张景岳曰∶沽古枳术丸，以白术为君，脾得燥而能健，佐以枳实，其味苦峻，有推墙倒
壁之
之药
东垣平胃散，欲治其不平也。本为胃强邪实者设，故性味从辛燥从苦，而能消散，唯有
滞有
补中益气一汤，允为东垣独得之心法。本方以升、柴助升气，以参、术、归、 助阳气，
此
散
亏甚者，则升、柴大非所宜。盖升、柴之味兼苦寒，升柴之性兼疏散，唯有邪者，可因升而
散之，若无邪大虚者，即纯用培补，犹恐不及，再兼疏散，安望成功？凡补阳之剂，无不能
升，正以阳主升也。寇宗 极言五劳七伤，大忌柴胡，而李时珍以为不然。要之能散者，断
不能聚；能泄者，断不能补；性味苦寒者，断无扶阳之物。故表不固而汗不敛者，不可用；
外无表邪，而阴虚发热者，不可用；阳气无根，而格阳戴阳者，不可用；脾肺虚甚，而气促
似喘者，不可用；命门火衰，而虚寒泄泻者，不可用；水亏火旺，而衄血吐血者，不可用；
四肢厥，而阳虚欲脱者，不可用。总之，元气虚极者不可泄，阴阳下竭者不可升。人但知补
神曲、麦芽，虽助戊土以腐熟水谷，然麦芽一味，治妇人丧子，乳房胀痛欲成痈者，用
一
多，
喻嘉言曰∶连、芩、柴、芍、知母，皆苦寒之剂，能泻有余之火耳！若饮食劳倦，内伤
元气
以乘
热内
之火
热之
之剂发
今人见烦热、枯燥等症，不敢用附子者，恶其以热助热也。孰知不藏精之人，肾中阳气
不鼓
加
冲，真阳暴脱，气喘痰鸣之急症，同桂、附
虞天民曰∶血不归原，责之胃，寒凉屡用不效，唯炙甘草、炮姜辈，引血归原妙。
失血后大热大渴，症似白虎，惟脉虚大不长实为异，误服寒凉必死，当归补血汤主之。
赵羽皇曰∶参者参也，与元气为参赞者也。不特气虚宜用，即血虚亦宜用；内伤宜用，
外感
至食
大力
满，
二经
风寒
如胃
人岂识
豉、瓜蒂之方
滑可去着，胆
是也；重可镇
翘赤小豆汤是
看仲景加减法，当细审其深意。如腹中痛者，少阳加芍药，少阴加附子，太阴加人参。
若心
于加
舍之
仲景立方，精而不杂。其中以六方为主，诸方皆从而加减焉。凡汗剂皆本桂枝，吐剂皆
本栀
一十
小柴胡方，为半表而设，而其证皆属于里。盖表证既去其半，则病机偏于向里矣。惟往
来寒
虚，
故于
桂枝本为太阳风寒设，可以散六经初感之邪；柴胡本为少阳半表设，更可以调三阳半表
之证
理，
脾为至阴，居中宫而抚四肢，最畏寒邪为患，故仲景制理中、四逆二方。理中者，理中
焦，
有
通
生
肾主五液，入心为汗，少阴受病，液不上升，所以阴不得有汗。仲景治少阴之表，于麻
黄、
反汗
张景岳说：古方枳术丸，以白术为君药，脾得到燥性而能健运，佐以枳实，其味苦峻，有推墙倒壁（形容力量强大）的作用。东垣的平胃散，想要治疗脾胃的不平（失调）。本方原本是为胃强邪实者设立的，所以性味从辛燥、从苦，而能消散，唯有滞积和补益中气的一汤（指补中益气汤），堪称东垣独得的心法。本方以升麻、柴胡助升发之气，以人参、白术、当归、[甘草]助阳气，[若]亏损甚者，则升麻、柴胡大非所宜。盖升麻、柴胡的味道兼苦寒，升麻、柴胡的性质兼疏散，唯有有邪者，可因升而散之，若无邪大虚者，即纯用培补，犹恐不及，再兼疏散，怎望成功？凡补阳之剂，无不能升，正以阳主升也。寇宗奭极言五劳七伤，大忌柴胡，而李时珍以为不然。要之能散者，断不能聚；能泄者，断不能补；性味苦寒者，断无扶阳之物。故表不固而汗不敛者，不可用；外无表邪，而阴虚发热者，不可用；阳气无根，而格阳戴阳者，不可用；脾肺虚甚，而气促似喘者，不可用；命门火衰，而虚寒泄泻者，不可用；水亏火旺，而衄血吐血者，不可用；四肢厥冷，而阳虚欲脱者，不可用。总之，元气虚极者不可泄，阴阳下竭者不可升。人但知补[神曲、麦芽，虽助戊土以腐熟水谷，然麦芽一味，治妇人丧子，乳房胀痛欲成痈者，用]一[味]多，
喻嘉言说：黄连、黄芩、柴胡、芍药、知母，皆苦寒之剂，能泻有余之火耳！若饮食劳倦，内伤元气[...此处原文残缺...]以乘[...此处原文残缺...]热内[...此处原文残缺...]之火[...此处原文残缺...]热之[...此处原文残缺...]之剂发[...此处原文残缺...]今人见烦热、枯燥等症，不敢用附子者，恶其以热助热也。孰知不藏精之人，肾中阳气[不鼓][加]冲，真阳暴脱，气喘痰鸣之急症，同桂、附[一起使用]
虞天民说：血不归原，责之胃，寒凉屡用不效，唯炙甘草、炮姜辈，引血归原妙。失血后大热大渴，症似白虎[汤证]，惟脉虚大不长实为异，误服寒凉必死，当归补血汤主之。
赵羽皇说：参者参也，与元气为参赞者也。不特气虚宜用，即血虚亦宜用；内伤宜用，[外感...]至食[...此处原文残缺...]大力[...此处原文残缺...]满，[...此处原文残缺...]二经[...此处原文残缺...]风寒[...此处原文残缺...]如胃[...此处原文残缺...]人岂识[...此处原文残缺...]豉、瓜蒂之方[...此处原文残缺...]滑可去着，胆[...此处原文残缺...]是也；重可镇[...此处原文残缺...]翘赤小豆汤是[...此处原文残缺...]看仲景加减法，当细审其深意。如腹中痛者，少阳加芍药，少阴加附子，太阴加人参。若心[...此处原文残缺...]于加[...此处原文残缺...]舍之[...此处原文残缺...]仲景立方，精而不杂。其中以六方为主，诸方皆从而加减焉。凡汗剂皆本桂枝，吐剂皆[本栀...]一十[...此处原文残缺...]小柴胡方，为半表而设，而其证皆属于里。盖表证既去其半，则病机偏于向里矣。惟往[来寒...]虚，[...此处原文残缺...]故于[...此处原文残缺...]桂枝本为太阳风寒设，可以散六经初感之邪；柴胡本为少阳半表设，更可以调三阳半表[之证...]理，[...此处原文残缺...]脾为至阴，居中宫而抚四肢，最畏寒邪为患，故仲景制理中、四逆二方。理中者，理中[焦...]，[...此处原文残缺...]有[...此处原文残缺...]通[...此处原文残缺...]生[...此处原文残缺...]肾主五液，入心为汗，少阴受病，液不上升，所以阴不得有汗。仲景治少阴之表，于麻[黄...]反汗
Zhang Jingyue stated: In the ancient formula Zhizhu Wan (Bitter Orange and Atractylodes Macrocephala Pill), Bai Zhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma) serves as the sovereign drug. The Spleen, aided by its drying property, becomes robust. Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange) acts as an assistant; with its bitter and harsh taste, it possesses the power to "push down walls and topple battlements" (metaphor for strong resolving action). Dong Yuan's Pingwei San (Powder to Calm the Stomach) aims to treat the imbalance of the Spleen and Stomach. This formula was originally designed for cases of excess Stomach heat and pathogenic accumulation; thus, its nature and flavor are acrid-drying and bitter, enabling it to dissipate stagnation. However, Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang (Decoction to Supplement the Middle and Augment the Qi) is considered Dong Yuan’s unique masterstroke. This formula uses Sheng Ma (Cimicifugae Rhizoma) and Chai Hu (Bupleuri Radix) to assist in raising Qi, and Ren Shen (Ginseng Radix), Bai Zhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma), Dang Gui (Angelicae Sinensis Radix), and [Gan Cao (Licorice Root)] to support Yang Qi. If the deficiency is severe, Sheng Ma and Chai Hu are highly inappropriate. The flavors of Sheng Ma and Chai Hu are both bitter and cold, and their nature involves dispersing and ascending. Only when pathogens are present can they be dispersed through this ascending action. In cases of extreme deficiency without pathogens, even pure tonification may fall short; adding dispersing agents would surely prevent success. All formulas that tonify Yang have an ascending quality, precisely because Yang governs ascent. Kou Zongshi strongly argued that in cases of five labors and seven injuries, Chai Hu (Bupleuri Radix) is strictly contraindicated, whereas Li Shizhen disagreed. Essentially, what disperses cannot gather; what drains cannot tonify; and substances with bitter-cold flavors cannot support Yang. Therefore, Chai Hu should not be used when the exterior is insecure and sweat does not consolidate; when there is no exterior pathogen but Yin deficiency causes fever; when Yang has no root and floats outward or upward (Ge Yang/Dai Yang); when the Spleen and Lung are extremely deficient causing shortness of breath resembling asthma; when Ming Men (Gate of Life) fire is declining leading to deficiency-cold diarrhea; when Water is deficient and Fire is hyperactive causing epistaxis or hematemesis; when limbs are cold and Yang is deficient and on the verge of collapse. In summary, when Yuan Qi (Original Qi) is extremely deficient, it should not be drained; when Yin and Yang are exhausted below, they should not be raised. People only know that [Shen Qu (Massa Medicata Fermentata) and Mai Ya (Hordei Fructus Germinatus) assist Wu Tu (Stomach Earth) in rotting and ripening food grains, but Mai Ya alone treats breast distension and pain in women who have lost a child, threatening abscess formation, using...] one [ingredient] in large amounts,
Yu Jiayan said: Lian Qiao (though text says Lian, likely Huang Lian Coptidis Rhizoma based on context of bitter cold), Huang Qin (Scutellariae Radix), Chai Hu (Bupleuri Radix), Shao Yao (Paeoniae Radix Alba/Rubra), and Zhi Mu (Anemarrhenae Rhizoma) are all bitter-cold agents capable of draining excessive fire! If internal injury to Yuan Qi (Original Qi) results from diet and overwork [...text fragment...] to multiply [...] heat inside [...] fire [...] heat [...] agent to induce [...] Nowadays, people see symptoms such as irritability, heat, and dryness, and dare not use Fu Zi (Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata), fearing it will add heat to heat. Who knows that in individuals who do not store essence, if Kidney Yang fails to [...] stimulate [...] surge, sudden collapse of True Yang presents as acute conditions with panting and rattling phlegm, treated together with Gui Zhi (Cinnamomi Ramulus) and Fu Zi (Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata).
