mouth and tongue with thirst. On the sixth day, Jueyin receives the pathogen; Jueyin vessels follow the genitalia and connect to the Liver, causing irritability, fullness, and retraction of the scrotum. When the Three Yin and Three Yang, and the Five Zang and Six Fu organs are all diseased, Ying and Wei circulation stops, and the Five Zang become obstructed, death ensues. For those not suffering from simultaneous contraction of Cold: on the seventh day, Ju Yang disease declines, headache lessens; on the eighth day, Yangming disease declines, body heat lessens; on the ninth day, Shaoyang disease declines, deafness improves slightly allowing hearing; on the tenth day, Taiyin disease declines, abdominal fullness decreases returning to normal, appetite returns; on the eleventh day, Shaoyin disease declines, thirst stops, bloating ceases, tongue dryness resolves, and sneezing occurs; on the twelfth day, Jueyin disease declines, scrotum relaxes, lower abdomen softens, pathogenic Qi departs, and the illness heals day by day. The Yellow Emperor asked: How should it be treated? Qibo replied: Treatment requires regulating the meridians of each respective Zang organ; the disease will decline day by day. If the duration is less than three days, sweating can cure it; if the duration exceeds three days, purging can cure it.