《脉经》曰∶小儿脉沉而数者，骨间热。浮大而数为风热。小儿八至九至为发热。《难经》曰∶
热病之脉，
阴阳俱浮，或浮而数。
心热者，切牙上窜，面赤摇头，泻心汤主之。肝热者，手寻衣及乱捻物，泻青丸主之。
脾热者，热在肌肉，遇热尤甚，怠惰嗜卧，身热饮水，四肢不收，泻黄散主之。肺热者，手
掐眉，日西尤甚，喘嗽寒热，壮热饮水，轻者泻白散，重者凉膈散主之。肾热两足不喜衣履，
然此者，脐之下皆肾之所主，缘心气下行于肾部，东垣滋肾地黄丸主之。潮热者，因伤寒时
疫触变邪气，阴气不足，阳气有余，阳邪暴伤，则血气凝滞，不即流通，壅逆无归，传于足
阳明之经，遂生潮热，早晚两度，或日一次，如潮水之应期也。《伤寒论》云∶潮热者实热
也，当利大便，实者大柴胡汤下之，虚者百解散汗之。惊热者，颠身发热，面青自汗，心悸
不宁，脉数烦躁，颜叫恍惚，以钱氏凉惊丸、安神丸主之。夜热者，夜间发热，是阴中有阳
邪也。以《元戎》四物汤、二连汤主之。实热者，手心热，肚背先热，嗳气吐乳，大便酸臭
，宜下积丸主之。疳热者，形瘦多渴，吃食不长肌肉，骨蒸盗汗，泄泻无常，肚大脚弱是也
。宜龙胆丸、胡黄连丸、芦荟丸之类。壮热者，一向不止，由血气壅实，五脏生热，蒸熨于
内，则眠卧不安，精神恍惚，熏发于外，表里俱热，烦躁喘粗，甚则发惊，火府丹主之。烦
热者，心躁不安，五心烦热，四肢温壮，小便赤涩，一粒金丹主之。积热者，颊赤口疮，下
盛则腰腿壅肿，表里实，则身热便涩，虚则汗下后仍热也。或内因酒面煎爆，热药峻补，外
因大暖，炉火侵逼，皆能生热，此内外蕴积之热，非食积热也，宜以三黄丸、四顺饮主之。
风热者，汗出身热，呵欠面赤，因其解脱，风邪所伤，客于皮毛，则恶风发热，目涩多睡。
阳气有余，身热无汗。阴气有余，身寒有汗。阴阳有余，无汗而寒。经曰∶汗出身热者，风
热也，消风散、绿霞丸主之。虚热者，阴阳寒及诸热汗下之后，耗去太过，气血未调，饮食
劳伤，致令虚热，其候困倦少力，面色青白，泄泻多尿，虚汗自出，恍惚神慢，嘘气软弱。
又有久嗽久泻久痢久疟
久血，以致诸疾之后成者皆虚热也。凡病久则血气虚，气虚则发厥，血虚则发热，气血皆虚则手
足厥而身热也，宜以惺惺散、四君子汤、钱氏白术散主之。客热者为阳邪干于心也，心若受邪则
热形于额，故先起于头面，次而身热，恍惚多惊，闻声惊恐，良由真气虚而邪气胜也。邪气既胜，
真气与之交争，发渴无时，进退不定，如客之往来，故曰客热，导赤散、黄连泻心汤主之。癖热
者，涎嗽饮水，由乳食下消，伏结于中，致成癖块也，宜与白术散滋养津液，次以珍珠丸下其痰
涎，或以妙丸子磨之。寒热者证如疟状，阴阳相胜也。先寒而后热，阳不足；先热而后寒，阴不
足。寒多而热少，阴胜阳也；热多而阴少，阳胜阴也；寒然相半，阴阳交攻也；寒热隔日，阴阳
乍离也。阳盛发热，阴盛发寒也。其有头痛汗出者，有呕吐不食者，有憎寒而饮水者，壮热而饮
汤者，有筋骨疼痛者，或泻或秘，或内寒而外热，或内热而外寒，又有寒而腹痛，热而腹鸣，是
有食积也。因于食积者，当用白饼子下之，次行补助，以钱氏白术散。寒多热少者，小柴胡汤加
桂。热多寒少者，白虎汤。寒热相半者并用小柴胡主之。血热者每日巳午间发热，遇夜则凉，六
合汤主之。痘疹热，耳鼻尖冷是也，人参败毒散、升麻葛根汤、参苏饮之类。
《脉经》说：小儿脉搏沉而数的，是骨间有热。脉搏浮大而数的，是风热。小儿脉搏一息八至或九至的，属于发热。《难经》说：热病的脉象，寸关尺三部阴阳脉都浮，或者浮而数。
心热的症状，是咬牙且头部上仰，面色发红并摇头，用泻心汤主治。肝热的症状，是手去抓衣服和乱捻物品，用泻青丸主治。脾热的症状，热在肌肉之间，遇到热天更加严重，倦怠懒惰想睡觉，身体发热想喝水，四肢无力不能收持，用泻黄散主治。肺热的症状，手指掐眉毛，傍晚时分加重，气喘咳嗽伴有寒热，高热想喝水，轻症用泻白散，重症用凉膈散主治。肾热的症状是两脚不喜欢穿鞋袜，然而这情况，肚脐以下都是肾所主管的区域，因为心气下行到肾部，用东垣的滋肾地黄丸主治。潮热的成因，是由于伤寒或时疫触犯了变邪之气，阴气不足，阳气有余，阳邪突然伤害人体，导致血气凝滞，不能立即流通，壅塞逆乱无处归依，传变到足阳明经，于是产生潮热，早晚各一次，或者一天一次，像潮水一样按时到来。