腹满者，腹中胀满也。脾为中央土，所以腹满者多属太阴症也。当分虚实而治。经曰、腹满不减者，为
里实，当下之。腹满时减者，为里虚，当温之。然腹满虽为里症，亦有浅深之别。经曰、表已解而内不消，
非大满，未可下。是未全入腑也。若大满大实，坚硬燥屎，日数虽少，当下之。是邪气已人腑也。若阳邪
陷内而为腹胀，则口燥咽干。阴寒入里而为腹胀，则吐利厥逆。一说、腹胀满者正虚邪胜，阴阳不和，
清浊相混，用桔梗半夏汤最良。
少腹满，即脐下满也。若胸中满，皆为邪气、而非物，今少腹满，则为有物、而非邪气。兹若腹中满者，则
有为之燥尿矣。经曰、清阳出上窍，浊阴出下窍。当出不出，积而为满。是知在上而满者，气也。在下而
满者，物也。所谓物者，溺与血也。如小便利者，则为畜血也。小便不利者，乃为溺涩之症。此攻血、渗利，
宜分两途。
腹痛，皆邪气入里与正气相搏故也。经曰、诸痛为实。又曰、痛随利减。此则言其实也。若虚而作痛者，
岂可一例视之乎。大凡不可按、不可揉者，实也。可按、可揉者，虚也。时痛、时止者，虚也。痛无休息者，实
也。阳邪传里，里气作实，腹痛大便硬者，实也。阴邪入里，里气停寒，腹痛泻利者，虚也。脉来滑大有力
者，实也。弦细无力者，虚也。又当分其大、小、少、三腹而治之。大腹痛者，即心腹痛也，为有寒邪食积，属
大阴。小腹痛者，即脐腹痛也，为有热邪燥屎属少阴。少腹痛者，即脐以下丹田穴痛，为有瘀血结热，
属厥阴。若阳邪传里而腹痛不常，当以辛温之剂和之，如小建中汤之类。若阴寒入里而腹痛，则痛
无休时，常欲作利，当以热剂温之，如附子理中汤之类。若燥屎谵语，不大便，腹满而痛者，宜以药下
之，如承气汤之类。
腹满，是指腹部胀满的感觉。脾属中央土，所以腹满多属于太阴病证。应当区分虚实进行治疗。经典记载：腹满持续不减轻的，属于里实证，应当用攻下法治疗。腹满时轻时重的，属于里虚证，应当用温补法治疗。然而腹满虽然属于里证，也有病位深浅的区别。经典记载：表证已解但体内积滞未消，若不是大满之症，不可轻易使用攻下法。这说明邪气尚未完全入腑。如果是大满大实，大便坚硬干燥，即使患病天数较少，也应当使用攻下法。这说明邪气已经入腑。如果阳热邪气内陷导致腹胀，会出现口燥咽干的症状。如果阴寒邪气入里导致腹胀，会出现呕吐、腹泻、四肢厥冷的症状。另一种说法认为：腹胀满是正气虚弱而邪气亢盛，阴阳失调，清浊之气相混，使用桔梗半夏汤最为适宜。
少腹满，即脐部以下胀满。如果胸中胀满，都是由于邪气所致，而非有形之物；现在少腹满，则是有形之物积聚，而非单纯邪气。如果腹中胀满，则是形成了干燥的尿液。经典记载：清阳之气出于上窍，浊阴之气出于下窍。当出而不出的浊阴，积聚而成胀满。由此可知，在上部的胀满是气机阻滞所致。在下部的胀满是实物积聚所致。所谓实物，指溺（尿）和血。如果小便通畅，则是蓄血证。如果小便不利，则是溺涩证。因此，攻逐瘀血与渗湿利水，应当分为两种途径处理。
腹痛，都是因为邪气入里与正气相互搏结所致。经典记载：各种疼痛多属实证。又说：疼痛随着二便通利而减轻。这是指实证而言。如果是虚证引起的疼痛，怎么能一概而论呢？大凡按压或揉搓后疼痛加剧的，属于实证。可以按压或揉搓且疼痛缓解的，属于虚证。疼痛时作时止的，属于虚证。疼痛持续无休息的，属于实证。阳热邪气传入里部，里气变得充实，腹痛伴大便硬结的，属于实证。阴寒邪气入里，里气停滞生寒，腹痛伴腹泻的，属于虚证。脉象滑大有力的，属于实证。脉象弦细无力的，属于虚证。另外还应当分别大腹、小腹、少腹进行辨证治疗。大腹痛，即心窝部疼痛，是因为有寒邪和食积，属于太阴病。小腹痛，即脐部疼痛，是因为有热邪和燥屎，属于少阴病。少腹痛，即脐以下丹田穴区域疼痛，是因为有瘀血结聚化热，属于厥阴病。如果阳热邪气传入里部引起阵发性腹痛，应当用辛温性质的方剂调和，如小建中汤之类。如果阴寒邪气入里引起腹痛，则疼痛无休止，常想腹泻，应当用热性方剂温中散寒，如附子理中汤之类。如果有燥屎、谵语、不大便、腹满而痛的症状，应当用药攻下，如承气汤之类。
Abdominal fullness refers to the sensation of distension in the abdomen. The Spleen belongs to the Central Earth element; therefore, abdominal fullness mostly pertains to Taiyin disease (Disease of the Taiyin channel/syndrome). Treatment should distinguish between deficiency and excess patterns. The Classics state: Abdominal fullness that does not diminish indicates an interior excess pattern, which requires purgation. Abdominal fullness that fluctuates and diminishes intermittently indicates an interior deficiency pattern, which requires warming. However, although abdominal fullness is an interior syndrome, there are differences in depth. The Classics state: If the exterior has been resolved but internal stagnation remains, unless it is a severe fullness, purgation should not be used hastily. This indicates that the pathogenic factor has not fully entered the Fu organs. If there is severe fullness and excess, with hard and dry feces, even if the number of days since onset is small, purgation should be employed. This indicates that the pathogenic factor has entered the Fu organs. If Yang pathogenic factors sink inward causing abdominal distension, symptoms such as dry mouth and throat will occur. If Yin cold pathogens enter the interior causing abdominal distension, symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and cold extremities will occur. Another view holds: Abdominal distension results from righteous Qi deficiency and pathogenic excess, disharmony of Yin and Yang, and mixing of clear and turbid Qi; using Jiegeng Banxia Tang (Platycodon and Pinellia Decoction) is most beneficial.