Yu Tianmin said: When blood fails to return to its origin, blame lies with the Stomach. Repeated use of cold-cooling herbs is ineffective; only Zhi Gan Cao (Prepared Licorice Root) and Pao Jiang (Prepared Ginger Rhizome) are excellent at guiding blood back to its origin. After massive blood loss, presenting with high fever and intense thirst resembling Bai Hu Tang (White Tiger Decoction) syndrome, the pulse is empty, large, and not firm—a key difference. Misusing cold-cooling herbs will cause death; treat with Dang Gui Bu Xue Tang (Decoction of Angelica to Tonify Blood).
Zhao Yuhuang said: "Shen" (Ren Shen/Ginseng) implies assisting; it assists Yuan Qi (Original Qi). It is suitable not only for Qi deficiency but also for Blood deficiency; for internal injuries, and [...] to food [...] powerful [...] fullness, [...] two meridians [...] wind-cold [...] like Stomach [...] how could people recognize [...] Dou (Soybean) and Gua Di (Melon Seed) formulas [...] Slippery agents remove adherence, Gall [...] is so; Heavy agents calm [...] Qiao Chi Xiao Dou Tang (Decoction of Vicia and Adzuki Bean) is [...] Examining Zhang Zhongjing’s modification methods, one must carefully scrutinize their profound meaning. For abdominal pain, add Shao Yao (Paeoniae Radix) to Shaoyang patterns, add Fu Zi (Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata) to Shaoyin patterns, and add Ren Shen (Ginseng Radix) to Taiyin patterns. If Heart [...] on addition [...] abandon it [...] Zhang Zhongjing’s prescriptions are precise and uncluttered. Among them, six formulas serve as the main ones, and all other formulas are modified from them. All sweating agents are based on Gui Zhi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction); all vomiting agents are based on Zhi [...] ten [...] Xiao Chai Hu Tang (Minor Bupleurum Decoction) is designed for half-exterior, yet its symptoms all belong to the interior. Since half of the exterior syndrome has been resolved, the disease mechanism tends toward the interior. Only alternating chills and fever [...] deficiency, [...] therefore [...] Gui Zhi (Cinnamon Twig) was originally designed for Wind-Cold of the Taiyang (Greater Yang) meridian, capable of dispelling pathogens initially affecting the Six Meridians; Chai Hu (Bupleuri Radix) was originally designed for the half-exterior of Shaoyang (Lesser Yang), further capable of regulating half-exterior syndromes of the Three Yang meridians [...] principle, [...] The Spleen is the ultimate Yin, residing in the Central Palace and soothing the four limbs; it fears Cold Pathogens most. Thus, Zhang Zhongjing formulated Lizhong Wan/Tang (Regulate the Middle Decoction) and Si Ni Tang (Frigid Extremities Decoction). Lizhong regulates the Middle Jiao (Middle Burner), [...] has [...] unblocks [...] generates [...] The Kidney governs the Five Fluids; entering the Heart, it becomes Sweat. When Shaoyin (Lesser Yin) is diseased, fluids do not ascend, hence Yin patterns do not typically present with sweat. Zhang Zhongjing treating the exterior of Shaoyin, using Ma Huang (Ephedrae Herba)... conversely inducing sweat...