《伤寒论》说：潮热属于实热，应当通利大便，实证用大柴胡汤攻下，虚证用百解散发汗。惊热的症状，是身体颠动发热，面色发青自汗，心悸不安，脉搏快且烦躁，呼喊恍惚，用钱氏的凉惊丸、安神丸主治。夜热的症状，是夜间发热，这是阴分中有阳邪。用《元戎》的四物汤、二连汤主治。实热的症状，是手心热，肚子和背部先发热，嗳气吐乳，大便酸臭，宜用下积丸主治。疳热的症状，是形体消瘦多口渴，吃东西不长肌肉，骨蒸盗汗，泄泻没有规律，肚子大脚弱就是这种病。宜用龙胆丸、胡黄连丸、芦荟丸之类。壮热的症状，是一直持续不退，由于血气壅盛充实，五脏产生热邪，在内熏蒸熨帖，则睡眠卧躺不安，精神恍惚，向外熏发，表里都热，烦躁呼吸粗重，严重时引发惊厥，用火府丹主治。烦热的症状，是心中烦躁不安，五心烦热，四肢温热壮热，小便赤涩，用一粒金丹主治。积热的症状，是脸颊红口舌生疮，下部壅盛则腰腿肿胀，表里实证则身体发热小便涩滞，虚证则是发汗或攻下后仍然发热。或者内因饮酒面食煎炸爆炒食物，服用热药峻补，外因环境过于温暖，炉火逼近，都能产生热邪，这是内外蕴积的热邪，不是食积热，宜用三黄丸、四顺饮主治。风热的症状，是出汗后身体发热，打哈欠面色红，因为脱衣受凉，风邪所伤，客居在皮毛，则恶风发热，眼睛干涩多睡。阳气有余，身体发热无汗。阴气有余，身体发冷有汗。阴阳都有余，无汗且寒冷。经书说：出汗后身体发热的，是风热，用消风散、绿霞丸主治。虚热的症状，是在阴阳受寒及各种热病发汗攻下之后，耗损太过，气血未调和，饮食劳倦损伤，导致成为虚热，其表现为困倦少力，面色青白，泄泻多尿，虚汗自出，精神恍惚反应迟钝，叹气软弱。又有久咳、久泻、久痢、久疟、久出血，以致各种疾病之后形成的都属于虚热。凡是病久了则血气虚弱，气虚则发厥，血虚则发热，气血都虚则手脚冰冷且身体发热，宜用惺惺散、四君子汤、钱氏白术散主治。客热的成因是阳邪干扰心脏，心脏若受邪则热形见于额头，所以先从头面起，随后身体发热，精神恍惚易惊，听到声音就惊恐，全是因为真气虚弱而邪气强盛。邪气既已强盛，真气与它交争，发作口渴没有定时，进退不定，像客人一样来来往往，所以叫客热，用导赤散、黄连泻心汤主治。癖热的症状，是涎唾咳嗽想喝水，由于乳食消化不尽，伏结在中焦，导致形成癖块，宜先用白术散滋养津液，再用珍珠丸攻下痰涎，或者用妙丸子磨化治疗。寒热的症状像疟疾状，是阴阳相互胜负。先冷后热，是阳气不足；先热后冷，是阴气不足。冷多热少，是阴胜阳；热多冷少，是阳胜阴；冷热相等，是阴阳交攻；寒热隔日发作，是阴阳乍离。阳盛则发热，阴盛则发冷。其中有头痛出汗的，有呕吐不食的，有憎寒想喝水的，高热想喝汤的，有筋骨疼痛的，或者泄泻或者便秘，或者内寒外热，或者内热外寒，又有寒冷而腹痛，发热而肠鸣，这是有食积。因于食积的，当用白饼子攻下，其次进行补助，用钱氏白术散。寒多热少的，用小柴胡汤加桂枝。热多寒少的，用白虎汤。寒热相半的，并用小柴胡汤主治。血热的症状是每天巳午时（上午9点至下午3点）发热，到了夜晚就凉，用六合汤主治。痘疹热的症状，是耳朵鼻子尖发冷，用人参败毒散、升麻葛根汤、参苏饮之类。
The *Mai Jing* (Pulse Classic) states: In children, if the pulse is deep and rapid, it indicates heat in the bones. If the pulse is floating, large, and rapid, it indicates wind-heat. If a child's pulse beats eight or nine times per respiration, it signifies fever. The *Nan Jing* (Classic of Difficult Issues) states: Regarding the pulses of heat diseases, the yin and yang pulses at all three positions are floating, or they are floating and rapid.