Shaofu fullness (distension of the lower abdomen) refers to fullness below the umbilicus. If there is fullness in the chest, it is caused by pathogenic factors rather than tangible objects. Now, if there is fullness in the Shaofu region, it is due to tangible objects rather than mere pathogenic factors. If there is fullness in the abdomen, it implies the formation of dry urine. The Classics state: Clear Yang emerges from the upper orifices, while Turbid Yin exits through the lower orifices. When what should exit fails to do so, accumulation leads to fullness. Thus, fullness in the upper part is due to Qi stagnation, while fullness in the lower part is due to tangible objects. These tangible objects refer to urine and blood. If urination is smooth, it is a Blood Stasis syndrome. If urination is difficult, it is a Urinary Retention syndrome. Therefore, treatments for expelling blood stasis and promoting diuresis should be distinguished into two approaches.
Abdominal pain occurs because pathogenic factors enter the interior and contend with Righteous Qi. The Classics state: All pains are generally excess patterns. It also states: Pain decreases with the unblocking of bowels and bladder. This refers to excess patterns. If pain is caused by deficiency, how can it be treated uniformly? Generally, pain that worsens upon pressure or rubbing indicates an excess pattern. Pain that alleviates upon pressure or rubbing indicates a deficiency pattern. Intermittent pain indicates a deficiency pattern. Continuous pain without relief indicates an excess pattern. If Yang heat pathogens transmit to the interior, making the interior Qi excessive, resulting in abdominal pain and hard stools, it is an excess pattern. If Yin cold pathogens enter the interior, causing cold stagnation in the interior, resulting in abdominal pain and diarrhea, it is a deficiency pattern. A slippery and large pulse with strength indicates an excess pattern. A wiry and thin pulse without strength indicates a deficiency pattern. Furthermore, treatment should differentiate based on the Da Fu (large abdomen/epigastrium), Xiao Fu (small abdomen), and Shaofu (lower abdomen). Pain in the Da Fu, i.e., epigastric pain, is due to Cold pathogens and food retention, pertaining to Taiyin. Pain in the Xiao Fu, i.e., periumbilical pain, is due to Heat pathogens and dry feces, pertaining to Shaoyin. Pain in the Shaofu, i.e., pain in the area below the umbilicus at the Dantian acupoint, is due to Blood stasis accumulating heat, pertaining to Jueyin. If Yang heat pathogens transmit to the interior causing intermittent abdominal pain, harmonizing formulas with pungent-warm properties should be used, such as Xiaojianzhong Tang (Minor Construct the Middle Decoction). If Yin cold pathogens enter the interior causing abdominal pain, where pain is ceaseless and there is a frequent urge to defecate, warming formulas with hot properties should be used, such as Fuzi Lizhong Tang (Aconite and Ginseng Decoction for Regulating the Middle). If there are dry feces, delirious speech, constipation, abdominal fullness, and pain, purgative medicines should be used, such as Chengqi Tang (Gut-Clearing Decoction).