For heart heat, symptoms include grinding teeth with upward deviation of the head, redness of the face, and shaking of the head; treat primarily with Xiexin Tang (Heart-Draining Decoction). For liver heat, symptoms include hands seeking clothing and randomly twisting objects; treat primarily with Xieqing Wan (Liver-Draining Pill). For spleen heat, the heat resides in the muscles, worsening upon exposure to heat, accompanied by lethargy and drowsiness, body fever with thirst, and flaccidity of the four limbs; treat primarily with Xiehuang San (Spleen-Heat-Draining Powder). For lung heat, symptoms include fingers picking at the eyebrows, worsening in the evening, wheezing and coughing with aversion to cold and fever, high fever with thirst; for mild cases, use Xiebai San (Lung-Heat-Draining Powder), and for severe cases, use Liangge San (Cooling the Diaphragm Powder). For kidney heat, the two feet dislike wearing shoes and socks; however, this condition relates to the area below the navel, which is governed by the kidney, as heart qi descends to the kidney region; treat primarily with Dongyuan's Zishen Dihuang Wan (Kidney-Nourishing Rehmannia Pill).
Chao Re (Tidal Fever) arises from contracting pathogenic factors during Shanghan (Cold Damage) or time-specific epidemics. When yin qi is insufficient and yang qi is excessive, sudden injury by yang pathogens causes blood and qi to stagnate and fail to circulate freely. This congestion and rebellion transmit to the Foot Yangming Meridian, resulting in tidal fever occurring twice daily or once daily, akin to the tide arriving on schedule. The *Shanghan Lun* (Treatise on Cold Damage) states: Tidal fever is excess heat; one should promote bowel movements. For excess patterns, use Daxiehu Tang (Major Bupleurum Decoction) to purge; for deficiency patterns, use Baijie San (Hundred-Release Powder) to induce sweating.
Jing Re (Fright Heat) presents with body tremors and fever, cyanosis of the face, spontaneous sweating, palpitations and restlessness, rapid pulse with irritability, shouting and mental confusion; treat primarily with Qian Shi's Liangjing Wan (Cooling Fright Pill) and Anshen Wan (Spirit-Calming Pill). Ye Re (Night Fever) is characterized by fever occurring at night, indicating yang pathogens within the yin aspect; treat primarily with Siwu Tang (Four Substance Decoction) and Erlian Tang (Two-Linked Decoction) from *Yuan Rong*.
Shi Re (Excess Heat) manifests as heat in the palms, initial heat in the abdomen and back, belching and regurgitation of milk, and sour-smelling stools; treat primarily with Xiaji Wan (Stagnation-Purging Pill). Gan Re (Gangrene/Emaciation Heat) involves emaciation with excessive thirst, poor weight gain despite eating, bone-steaming night sweats, irregular diarrhea, abdominal distension, and weak legs; treat with Longdan Wan (Gentian Pill), Huhuanglian Wan (Coptis Pill), or Lushui Wan (Aloe Pill). Zhuang Re (Violent/High Fever) persists continuously due to congestion and fullness of blood and qi, generating heat in the five zang organs that steams internally, causing restless sleep and mental confusion, while radiating externally to cause simultaneous interior-exterior heat, irritability, coarse breathing, and potentially convulsions; treat primarily with Huofu Dan (Fire Mansion Pellet). Fan Re (Vexing Heat) involves mental restlessness, vexation and heat in the five centers, warm and hot extremities, and dark, scanty urination; treat primarily with Yili Jindan (Single Grain Golden Pellet).
Ji Re (Accumulated Heat) presents with red cheeks and mouth ulcers. If accumulation is lower, it causes swelling of the waist and legs; if interior-exterior excess, it causes body fever and difficult urination; if deficiency, fever persists after sweating or purging. Etiologies include internal consumption of fried/spicy foods, harsh tonification with hot herbs, or external exposure to warmth and stoves. This represents accumulated heat from interior and exterior sources, distinct from food stagnation heat; treat primarily with Sanhuang Wan (Three-Yellow Pill) or Sishun Yin (Four-Obeying Drink).
Feng Re (Wind Heat) presents with fever after sweating, yawning, red face, triggered by undressing and exposure to wind pathogens invading the skin and hair, causing aversion to wind, fever, dry eyes, and somnolence. Excess yang leads to fever without sweat; excess yin leads to coldness with sweat; excess of both leads to coldness without sweat. The classics state: Fever after sweating is wind heat; treat primarily with Xiaofeng San (Wind-Dispersing Powder) or Luxia Wan (Green Mist Pill).
Xu Re (Deficiency Heat) occurs after excessive depletion following treatment for cold or various fevers via sweating or purging, where qi and blood are unregulated, compounded by dietary or labor injuries. Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, cyanotic-pale complexion, diarrhea, polyuria, spontaneous sweating, mental dullness, sighing, and weakness. It also includes sequelae of chronic cough, diarrhea, dysentery, malaria, or bleeding. Prolonged illness depletes qi and blood; qi deficiency leads to syncope, blood deficiency leads to fever, and combined deficiency leads to cold extremities with body fever; treat primarily with Xingxing San (Awakening Powder), Sijunzi Tang (Four Gentlemen Decoction), or Qian Shi's Baizhu San (Atractylodes Powder).
Ke Re (Guest Heat) results from yang pathogens interfering with the heart. If the heart is affected, heat appears on the forehead, starting at the head and face before spreading to the body, accompanied by mental confusion, fright, and startle at sounds. This stems from deficiency of true qi and dominance of pathogenic qi. As pathogens dominate, true qi struggles against them, causing intermittent thirst and unpredictable progression, like a guest coming and going; hence "Guest Heat." Treat primarily with Daochi San (Guide Out Redness Powder) or Huanglian Xiexin Tang (Coptis Heart-Draining Decoction).
Pi Re (Mass Heat) involves salivation, coughing, and thirst due to incomplete digestion of milk and food, leading to latent accumulation in the middle jiao forming masses. First nourish fluids with Baizhu San, then resolve phlegm-saliva with Zhenzhu Wan (Pearl Pill) or dissolve with Miaowan (Wonderful Pill).
Han Re (Cold and Heat Alternation) resembles malaria, reflecting mutual conquest of yin and yang. Chills preceding fever indicate yang insufficiency; fever preceding chills indicate yin insufficiency. More chills than fever indicates yin conquering yang; more fever than chills indicates yang conquering yin; equal amounts indicate yin-yang conflict; alternating every other day indicates temporary separation of yin and yang. Yang excess causes fever; yin excess causes chills. Accompanying symptoms may include headache with sweating, vomiting with anorexia, aversion to cold with thirst, high fever with desire for warm drinks, bone-joint pain, diarrhea or constipation, interior cold with exterior heat, or interior heat with exterior cold. Abdominal pain with cold and borborygmus with heat suggest food stagnation. For food stagnation, purge with Baibing Zi (White Cake Pills), followed by tonification with Qian Shi's Baizhu San. For more chills than fever, use Xiaochaihu Tang (Minor Bupleurum Decoction) plus Guizhi (Cinnamon Twig). For more fever than chills, use Baihu Tang (White Tiger Decoction). For equal chills and fever, use Xiaochaihu Tang.
Xue Re (Blood Heat) presents as fever between 9 AM and 3 PM (Si and Wu hours), cooling at night; treat primarily with Liuhe Tang (Six-Harmony Decoction). Douzhen Re (Smallpox/Rubella Heat) is characterized by cold ears and nose tips; treat with Renshen Baidu San (Ginseng Detoxifying Powder), Shengma Gegen Tang (Kudzu and Cimicifuga Decoction), or Shen Su Yin (Ginseng and Perilla Drink).